Mensuration & Calculation For Plumbing by Daleon PDF

MENSURATION & CALCULATION
FOR PLUMBING
Presented by:
Manny P. Daleon
Trainer
we learn how to:
Apply the SI system of measurement to simple

formulae and calculations
Fabricate basic engineering exercise using

hand tools and pedestal drill
Describe the physical properties of metals and

alloys
Measurements
Units of Measurement
Manny P. Daleon-Trainer
It All Starts with a Ruler!!!
Measurement
You make a measurement every time

you
• measure your height.

• read your watch.
• take your temperature.
• weigh a cantaloupe.
Measurement in Chemistry
In plumbing we--
• measure quantities.
• calculate estimates of
materials.
• Compute costing or bill of
materials
Measurement
In a measurement
• a measuring tool is used to

compare some dimension
of an object to a standard.
• of the thickness of the skin

fold at the waist, calipers
are used.
Stating a Measurement
In every measurement, a number is followed by a unit.
Observe the following examples of measurements:
Number and Unit

35 m
0.25 L
225 lb
3.4 hr
The Metric System (SI)
The metric system or SI (international system) is
• a decimal system based on 10.

• used in most of the world.
• used everywhere by scientists.
Units in the Metric System
In the metric and SI systems, one unit is used for each type
of measurement:
Measurement Metric SI
Length meter (m) meter (m)
Volume liter (L) cubic meter (m3)
Mass gram (g) kilogram (kg)
Time second (s) second (s)
Temperature Celsius (C) Kelvin (K)
Length Measurement
Length
• is measured using a meter
stick.
• uses the unit of meter (m)
in both the metric and SI
systems.
Inches and Centimeters
The unit of an inch is
equal to exactly 2.54
centimeters in the
metric (SI) system.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
Volume Measurement
Volume
• is the space occupied by a
substance.
• uses the unit liter (L) in metric
system.
• 1 L = 1.057 qt
• uses the unit m3(cubic meter)
in the SI system.
• is measured using a graduated
cylinder.
Mass Measurement
The mass of an object
• is the quantity of material it

contains.
• is measured on a balance.
• uses the unit gram (g) in the
metric system.
• uses the unit kilogram (kg) in
the SI system.
Temperature Measurement
The temperature of a substance

• indicates how hot or cold it is.
• is measured on the Celsius (C)
scale in the metric system.
• on this thermometer is 18ºC or
64ºF.
• in the SI system uses the Kelvin
(K) scale.
Time Measurement
Time measurement
• uses the unit second(s) in
both the metric and SI
systems.
• is based on an atomic
clock that uses a frequency
emitted by cesium atoms.
Learning Check
For each of the following, indicate whether the unit

describes 1) length 2) mass or 3) volume.
____ A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg.
____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall.
____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g aspirin.
____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.
Solution
For each of the following, indicate whether the unit describes
1) length 2) mass or 3) volume.
2 A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg.
1 B. A person is 2.0 m tall.
2 C. A medication contains 0.50 g aspirin.
3 D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.
Learning Check
Identify the measurement that has an SI unit.
A. John’s height is
1) 1.5 yd. 2) 6 ft . 3) 2.1 m.
B. The race was won in

1) 19.6 s. 2) 14.2 min. 3) 3.5 hr.
C. The mass of a lemon is

1) 12 oz. 2) 0.145 kg. 3) 0.6 lb.
D. The temperature is
1) 85C. 2) 255 K. 3) 45F.
Solution
A. John’s height is
3) 2.1 m.
B. The race was won in

1) 19.6 s.
C. The mass of a lemon is

2) 0.145 kg.
D. The temperature is
2) 255 K.
Scientific Notation
Scientific notation
• is used to write very large or

very small numbers.
• for the width of a human

hair of 0.000 008 m is
written 8 x 10-6 m.
• of a large number such as 4

500 000 s is written 4.5 x
106 s.
Some Powers of Ten
Comparing Numbers in Standard
and Scientific Notation
Here are some numbers written in standard format
and in scientific notation.
Number in Number in
Standard Format Scientific Notation
Diameter of the Earth
12 800 000 m 1.28 x 107 m
Mass of a human
68 kg 6.8 x 101 kg
Length of a pox virus
0.000 03 cm 3 x 10-5 cm
Learning Check
Select the correct scientific notation for each.
A. 0.000 008
1) 8 x 1062) 8 x 10-6 3) 0.8 x 10-5
B. 72 000
1) 7.2 x 104 2) 72 x 103 3) 7.2 x 10-4
Solution
Select the correct scientific notation for each.
A. 0.000 008
2) 8 x 10-6
B. 72 000
1) 7.2 x 104
Learning Check
Write each as a standard number.
A. 2.0 x 10-2
1) 200 2) 0.0020 3) 0.020
B. 1.8 x 105
1) 180 000 2) 0.000 018 3) 18 000
Solution
Write each as a standard number.
A. 2.0 x 10-2
3) 0.020
B. 1.8 x 105
1) 180 000
Math and Units
• Math- the language of Physics
• SI Units – International System
– MKS
• Meter m
• Mass kg
• Time s
• National Bureau of Standards
• Prefixes Manny P. Daleon-Trainer
SI Unit Prefixes - Part I
Name Symbol Factor
tera- T 1012
giga- G 109
mega- M 106
kilo- k 103
hecto- h 102
deka- da 101
SI Unit Prefixes- Part II
Name Symbol Factor
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
micro- μ 10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p 10-12
femto- f
10-15
The Seven Base SI Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Temperature kelvin K
Time second s
Amount of mole mol
Substance
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Electric Current ampere
a
Derived SI Units (examples)
Quantity unit Symbol
Volume cubic meter m3
Density kilograms per kg/m3
cubic meter
Speed meter per second m/s
Newton kg m/ s2 N
Energy Joule (kg m2/s2) J
Pressure Pascal (kg/(ms2)
Pa
SI Unit Prefixes for Length
Name Symbol Analogy
gigameter Gm 109
megameter Mm 106
kilometer km 103
decimeter dm 10-1
centimeter cm 10-2
millimeter mm 10-3
micrometer μm 10-6
nanometer nm 10-9
picometer pm 10-12
Scientific Notation
Mx 10 n
• M is the coefficient 1<M<10

• 10 is the base
• n is the exponent or power of 10
Other Examples:
• 5.45E+6 or
• 5.45 x 10^6
Numbers less than 1 will have a
negative exponent.
A millionth of a second is:
0.000001 sec 1x10-6

1.0E-6 1.0^-6
Factor-Label Method of Unit Conversion
• Example: Convert 5km to m:

• Multiply the original measurement by a
conversion factor.
NEW UNIT
85km x 1,000m = 85,000m
1km
OLD UNIT
Factor-Label Method of Unit Conversion:
Example
• Example: Convert 789m to km:
789m x 1km =0.789km= 7.89x10-1km

1000m
Convert 75.00 km/h to m/s
75.00 km x 1000 m x 1 h___ = 20.83m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Limits of Measurement
• Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy - a measure of how close
a measurement is to the true
value of the quantity being
measured.
Example: Accuracy
• Who is more accurate when measuring
a book that has a true length of
17.0cm?
Susan:
17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm
Amy:
15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm
• Precision – a measure of how close a
series of measurements are to one
another. A measure of how exact a
measurement is.
Example: Precision
Who is more precise when measuring the

same 17.0cm book?
Susan:
17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm
Amy:
15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm
Example: Evaluate whether the
following are precise, accurate or both.
Accurate Not Accurate Accurate

Not Precise Precise
Precise
Significant Figures
• The significant figures in a
measurement include all of the digits
that are known, plus one last digit
that is estimated.
Centimeters and Millimeters
Finding the Number of Sig Figs:
• When the decimal is present, start counting from
the left.
• When the decimal is absent, start counting from

the right.
• Zeroes encountered before a non zero digit do not

count.
How many sig figs?
100 10302.00
0.001
10302 1.0302x104
Sig Figs in Addition/Subtraction
Express the result with the same number
of decimal places as the number in the
operation with the least decimal places.
Ex: 2.33 cm
+ 3.0 cm
5.3 cm
(Result is rounded to one decimal place)
Sig Figs in Multiplication/Division
• Express the answer with the same sig figs
as the factor with the least sig figs.
• Ex: 3.22 cm
x 2.0 cm
6.4 cm2
(Result is rounded to two sig figs)
Counting Numbers
• Counting numbers have infinite sig figs.
• Ex: 3 apples
S.I. Units, basic units, derived units
Conversion of values – metres to millimetres etc.
Formula and calculations - area, volume and capacity
Ratios
Percentage
Volume
Volume is the amount of space in any container, no matter what
shape it is.
Volume is always in cubic metres (m³).
The volume of a rectangular tank is: Length X Width X Height
To find the volume of a rectangular tank which is 2m long, 3m wide
and 1m high:
2m X 3m X 1m = 6m³
Capacity
Capacity is the amount of liquid which the
container can hold.
1m³ holds 1000 litres of liquid.
If the volume of the container is 5m³, since each

cubic metre holds 1000 litres, the capacity of this
container is:
5m³ X 1000 = 5000 litres
The Circle
An important mathematical constant is used when
solving area and perimeter calculations of a circle. This
constant is called ‘Pi’ and is represented by the symbol
π.
The area of a circle is calculated using the formula πr²:

Area of a circle = π x r²
where π = 3.142
r = radius of circle
The Cylinder
The volume of a cylinder is calculated

using the formula:
Volume = π r²h
The answer is always in cubic metres.
Capacity of a Cylinder
The Capacity of a cylinder is found

by multiplying the volume by 1000.
Cylinder Height
The method of finding the height of a cylinder when you know the
capacity, or volume and the radius, is:
H = volume
π x r²
Alloys
An element is a substance made up of atoms, all of one kind. Lead, copper,
zinc and aluminium are all elements. Each is composed entirely of atoms of
lead, copper, zinc or aluminium.
Some alloys may be improved by the addition of other elements.
For example:
 Chromium added to steel increases its resistance to corrosion
 Magnesium increases the toughness of steel
 Silicone added to steel destroys its magnetic properties
 Vanadium added to steel makes it more resistant to damage by shock
Alloys used in Plumbing Work
Alloy Components Uses
Brass 70% Copper – 30% Zinc Pipe Fittings
Gunmetal 90% Copper – 10% Tin Underground Pipes and

Bronze Fittings
Cast Iron 2 – 4% Carbon – 98% Iron Boilers, Rainwater

Pipes and Fittings
Mild Steel 0.5% Carbon – 99.5% Iron Pipes and Fittings
Soft Solder 40% Tin – 60% Lead Blowpipe Soldering
Hard Solder 2% Silver – 98% Copper Cuprotectic Joints
Lead Free Solder 2% Silver – 98% Tin Blowpipe Soldering
Properties of Plumbing Materials
Many of the materials used by the plumber have different characteristics
which must be considered before their use.
 Fusibility
 Malleability
 Ductility
 Tenacity
 Tensile Strength
 Elasticity
 Durability
Annealing and Tempering
Annealing is the treatment of a metal or alloy
to reduce its brittleness and improve its
ductility. Annealing is often referred to as the
softening of a metal.
Tempering or hardening, is a process of
improving the characteristics of a metal,
especially steel. Tempering is carried out by
heating the metal to a high temperature and
then cooling it, usually by quenching it in oil or
water.
Hand Tools
There are far too many accidents in the construction industry.
Many of them could be avoided with a little thought and
common sense.
The basic principles to follow when using hand tools are:
 Make sure you use the right tool for the job
 Wear unbreakable goggles when chipping welds, using
chisels, drilling, using cartridge guns, etc.
 When using stilsons and wrenches make sure the pull
forces the jaws together, otherwise the tool might slip
 Never leave a defective tool about for others to use
Hammers and Mallets
Screw Drivers
Files
Hacksaws
Spanners
Pliers
Specialist Plumbing Tools
Pipe Wrenches
Mild Steel Pipe and Fittings
Mild steel pipe, also known as low carbon steel
pipe, is available either painted black or
galvanised. Black steel pipes should be used
for hot water heating systems and gas supplies
only. If it were used where freshwater is
continuously being drawn off through the
pipeline it would soon become liable to
corrosion problems.
Bending Mild Steel Pipe
Mild steel pipe is manufactured to BS 1387 and is also
known as low carbon steel pipe. Mild steel is an alloy
of iron and up to 0.2% carbon, hence the term “LOW
CARBON STEEL”.
There are two methods used to bend mild steel pipe:
 Machine Bending
 Heat Bending
Machine Bending
For bending mild steel pipe by machine, a
method known as hydraulic press bending is
used. The pipe is placed in the machine using
the correct size former. Tube stops and pins
are also located in the correct holes. A
hydraulic ram is operated by a lever, which
forces oil from one chamber to another. This
exerts tremendous power which moves the ram
forward forcing the pipe against the stops. As
the lever is pumped the pipe is forced to bend.
Hydraulic Bending Machine
When using a hydraulic bending machine ensure
that:
 The correct size inside former is attached to
the hydraulic ram
 The two back formers are located in the
correct holes in the base plate
Hydraulic Bending Machine
Hydraulic Bending Machine Setup
Parts of a Circle
PVC PipeClip, STW, Holderbat
Mild Steel Pipe Identification
Mild steel piping is supplied in 6.4m lengths, finished in black or hot
dipped galvanised for extra corrosion resistance.
These lengths can have either:
 PLAIN ENDS: When they are to be welded together on site.
 THREADED ENDS: When threaded joints are to be used on site.

On threaded lengths, one socket is supplied with each length.
Mild Steel Pipe Grades
Mild steel pipes are supplied in different grades for different applications:
 MEDIUM GRADE: Marked with a blue band. Suitable for low pressure
hot water heating and gas installations.
 HEAVY GRADE: Marked with a red band. Suitable for steam and high
temperature hot water heating installations.
 SCHEDULE 40 & 80: The particular schedule is stamped on the outside

of the pipe. These are very heavy walled pipes and are used in process
industries.
Wall Wall
Wall Thickness Thickness
Thickness 4.05mm 5.08mm
3.25mm
Mild Steel Pipe Cutting
The teeth on a hacksaw blade are set at a slight angle to enable the
blade to produce a cut wide enough so that the rest of the blade does not
bind or break.
For rapid cutting of mild steel pipes a pipe cutters is used. It consists of a
cutting wheel, two guide rollers and an adjusting screw.
A pipe reamer is used to remove the internal burr left by the pipe cutter.
Thread Cutting
The type of thread normally used for connecting mild steel pipes is
called a British Standard Pipe Thread or B.S.P.T.
Thread Cutting
To cut threads on mild steel pipes a “stocks and dies” is used. This
consists of a set of four dies in a holder.
Thread Cutting
To cut a longscrew thread the normal thread cutting procedure is
continued until the backnut and socket can be threaded completely on
to the pipe. Barrel nipples can be cut with a special attachment on the
electric powered threading machine.
Thread Cutting
The threads on malleable iron pipe fittings are referred to as either male
or female.
When ordering malleable iron tees with unequal outlets quote the size in
the order shown below. So the correct way to quote the tees piece shown
is: 25mm X 15mm X 20mm.
The Z dimension is the distance from the centre of the fitting to the point
reached by the end of the pipe when it has been screwed the proper
distance into the fitting.
Mild Steel Pipe Assembly
Thread seals and taps are always applied in a clockwise direction when
facing the threaded end of the pipe.

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MENSURATION & CALCULATION

Apply the SI system of measurement to simple

Fabricate basic engineering exercise using

Describe the physical properties of metals and

You make a measurement every time

• measure your height.

• a measuring tool is used to

• of the thickness of the skin

In every measurement, a number is followed by a unit.

Observe the following examples of measurements:

Number and Unit

The metric system or SI (international system) is

• a decimal system based on 10.

• is the quantity of material it

The temperature of a substance

For each of the following, indicate whether the unit

____ A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg.

____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall.

____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g aspirin.

____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.

2 A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg.

1 B. A person is 2.0 m tall.

2 C. A medication contains 0.50 g aspirin.

3 D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.

B. The race was won in

C. The mass of a lemon is

B. The race was won in

C. The mass of a lemon is

• is used to write very large or

• for the width of a human

• of a large number such as 4

Select the correct scientific notation for each.

Select the correct scientific notation for each.

Write each as a standard number.

Write each as a standard number.

• M is the coefficient 1<M<10

A millionth of a second is:

0.000001 sec 1x10-6

• Example: Convert 5km to m:

• Example: Convert 789m to km:

789m x 1km =0.789km= 7.89x10-1km

Who is more precise when measuring the

Accurate Not Accurate Accurate

• When the decimal is absent, start counting from

• Zeroes encountered before a non zero digit do not

1m³ holds 1000 litres of liquid.

If the volume of the container is 5m³, since each

5m³ X 1000 = 5000 litres

The area of a circle is calculated using the formula πr²:

The volume of a cylinder is calculated

The answer is always in cubic metres.

The Capacity of a cylinder is found

Brass 70% Copper – 30% Zinc Pipe Fittings

Gunmetal 90% Copper – 10% Tin Underground Pipes and

Cast Iron 2 – 4% Carbon – 98% Iron Boilers, Rainwater

Mild Steel 0.5% Carbon – 99.5% Iron Pipes and Fittings

Soft Solder 40% Tin – 60% Lead Blowpipe Soldering

Hard Solder 2% Silver – 98% Copper Cuprotectic Joints

Lead Free Solder 2% Silver – 98% Tin Blowpipe Soldering

The basic principles to follow when using hand tools are:

There are two methods used to bend mild steel pipe:

These lengths can have either:

 PLAIN ENDS: When they are to be welded together on site.