Chapter II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND

REVIEW RELATED STUDIES

This chapter will present the conceptual framework that will serve as the basis in

conducting the study. This also shows the related literature and studies which make the study

more liable.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 will show the conceptual paradigm of the study. In gathering data, the study will

determine the business practices of frozen tuna products in General Santos City. Specifically, it

sights the businesses with their profile in terms of the year of operating, initial investment,

product offered and number of employees.

Moreover, this study will determine the practices of frozen tuna products in General

Santos City. Also, the problems and challenges encounter of frozen tuna products in terms of

operational strategies, management strategies, marketing strategies and financial strategies.

This research will utilize the use of surveys through the use of questionnaires. The result

of the study will hope to create awareness to future entrepreneurs’ business practices of frozen

tuna products in General Santos City.

Review of Related Literature

This section contains the literatures generated from the compilation of books and other

reading materials which will give sufficient insight about the main focus of this research.

Profile of Frozen Tuna Products

The profile of frozen tuna products consists of number of years in operation, initial

investment, products offered and the number of employees.

Number of Years in Operation. The company’s entry into the fishing industry began in

1993 when Chairman Dr. Tan Siu Lin forged a consortium among a few Chinese companies,

which initiated a fishing base to provide supplies and services to tuna fishing vessels in

Micronesia.

The success of this undertaking led to the diversification of a tuna fishing operation in

Pohnpei, Micronesia in 1994 (Luen Thai 2018)

Long - term fishing operations consist of two fully functional enterprises in two different

regions, consisting of 14 vessels fishing throughout the year, ensuring exceptional continuity of

supplies (Afritex, 2018)

The company's existence in years depends heavily on how it manages fund or budget. It

determines how long the company will last and also reflects the efficiency and stability of its

market in the years of its existence (Cresswell, 2009)

(Goodbum, 2014) It was shown that 36 percent of medium-sized enterprises operate

mainly for 7-30 years from the date they were established, depending on the type of enterprise in

which they operate, due to the different factors that exist in the environment.
 According to figures released by the Philippine Fisheries Development Authority, total

tuna and other fish landings at the General Santos City Fish Port Complex increased by 11.31

percent in the first 5 months of this year over the same period in 2013. It is the third year in a

row since 2011 that the total volume of fish landings in the city has increased annually (Espejo,

2014)

Initial Investment. Alternative plant-based tuna supplier Good Catch secured an $8.7

million Series A financing round, supported by venture capital groups, retailers, private investors

and others (Undercurrent News, 2018)

Capital investment and finance is the solution that helps to form new businesses and

enables businesses to grow, employ local workers and support other businesses and local, state

and federal governments by paying income taxes (Duff, 2015)

An evaluation of the capital market for technology- based companies emphasizing the

links between the stages of a company's development and the investment preferences of different

capital sources is presented. These factors lead to the expectation that initial capital will most

often be provided by entrepreneurs themselves from their own savings, secondary to their

families and friends and private investors, all of which are capital sources outside the formal

channel. The primary complements of informal sources are expected to be more substantial but

still initial funding from 'wealthy family funds' special 'seeds' funds and somewhat more

conventional venture capital funds (Sloan, 2006)

(Thai Union, 2018) With an initial TBH 25 million registered capital. In 1992, Mitsubishi

Corporation and Hagoromo Foods entered into a joint venture with the company.
 Global foodstuffs, in which the Nissho Iwai Group will initially invest 51 percent and

Zhanzidao Fishery will invest 49 percent, will store, process and market frozen tuna in China,

where the food service industry is growing considerably (Sojitz Corp., 2003)

The investment, with its return time and profit, is beneficial in economic and financial

terms. Facility is the improvement of the port and tuna landing facility by supporting the cold

supply chain through the construction of ice manufacturers, adequate facilities support transport,

while human resources are sustainable business management technology and international

standard processing of tuna (Fatima 2015)

Products Offered. Tuna and milk fish are the fish traded most internationally and locally

in the Philippines. Both species are processed as bottled or canned; frozen and chilled. In

general, these materials offer the sensory attributes for highly innovative value- added seafood

products (Panggat 2014)

Its business focused on the divisions of seafood: shelf-stable seafood; frozen and chilled;

and related products; and pet care and other value added products (Union 2018)

The tuna boom in General Santos was driven by the arrival of Japanese traders in the

mid-1970s who were looking for new supplies of sashimi-grade yellow fin tuna. The high price

of sashimi- grade tuna in Japan encouraged investors to finance tuna fishing enterprises that

attracted fishermen from other neighboring provinces (Thomas 2006)

Building seven new purse seine vessels since 2006, with two additional large vessels

scheduled to join the fleet in 2018, the company has focused on increasing vessel capacity and

profitability. These new vessels enhance annual catch per vessel and are equipped with fast

cooling technologies and sashimi- grade handling and freezing facilities (Dongwon Group, 2008)
 Providing a wide range of consumer goods in five units. It focuses on premium stock-

stable tuna products and has developed high- quality product specifications (Bolton Foods, 2007)

The production and marketing of value added tuna products provides opportunities for

new businesses, with associated economic and employment benefits. Tunas and associated by

catch species can be commercially processed into a wide range of products to increase their

economic value. In addition, exported value-added products may generate substantial foreign

exchange earnings and further employment benefits (Stone, 2010)

A manufacturer and branch of seafood products focused on tuna, ready to eat meals and a

variety of other stable and frozen seafood and protein products in the United States and Canada

(Bumble Bee, 2009)

Product quality was an important factor that should always be considered as processed

food products. This is because attributes of product quality are always taken into account by

consumers when buying processed products, including tuna processed products. Consumers

satisfied with the quality of tuna processed products would place repeated orders (Lestari et al.,

2013)

Fishing is an important primary industry that contributes to the development of many

countries and its importance encompasses aspects of economic production, diplomacy, trade,

employment and its role as the primary source of animal protein for man. Consequently, the

highest proportion of food in world trade is fish and fishery products (FAO 2010)

Number of Employees. The success of the company is based on our employees '

knowledge, experience and talent. Our people are the driving force behind our business and

contributing to a high performance culture that values excellence (Goulburn 2018)

 Worker is a person who works at another person's service under an express or implied

contract of employment under which the employer has the right to control the details of the work

performance. An employee is hired for a specific job or for work and who works at someone

else's service (Murray 2012)

(Watson 2014) highlighted in his study that only four out of ten employees are very

committed, so there is room for improvement. Regardless of the age of the employee, basic pay

is the reason employees join or leave an organization most often mentioned. 41% of employees

identify job security as a key reason for joining an organization.

For sustainable engagement, strong leaders and managers are needed. 72 percent of

employees are highly engaged in companies where both leaders and managers are perceived by

employees as effective.

Giving and getting between the organization and its employees is defined by an

employment agreement. Employees who have fallen into their organization are more likely to be

highly engaged in employment deals than those who do not. They must also consider in hiring

employees. The talents of employees are the backbone of any company, but for a company in

particular those with one or more commitments beyond the simple creation of commercial

opportunities.

Companies are usually classified as small (maybe 1 to 150 or so), medium (maybe 150 to

1000 or so), large (maybe 1000 to 10,000) and very large (over 10,000 employees). These are

fairly loose categories and there are many other ways- by total sales from a few hundred dollars

to several billion dollars,' market value'( which applies more to companies large enough to be

listed on a stock exchange, generally large and up, etc. (Crisp 2018)
 All employees are subject to a contractual agreement, work in a company and receive

compensation for their work. Workers, active business partners, unpaid family members and

home workers are excluded from sick leave, paid leave or vacation. All employees are subject to

a contract, work in a company and are compensated for their work. Workers, active business

partners, unpaid members of the family and home workers are excluded from sick leave, paid

leave or holidays (Publication 2006)

Even companies that compete theoretically in the same industry often vary widely

depending on their business strategy or type (Crisp 2018)

Regular employees are those whose contracts are stable, for whom the company is

responsible for paying taxes and social security contributions and/or for whom the contractual

relationship is subject to national labor law. Companies can be classified as small or medium-

sized (less than 250) or large (250 or more). This indicator is measured by the number of

manufacturers employed (Publication 2006)

Therefore, the food product produced by this dynamic system is not merely a market

commodity but rather a cultural product with distinct attributes and meanings that crystallize the

intersection of different people in human and environmental activity in a spatio-temporal

context.

Business Practices

Operations. Operations management teams try to balance costs and revenues in order to

achieve the highest possible net operating profit. Operations management refers to the

management of business practices in order to achieve the highest possible efficiency in an

organization. It aims to convert materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as

possible to maximize an organization's profit (Will Kenton 2018)

 The historical development of tuna fishing, described the current world fishing for tuna,

described the current world fishing for tuna and explained the technological developments

affecting fishing operations. Expands the discussion to include socio- economic aspects of the

entire tuba industry, including recent changes in processing, trade, marketing and consumer

preferences. Tuna management measures taken by RFMOs, including those used for catch

mitigation will be reviewed. Gear and species interactions are discussed specifically with regard

to the allocation of fish stocks.

Operational management deals with a variety of issues, including the determination of

the size of production plants and project management methods and the implementation of the IT

network structure. Other operational problems include inventory management, including

acquisition; quality control; handling of materials; and maintenance policies.

(Dhoul 2016) writes that the management of operations is primarily concerned with the

planning, organization and supervision of the production, production or supply of services. As

such, it is delivery- focused to ensure that an organization efficiently turns inputs to outputs. The

inputs themselves could represent anything in the form of human resources materials, equipment

and technology such as staff or workers.

Management. (Lencioni 2011) stated that the leader should be able to motivate their team to

succeed in a business. They should be able to get employees involved, reward their efforts, be

vulnerable, committed and generate cons revenues.

The leader should be able to motivate their team to succeed in a business. They should be

able to get employees involved, reward their efforts, be vulnerable, committed and generate cons

revenues (Business Dictionary)

 (Ng 2011) Management means "getting things done efficiently by people." This implies

the importance of leadership and managerial skills to achieve optimal results. For a number of

reasons, major managers usually succeed. They usually have nine common administrative

practices. Most well trained managers are not born. It is easy to adopt the nine personal practices

identified in this paper daily. The nine personal traits with consistent practice help train

managers to become more efficient leaders in driving optimal performance and motivating

subordinates to get things done effectively.

(Bloom 2005) Business schools and popular business discussions tend to place a great

deal of emphasis on the importance of good management in top performing firms. The concept

of good and bad management needs to be codified into a measure applicable to different forms in

the manufacturing sector.

(Summer 2005) stated that well- managed companies perform significantly better than

poorly managed companies with higher levels of productivity, profitability, growth rates and

market values. Competition on the product market appears to be the primary driver of good

management practices. This could work both by making managers work harder and by driving

out companies with poor performance, a selection effect.

Marketing. (Kuppelwiesern 2014) Strong and influential marketing positively contributes to

good performance.

(Ahmed 2016) Frozen fish marketing strategies are the country's second highest export

earning sector. The main findings are the holistic marketing concept for frozen fish exports, cost-

based pricing and other pricing methods can be used with a proper consideration of cost related

elements. Farmers can directly sell their products to the buyers. A descriptive framework for

understanding marketing strategies for frozen fish exporters in Bangladesh has been developed.
This study takes on a qualitative nature. This research allows researchers to understand the

concept, pricing methods, how to expand and market, promotional measures and how to manage

potential risks.

(Heichler 2017) A solid collection process to ensure that you are paid promptly for your

products or services is a key to smooth cash flow and a healthy company.

(Brad Ack 2018) Major tuna companies had already been tracking the origins of their

products for decades for quality and safety control purposes, and the participants committed to

using this existing infrastructure to better trace fish throughout the industry. Doing so makes it

easier to ensure that the fish in their products are caught in accordance with sustainable fishing

standards.

Companies often emphasize the promotional aspect of marketing, but market research

involves using various data collection techniques and research tools to learn about your target

market's needs and core interests. The more you know the people you are aiming for. The more

you know the people you are targeting, the more you are equipped to develop beneficial

solutions and promote them effectively (Kokemuller 2007)

Finance. A good working relationship with foreign purchasers is no substitute. Those

good long- term relationships are best established by contacts and partnership building.

Participation in trade shows and trade missions, shipping samples to potential buyers, sending

letters and faxes and making phone calls should be a market share expansion strategy. Potential

risks to be addressed include: government regulations, patents, predatory pricing, scale economy,

research and development, distribution agreement (Ahmed 2016)

 Business obtains financing from equity investments to credit arrangements through a

variety of means. A company could take out a bank loan or arrange a line of credit. The proper

acquisition and management of debt can help the company grow and become more profitable.

Social finance generally refers to investments in the organization of social enterprises and

certain cooperatives. These investments take the form of equity or debt financing instead of an

outright donation, in which the investor seeks both a financial reward and a social gain.

(Investopedia)

Therefore, wholesale markets play a crucial role in the vertical coordination of food

markets, calibration of demand supply and facilitation of price formation. The role reduces

marketing costs per unit, promotes stable local markets and promotes higher production and

productivity (Tracey-White 2005)

Problems and Challenges

Operations. Assets that innovations must replace traditional employment efficiency,

production and cost management strategies and means. This would increase the chances of

competitors in any country to follow the trend (Surowieeki 2012)

From dealing with the uncertainty of where your business is heading, there are common

concerns that arise more often than you would think and may be expensive if they go unchecked.

First, managing overheads. Overheads can easily be mounted in the form of administrative

expenses, insurance, rental or utility charges. Excessive overheads can be especially damaging if

they are not managed in a timely manner, so they are a big problem for companies to be satisfied

with. Look at your expenditure, the solution, and see what can be cut back. Scales down should

be any service that is unnecessary to your team or customers. Fast fixes include cloud computing

and rental instead of office equipment purchases. Second, performance monitoring. If some of
your team members do not work as well as they should, your company may suffer as a result.

The solution is to specify a set of performance indicators that demonstrate how well your team

and your company perform (Gazprom Energy 2018)

As a company grows, the advances it has made are challenging. Many companies are

confronted with problems and problems that feel difficult to manage. Now that your company

has addressed the problems of getting off the ground, it is important to have solutions in place so

that growing pain can be overcome when it arises.

The tuna industry is one of the most environmentally conscious industries out there,

mainly because such variables as ocean temperatures and sea levels are fundamental for the

affectivity of the catch of this animal. Furthermore, this is a very global industry as well,

considering that fishing occurs mostly in international waters, prices are extremely correlated to

the balance between supply and demand of this product. Therefore, for local fishing companies,

productivity is the key to maintain their profitability despite variability and seasonality.

Ironically, their oversensitivity and consciousness with the environment in combination with

their profitability interests (ensuring there’s sufficient tuna to fish and sell for years to come)

allows them to have these seemingly opposite goals aligned (Juan 2016)

Fears about increased employee involvement and responsibility, over empowerment and

loss of employer control are all valid. However, the reality is that not every employee wants to

be empowered and in fact most people have little experience of empowerment. Despite this

empowerment, it may be essential to enable businesses and organizations to survive in an

increasingly expanding national and international marketplace. The majority of our employees
today expressed their desire for respect, responsibility, recognition and flexibility in their work.

(Library.wiley.com 2017)

Management. Most employers want their employees to be motivated and ready to work

today, but don't understand what motivates a person. Companies can be more efficient if

employees have a stake in the company’s future. The attraction of new employees and 58 percent

of those organizations voiced challenges in retaining current employees, although this study is

older, is still relevant today. Studies show that when ten professional employees leave the

organization, the organization loses approximately $1 million (Ramlall 2017)

This seems fine at a superficial level, but sometimes employees feel they need

interpersonal communication to achieve a certain degree of trust. If an employee feels that their

supervisor doesn't care, they can get disengaged and even adjust the boss. Conflict management

and performance and management of potential liabilities can also be difficult to clear.

Failure to deal with any of these issues may have harmful consequences for an

organization. Companies can, however, be proactive in avoiding these obstacles by supporting

and developing their managers. Whether these are performance problems, conflicts between

team members, trust issues or personality conflicts, managers are challenged to face and tackle

problems directly and as they emerge, diffuse the feelings and emotions of employees about the

problem, listen to the needs and desires of both parties, develop win- win solutions that lead to

more productive and positive working relationships and prevent conflict in the future by

promoting positive co- worker relationships and early recognition of conflict or problems.

Marketing. In order to reach a diverse customer population, advertising and information

campaigns are very important in introducing products to consumers in a pleasant and attractive
manner. The rise in self- exclusion represents surveys in companies ' marketing strategies and

plans. Speed is the key (Grove 2013)

Every company wants to grow. That's quite understandable. But it is easy to forget that

growth presents business leaders with new challenges and greater questions. While the needs of

operational or human resources may seem obvious, the approach to marketing may also create

new challenges for a growing business. Whether you are a brand new start- up or a legacy

company worth several million dollars, it is important to consider how your marketing should

evolve as your business grows.

Tuna is by far the largest seafood export commodity of the Philippines in terms of value

and offers a livelihood to thousands of fishermen. The recent political developments and

implemented measures by the Indonesian government to combat IUU fishing have restricted

Philippine commercial fishing vessels from fishing in Indonesian waters. As a result, the supply

of raw material to canneries and processing factories in the Philippines has decreased, which has

resulted in increased tuna prices.

It is important to remember, despite the challenges you face as a growing business: Most

business leaders would like to have your problems. Remember the key principles that helped you

achieve this. While the way you approach marketing may change in the next few months and

years, it will always be important to gain trust and attention with your audience (Pyle 2018)

Finance. Economic recession and problems relating to sustainable development have

always been a challenge to overcome, which has a considerable impact on the financial aspect of

companies (Lozanta 2014)

 According to Riley (2014) When a company struggles to pay its debts as they become

due, there is a problem with cash flow. The main causes of this are low profits or losses, over

capacity investments, too many stocks that become obsolete, allowing too much credit to be

curtailed, over trade and seasonal demand.

(Dapice 2011) Financial performance is usually measured by the level of profit being

related to assets controlled by the company. Other success measures may relate to non- financial

performance, such as environmental improvement, lifestyle or physical performance, which

includes achievements in production. However, financial performance ultimately means that

business owners can continue to finance the business operation and growth and achieve their

personal goals.

Profitability is the main financial problem facing any business owner. Unless you know

the rest of your costs, known as overhead costs, you cannot make a profit while leaning your

production costs. It doesn't mean you're clear just because sales are good. If the money does not

come in fast enough to pay bills when it is due, cash flow problems will arise. Knowing how

much money owe is insufficient to avoid debt problems. Your debt interest can keep you from

advancing without realizing it unless you analyze your debt-service issue (Edmunds 2011)

Many salaried people live paycheck to pay check, and likewise companies can get into

this habit. They're always waiting to pay that big next customer. They sometimes have overdraft

arrangements with their banks to pay wages or other vendor payments. This, however, needs to

be careful to business owners. It is important to have at least 6 months of work capital

expenditure, giving the entrepreneur sufficient space to focus on the acquisition of new

customers and construction products.

 This is happening to identify it is important. If it’s a problem with cash flow, look at the

above paragraph for solutions. Otherwise, it is important to make and follow a monthly budget.

Set a specific day of the week to make payable accounts and sign checks (Ramdev 2016)

Review of Related Studies

The following studies are already conducted to which the present proposed study is

related.

“Factor Causing Philippines Fisheries to Collapse”, Tacio (2009) presented that rapid

population growth and a decreasing trend in fish production will continue to produce kilograms

of fish per Filipino per year in the coming years.

In addition, in a recent report, the World Bank warned that domestic demand for fish will

reach 3.2 billion by 2020, given the projected population growth rate of country.

“Fish Production in General Santos City”, Espejo (2014) According to figures released

by the Philippine Fisheries Development Authority, total tuna and other fish landings at the

General Santos City Fishport Complex increased by 11.31 percent in the first 5 months of this

year over the same period in 2013. It is the 3rd consecutive year since 2011 that total volume of

fish landings in the city has registered an annual increase.

“Strategies and Tactics of Tuna Fishers in the Payao Fishery from General Santos City,

Philippines” (2015) Payaos or anchor FADs are widely used in tuna fishing in the Philippines.

Spatial regulations on the use of FAD are currently being implemented with limited observance

or understanding of their potential impacts. A combination of semi- structured interviews

(n=150) and a total of six focus group discussions ( n=61) of General Santos City purse seine,
ring net and hand line fishermen provided a clear indication of the operational patterns and

decisions of fishermen on fishing tactics and strategies. Over a period of approximately 25 years,

Filipino FAD fishermen moved from inshore to offshore areas to catch ocean tuna and small

pelagic and neritic tuna associated with the FAD. Because of the high density and spatial limits

of deployment of FADs in near shore areas, the offshore deployment of FADs in a company -

owned space network has become a strategy to maintain a fishing ground. As specialists in the

area, Purse seine and ring net fishers operate from 70 to 1000 km from the fishing port and have

an average catch rate of 14t per set.

Hand line fishermen freely traveling between FAD areas claimed by purse seine and ring

net fishing companies operating 90 to 1500 km from the fishing port with an average catch rate

of 1.6 t per trip. Strategic decisions on the deployment of FADs in fishing grounds have been

strongly influenced by the availability of fishing space, environmental considerations and

experience as well as information on good catch areas. Tactical decisions on a daily basis were

mainly explained by socially mediated information flows, weather patterns and economic factors

and fish behavior and regulations to a lesser extent.

According to Yamashita (2008) with his article “The Value Chain for Philippine Tuna

Commodity”, the secondary data sources mainly come from government institutions and private

enterprises. The primary data are information obtained from personal interviews and

observations for the 1999 and 2007 periods. Four tuna canneries were interviewed, out of six

canneries operating in the Philippines, including other tuna and tuna companies. Study products

containing fresh, frozen tuna and processed tuna products for export and domestic markets. Most

of these products mainly used Yellow Fin and Skipjack in the Philippines and neighboring

Southwest Pacific waters. In view of the economic, institutional and environmental concerns of
the tuna stakeholders, recent developments and future directions will also be discussed. Cost

efficiency, stable supply and global competitiveness are the main issues to be addressed, among

others, in order to ensure the industry's sustainability.

According to Panggat (2014) “Product Innovation from Tuna and Milkfish Processing”

Tuna and milk fish are the fish traded most internationally and locally in the Philippines. Both

species are processed in canned or bottled; chilled and frozen, although the former is mainly used

for the production of sashimi and sushi. In practice, all the stages involved in the production

processes can provide enormous quantities of by- products. In the meantime, backbones, frames

and their adhering meat are considered by- products of milk fish (11.3%). Of the approximately

50% tuna by- products, only about 35% are processed, of which 22% are black meat and 3.5%

are brown meat. In Japan, tuna steaks and fillets without connective tissues (so-called sinew)

command a much higher price. More than 12 processors are actively involved in the processing

of sashimi and sushi and 9 tuna canners based in General Santos City, although one of them has

been expanded to milkfish canning. The worldwide demand for frozen and canned tuna and dairy

products is increasing. This trend means a greater increase in the number of by- products that can

be produced in the coming years. Sausages (longanisa and hotdogs); fish balls, embutido, tocino,

nuggets, burgers, spring rolls, quikiam and skin crispies, among others, are commonly produced

in the Philippines. In order to increase efficiency and productivity, cooperation between

government and entrepreneurs is considered necessary. New scientific formulas such as

restructured filets of milkfish, terrine, ham, fish rolls and other ready- to- eat and ready- to-cook

foods must be disseminated and used well.

According to SyarifuddinMabeParenreng (2016) in his article “Mitigating Risk in the

Tuna through Traceability System Development”, this study is concerned with risk mitigation
based on advances in technology for food traceability. A case study of the supply, processing and

distribution of wild catch tuna on Indonesia's Sulawesi Island provides the background for the

description and analysis of risk agents and how the supply chain interrelates. The aim of this

study is to develop an inductive, emphatically based model for risk mitigation in the networks of

seafood supply. It builds on this important work of Forrester's understanding of information

distortion, Alderson's transection model and Thompson's theory of interdependency.

According to “The Dynamics and Sustainability of Ambon’s Smoked Tuna Trade”, book

by Philip Hayward (2012), The case study of the article emphasizes the dynamic nature of the

supply chain circumstances of products at locations with significant population growth, socio-

cultural disruption and/or modernization. The' food ways' involved in the case study of the article

are not discrete and/or stable, but rather volatile ways that have been shortened, diverted and/or

disrupted by various degrees of magnitude and/or immediacy under external pressures.

Maintaining the food methods involved required adaptation, ingenuity and the investment of

socio- cultural commitment, in addition to the simple creation of commercial opportunities.

Consequently, the food product produced by this dynamic system is not merely a market

commodity (as in a simplistic model), but a cultural product with distinct attributes and meanings

that crystallize the intersection of different spheres of human and environmental activity in a

spatio-temporal way. The article also reflects on the sustainability of trade and how the dynamic

development of the Ambones population can overwhelm its entrepreneurs and employers '

adaptive potential.

“Frozen Storage Studies of Formulated Skipjack Tuna Patties” by Wayne T. Iwaoka phD

and Jason S. Akamine MS (2010) Plain and aromatically formulated skipjack tuna patties with

textural features similar to ground beef have been developed for use in school lunch programs.
Studies of shelf life of these patties showed that the nutrient composition of raw and cooked fish

patties kept in frozen storage for nine months remained essentially the same. In an edible 100 g

serving, raw and cooked tuna patties contained 71% -75% moisture, 18% -21% protein, 0.15%-

0.22% fat, 1.8%-2.1% ash and 3.3%-4.0% carbohydrates. The average caloric content was

between 88 and 91 kilocalories/patty. In addition, a 100gm patty serving provided 29 percent of

the United States. Recommended dietary allocation ( RDA) for protein, 18%-20% for niacin,

approximately 14% for phosphorus, 10%-11% for iron, 6% for magnesium, less than 5% for

zinc, copper and manganese, approximately 2% for thiamin and less than 2% for vitamin A, E

and calcium. Sensory tests on fish pats showed that cooked pats could be stored in frozen storage

for up to nine months (minus 24 ° C) with only minor changes in odor, taste and texture. The life

of storage for frozen, crude patties seemed to be about three months. If uncooked pats are frozen,

cook and eat within a period of three months.

According to Ahmad (2014) in his article “Frozen Food Revolution Investigating How

Availability of Frozen Foods Affect Consumer Buying Behavior”, Frozen food has been

considered and seen as an artificial form of food, but yes, in the growing and health- conscious

times of this era, it has become a part of our lives and influences the consumer's decision to buy

food.

According to the article “Food-System of Tuna Industry: Market Distortion in Canning

and Sashimi Markets” by Yamashita (2006), illustration of the features of the tuba food system

that give a bird's eye view of the trade in tuna and global distribution. These species ' export

prices are not low in comparison to other marine products. We will examine the structure of the

market and the level of concentration of the world sashimi market further. Two other species,
yellow fine and albacore, are consumed as both canned and sashimi products. The sashimi tuna

export price is more than twice the price of canned material.