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2.1.2 Design from experience 17

2.1.3 Elastic theory 17
2.1.4 Plastic theory 18
2.1.5 Limit state theory and design codes 19
2.2 Limit states and design basis 20
2.3 Loads, actions and partial safety factors 20
2.3.1 Loads 20
2.3.2 Load factors/partial safety factors and design loads 21
2.4 Structural steels—partial safety factors for materials 21
2.5 Design methods from codes—ultimate limit state 21
2.5.1 Design methods from BS 5950 21
2.5.2 Analysis of structures—Eurocode 3 23
2.5.3 Member and joint design 23
2.6 Stability limit state 24
2.7 Design for accidental damage 24
2.7.1 Progressive collapse and robustness 24
2.7.2 Building Regulations 1991 25
2.7.3 BS 5950 requirements for structural integrity 25
2.8 Serviceability limit states 26
2.8.1 Deflection limits 26
2.8.2 Vibration 26
2.9 Design considerations 26
2.9.1 Fatigue 26
2.9.2 Brittle fracture 27
2.9.3 Corrosion protection 28
2.9.4 Fire protection 28
3 Preliminary design 31
3.1 General considerations 31
3.2 Need for and scope of preliminary design methods 31
3.3 Design concept, modelling and load estimation 31
3.3.1 Design concept 31
3.3.2 Modelling 32
3.3.3 Load estimation 32
3.4 Analysis 32
3.4.1 Statically determinate structures 32
3.4.2 Statically indeterminate structures 35
3.5 Element design 38
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3.5.1 General comments 38

3.5.2 Ties and struts 39
3.5.3 Beams and girders 40
3.5.4 Beam-columns 41
3.5.5 Members in portal frames 42
3.6 Examples 43
3.6.1 Ribbed dome structure 43
3.6.2 Two pinned portal—plastic design 45
4 Single-storey, one-way-spanning buildings 48
4.1 Types of structures 48
4.2 Pinned-base portal—plastic design 48
4.2.1 Specification and framing plans 48
4.2.2 Dead and imposed loads 49
4.2.3 Wind loads 50
4.2.4 Design load cases 52
4.2.5 Plastic analysis and design 52
4.2.6 Dead and wind loads 54
4.2.7 Plastic design checks 55
4.2.8 Rafter under wind uplift 59
4.2.9 Portal joints 60
4.2.10 Serviceability check 62
4.3 Built-up tapered member portal 63
4.3.1 General comments 63
4.3.2 Design process 63
4.4 Two-pinned arch 63
4.4.1 General considerations 63
4.4.2 Specification 64
4.4.3 Loading 65
4.4.4 Analysis 65
4.4.5 Design 65
4.4.6 Construction 67
4.4.7 Lattice arch 67
5 Multistorey buildings 72
5.1 Outline of designs covered 72
5.1.1 Aims of study 72
5.1.2 Design to BS 5950 72
5.2 Building and loads 72
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5.2.1 Specification 72
5.2.2 Loads 73
5.2.3 Materials 74
5.3 Simple design centre frame 75
5.3.1 Slabs 75
5.3.2 Roof beam 75
5.3.3 Floor beam 75
5.3.4 Outer column—upper length 7–10–13 75
5.3.5 Outer column—lower length 1–4–7 75
5.3.6 Centre column—upper length 8–11–14 76
5.3.7 Centre column—lower length 2–5–8 76
5.3.8 Joint design 77
5.3.9 Baseplate—centre column 77
5.4 Braced rigid elastic design 78
5.4.1 Computer analysis 78
5.4.2 Beam design 78
5.4.3 Column design 81
5.4.4 Joint design 82
5.5 Braced rigid plastic design 83
5.5.1 Design procedure 83
5.5.2 Design loads and moments 84
5.5.3 Frame design 85
5.6 Semirigid design 90
5.6.1 Code requirements 90
5.6.2 Joint types and performance 91
5.6.3 Frame analysis 91
5.6.4 Frame design 94
5.7 Summary of designs 100
6 Floor systems 101
6.1 Functions of floor systems 101
6.2 Layouts and framing systems 101
6.3 Types of floor construction 102
6.4 Composite floor slabs 103
6.4.1 General comments 103
6.4.2 Design procedure 103
6.5 Composite beam design 104
6.5.1 Design basis 104
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6.5.2 Effective section 105

6.5.3 Plastic moment capacity 105
6.5.4 Construction 106
6.5.5 Continuous beam analysis 106
6.5.6 Design of members 106
6.5.7 Shear connectors 107
6.5.8 Longitudinal shear 108
6.5.9 Deflection 109
6.6 Simply supported composite beam 109
6.6.1 Specification 109
6.6.2 Moment capacity 110
6.6.3 Shear 110
6.6.4 Shear connectors 110
6.6.5 Longitudinal shear 110
6.6.6 Deflection 110
6.7 Continuous composite beam 111
6.7.1 Specification 111
6.7.2 Floor loads 112
6.7.3 Elastic analysis and redistribution 113
6.7.4 Section design checks 116
6.7.5 Shear connectors 118
6.7.6 Longitudinal shear 119
6.7.7 Deflection 120
7 Tall buildings 122
7.1 General considerations 122
7.2 Structural design considerations 123
7.3 Structural systems 123
7.3.1 All-steel braced structure 123
7.3.2 Rigid frame and mixed systems 124
7.3.3 All-steel outrigger and belt truss system 125
7.3.4 Composite structures 126
7.3.5 Suspended structures 127
7.3.6 Tube structures 128
7.3.7 SWMB structures 129
7.4 Construction details 129
7.4.1 Roofs and floors 129
7.4.2 Walls 131
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7.4.3 Steel members 131

7.5 Multistorey building—preliminary design 131
7.5.1 Specification 131
7.5.2 Dead and imposed loads 132
7.5.3 Beam loads and design 133
7.5.4 Design of perimeter column PC1 136
7.5.5 Braced core wall—vertical loads 139
7.5.6 Wind loads 140
7.5.7 Stability, foundations and bracing 144
8 Wide-span buildings 146
8.1 Types and characteristics 146
8.2 Tie-stayed roof—preliminary design 147
8.2.1 Specification 147
8.2.2 Preliminary design 149
8.2.3 Stability and wind load 153
8.3 Space decks 155
8.3.1 Two-way spanning roofs 155
8.3.2 Space decks 157
8.3.3 Space deck analysis and design 157
8.4 Preliminary design for a space deck 158
8.4.1 Specification 158
8.4.2 Arrangement of space deck 158
8.4.3 Approximate analysis and design 158
8.4.4 Computer analysis 159
8.4.5 Computer results 162
8.4.6 Member design 162
8.5 Framed domes 163
8.5.1 Types 163
8.5.2 Dome construction 164
8.5.3 Loading 165
8.5.4 Analysis 166
8.5.5 Stability 166
8.6 Schwedler dome 166
8.6.1 Specification 166
8.6.2 Loading for statical analysis 167
8.6.3 Statical analysis 167
8.6.4 Member design 171