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TASK 1: Introduction to LSPs 2018-19. BEATRIZ MÉNDEZ©

Read the texts carefully and answer the following questions:

1. What is the topic of each text?
2. Identify the following characteristics about the use of the language in each text.
• Terminology. What type of terms predominate in each one
of the texts: very complex and difficult terms; acronyms;
single-word easy-to-understand terms?
• Can you find definitions for some concepts in the texts?
• Can you find explanations or paraphrases for some
concepts in the texts?
• Can you find passive structures? In what texts?
• Can you find AmE or BrE spellings?
.
3. Translate the first text into Spanish, please!!!
4. Can you classify the texts according to Göpferich classification?
5. Find parallel texts in Spanish for the second and third text. Store them in your pen drive
and bring them to class since we will be discussing your parallel texts here, in class.
6. Translate the second and third text text into Spanish. Write a small bilingual glossary
with some relevant terms found in each text.
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TASK 1: Introduction to LSPs 2018-19. BEATRIZ MÉNDEZ©

TEXT 1
Primary didactic-instructive, interest-arousing theoretical text
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for
Cancer of the Colon or Rectum
What are the treatment options?
If you have cancer of the colon or rectum, your doctor will probably talk to you about various treatment
options. Surgery to remove the tumor is usually the main treatment for colon and rectal cancer.
Chemotherapy (treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells) is often used when there is a risk that the colon
or rectal cancer will come back. Radiotherapy (treatment with x-rays that kill cancer cells) may be used
either before or after surgery for rectal cancer. Sometimes both radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used.
What is cancer staging?
Doctors use a system that puts colon or rectal cancer into 1 of 4 stages. These stages are referred to as
stage I, stage II, stage III and stage IV. The stage depends on how deep the cancer is in the wall of the
colon or rectum and how much the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes (small structures in the body that
produce and store cells that fight infection) or other organs.
Stage I cancer is the earliest stage. Stage IV is the most advanced stage. The higher the cancer stage, the
more the cancer has spread and the lower your chance for cure. Doctors also use staging to decide
whether to use additional treatments, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, to prevent the cancer from
coming back after surgery.
What does stage I cancer mean?
Stage I colon or rectal cancer means that the tumor is only in the inner layer of your colon or rectum and
has not spread further through the wall of your colon or rectum. Stage I cancer has a good chance of being
cured. For this stage of colon or rectal cancer, the cure rate with surgery alone is high. Chemotherapy and
radiotherapy are usually not needed.
What does stage II cancer mean?
Stage II cancer of the colon or rectum means the tumor has grown deeper into the wall than with stage I
cancer. Stage II cancer goes through the inner layer of the colon or rectum but usually does not go
completely through the wall. There are some stage II colon cancers that have a high risk of recurrence
(coming back). The tumor that was removed at surgery will be examined in a lab to help your doctor tell
whether your tumor has a high risk of recurrence. If you have a stage II cancer with a high risk of
recurrence, your doctor may recommend that you have chemotherapy. Radiotherapy may be used if you
have rectal cancer.
What does stage III cancer mean?
Stage III cancer of the colon or rectum means the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. When colon or
rectal cancer has spread to your lymph nodes, the risk that the cancer will come back is high. Recent
research studies of patients with stage III cancer have shown that when chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or
both, are used in addition to surgery, survival rates are better and the cancer is less likely to come back.
What does stage IV cancer mean?
Stage IV cancer of the colon or rectum means that the cancer has spread to another part of the body, such
as the liver or bone. This spread is called metastasis. A metastatic cancer cannot be cured. Chemotherapy
is offered to people with this stage of colon or rectal cancer to control their symptoms.
What kind of chemotherapy is used to treat colon and rectal cancer?
Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells that may have been left behind after the tumor was removed by
surgery. Immunotherapy is also used to treat colon or rectal cancer. With immunotherapy, a person takes
drugs that help the immune system fight cancer. Research has shown that the combination of
chemotherapy and immunotherapy helps prevent the spread of colon or rectal cancer.
One treatment course uses fluorouracil (sometimes called 5-FU) as the drug that kills the cancer cells and
levamisole as the drug that boosts the immune system. Another approach uses leucovorin (a specific
vitamin preparation), which is added to fluorouracil. A drug called irinotecan or a drug called oxaliplatin
can be used in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin to treat colon or rectal cancer. A drug called
capecitabine can also be used to treat stage IV cancer of the colon or rectum.

Source of the text: http://familydoctor.org/x1644.xml (accessed date 01/10/2005)

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TASK 1: Introduction to LSPs 2018-19. BEATRIZ MÉNDEZ©

TEXT 2
THE MEDICAL RECORD Encyclopedic compilation primary text
A patient’s medical record in a doctor’s office or in the hospital is a written,
typewritten, or electronically stored record that contains the medical story of a person’s
health and disease, the findings from the physical examination, the reports of laboratory
tests, the results of special examinations, the findings and opinions of consultants, and
then the synthesis of these matters in the diagnoses made by the responsible physician.
There follows a continuum of notes on treatment, tests, medicines, operations, radiation,
physical therapy, and progress. The medical record is a stage-by-stage summary of
events by physicians, nurses, and others. To be helpful it must be completely accurate.
To be good it must be brief. The medical record should assist all responsible persons in
ascertaining and administering the care and treatment of the patient. It must be a
teaching record, a document for clinical research, and a source of statistics. The
patient’s medical record documents the criteria for insurance claims. It is the source of
legal proof in claims for injury, poisoning, homicide, or malpractice. A medical record
must be up-to-date for the proper study and treatment of the patient. It is essential that
those who write in the record be identified: physician in charge, junior staff member,
intern, medical student, nurse, or aide. Because the record is a privileged
communication, it has to remain in the physician’s locked files or in the hospital record
room. The standard history, which is usually kept on one of a variety of forms, begins
with complete identity of the patient.
Source of the text: Encyclopædia Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/ (accessed date 01/10/2010)

TEXT 3
1. Introduction Progress oriented actualizing text with plain presentation (primary)
A total of 2–9% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are reportedly complicated by an
intraductal tumor thrombus [1], but improvements in diagnostic imaging have led to an
increase in the number of reported HCC cases with an intraductal tumor thrombus.
Surgery is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for HCC with an intraductal
tumor thrombus [2]. However, liver function is inadequate in the majority of patients,
such that nearly all cases have had inoperable tumors and treatment has been difficult.
(…)
3. Discussion
HCC with intraductal tumor thrombus was called ‘icteric hepatoma’ before the
development of diagnostic imaging, because the chief complaint was usually icterus.
However, recent advances in diagnostic imaging have made possible the diagnosis of
HCC with intraductal tumor thrombus in the early stage, before icterus.
The treatment of HCC with intraductal tumor thrombus has been surgical resection,
including the main tumor. In patients with good liver function, hepatic segmentectomy
or lobectomy is recommended in view of possible complication by portal tumor
thrombus [2]. However, most HCC patients with an intraductal tumor thrombus have
severe liver cirrhosis, and curative resection can not be performed. In our present patient
as well, surgical resection was not feasible because of severe liver dysfunction. For
patients with inoperable tumors, TAE or ethanol injection during PTCS has not yielded
adequate therapeutic effects, and there is presently no established treatment.
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TASK 1: Introduction to LSPs 2018-19. BEATRIZ MÉNDEZ©

Source of the text: Tanizaki, H. et al. (2001). “Combination Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular
Carcinoma with Intraductal Tumor Thrombus”. European Journal of Radiology 38: 213–218.