STOMATOGNATHIC

SYSTEM
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

 PHYSIOLOGY – is the science which

deals with the study of normal
tissue functions of a normal living
body.
 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY – deals
with the study of basic activities of
living organisms as a whole,
emphasizing on function and dynamic
changes occurring within cells,
tissues and blood vessels.
 ORAL PHYSIOLOGY – a branch of Gen.
Physiology which focuses on the
functions of the different parts in the
oral cavity as well as its associated
structures. It deals with the Masticatory
Apparatus (All structures & organs
involved in mastication.)
 STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM – is a
system that comprises of a highly
coordinated structure comprising
the human masticatory apparatus.
STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM – is a
system composed of several parts
capable of acting as a single unit
for the processes of:
○ 1. mastication
○ 2. deglutition
○ 3. phonation
○ 4. respiration
○ 5. other behavioral characteristics
or activities
 Group of structures that comprises
the Stomatognathic System:
 1. Dental Group
 2. Osseous Group
 3. Receptor Group
 4. Muscular Group
 5. Salivary Glands
 6. Organs of the Digestive System
 7. Organs of the Respiratory System
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORAL
CAVITY:

>ORAL STOMODEUM is the primitive

oral cavity that begins to develop at 3 ½
weeks of fetal life.
>It is lined with an ectoderm and unites
with the endoderm to form the
buccopharyngeal membrane.
 ORAL STOMODEUM
(3 ½ WEEKS Human Embryo)
 >Atabout 27 days this membrane
raptures and the stomodeum
establishes a connection with the
foregut (future digestive tract).

 >At
6 weeks old, the first sign of tooth
development is seen.
> The oral ectoderm will give rise to the
oral epithelium that runs along the
outline of the future dental arches,
which is called the DENTAL LAMINA
(invagination that forms 2 thicker
bands; vestibular lamina & dental
lamina).
> Simultaneous with the differentiation
of the dental lamina, there arises
round or ovoid swellings at 10
different points in each jaw,
corresponding to the future position of
the deciduous dentition (TOOTH
BUDS) .
  Dental Lamina

 Tooth bud

 Enamel Organ - enamel

 Dental Papilla - dentin & pulp

 Dental Sac - cementum, periodontal ligament &

alveolar bone
 ORAL CAVITY – is the
first portion of the
alimentary canal or
digestive tract.
 Boundaries:
 1. Anteriorly – Lips
 2. Laterally – Cheeks
 3. Superiorly – Hard &
Soft Palate
 4. Inferiorly – Floor of
the Mouth &
Tongue
Divisions of the Oral Cavity:
A. Vestibule – smaller,
outer portion
Boundaries:
○ 1. Antero-laterally –
lips & cheeks
○ 2. Postero-medially –
gums & teeth
○ 3. Superior & Inferiorly –
mucous
membrane from the
lips & cheeks to the
gums
B. Oral Cavity Proper –
larger, inner
portion
Boundaries:
○ 1. Antero-laterally –
alveolar arches
with their teeth
○ 2. Superiorly – hard &
soft palate
○ 3. Inferiorly – tongue &
mucous membrane
from the side of the
tongue to the
gums
 PARTS OF THE ORAL CAVITY:

 A. Lips
 B. Cheeks
 C. Palate
 D. Floor of the mouth
 E. Tongue
 A. LIPS

> Two mobile folds that

encircle the rima oris.
*Rima/ Orbicularis oris -
sphincter muscle of the mouth.

> Covered by skin on its

external surface & mucous
membrane on its internal
surface.
> Parts:
 1. Angle of the mouth
– points where the
upper & lower lips
meet at the sides.

 2. Naso-labial groove
– from the side of
the nose to the
angle of the mouth.
3. Mento-labial groove
– between the chin
& lower lip.

4. Philtrum
– from the inferior
border of the nose
to the upper lip.
 5. Frenulum of the
upper & lower lips
– vertical mucous
folds found on the
internal surface of
the lips connecting
them to the gums.
> Composed of the following layers:

1. Skin
2. Superficial Fascia
3. Orbicularis oris Muscle
4. Submucous Layer
5. Mucous Membrane
 > Supplied by the following:

Nerve:
1. Infra-orbital Nerve – from the maxillary
nerve & supplies the upper lip
2. Mental Nerve – from the mandibular
nerve & supplies the lower lip
Blood:
1. Superior Labial Artery
2. Inferior Labial Artery
 B. CHEEKS

> Forms the lateral

boundary of the vestibule
of the mouth.

> Buccinator muscle is

the major muscle that
makes up the cheeks.
> Composed of the following:

1. Skin
2. Superficial Fascia
3. Buccopharyngeal Fascia
4. Buccinator Muscle
5. Submucous Layer
6. Mucous Membrane
 C. PALATE

> Forms the roof of

the mouth separating
the nasal cavity & the
nasopharynx from the
buccal cavity.
> Divided into 2
parts:

1. Hard palate –
larger, anterior
2/3

2. Soft Palate –
smaller,
posterior 1/3
 1. HARD PALATE

> Formed by the

palatine processes
of the maxilla & the
horizontal plates of
the palatine bones.
>The surface is covered by the
mucous membrane & periosteum.

> The inferior surface is thicker & its

posterior part contain the blood
vessels, nerves & mucous glands.
> Presents the
following:

 1. Median Raphe –
longitudinal ridge
extending from the
uvula to the
incisive papilla.
 2. Incisive Papilla –
small projection of
the mucous
membrane which
lies behind the
central incisor
indicating the
location of the
opening of the
incisive foramen.
 - It forms the anterior
limit of the median
raphe.

(Clinical significance:
site of puncture for
nasopalatine block
injection)
 3.Transverse
Palatine Ridges or
Rugae – is about 3 to
4 distinct elevations
crossing the
anterior part of
the palate.
 4. Fovea Palatinae –
constant pits found
on the posterior
end of the palate,
near the midline,
that are formed by
a coalescence of
several mucous
gland ducts.
 (Clinical significance: These pits are
close to the vibrating line which
makes them an ideal guide for the
location of the posterior border of
the denture.)
 2. SOFT PALATE

 > A soft,flexible mass

attached to the
posterior end of the
hard palate.

> Composed of folds

of mucous membrane.
> Presents the
following:

 1. Uvula – a conical
process on the
midline of the
posterior border
of the soft palate.
 2.Palatine Arches
or Velum – free
margin of the
soft palate
extending laterally
from the uvula
that splits as they
approach the
lateral walls.
The split portion
forms the pillars
of the soft palate.
 3. Palatoglossal
Arch – anterior
pillar of the fauces
or anterior
palatine arch,
encloses the
palatoglossal
muscle
 4.Palatopharyngeal
Arch – larger,
posterior pillar of
the fauces or
posterior palatine
arch, encloses the
palato-pharyngeal
muscle.
 5.Isthmus of the
Fauces or
Tonsillar Sinus –
an interval
between
the anterior &
posterior pillars.
It is triangular in
shape &
encloses the
palatine tonsils.
 6.Isthmus of the
Pharynx – interval
between the free
margin of the soft
palate & the
posterior
pharyngeal wall
separating the
nasopharynx
from the lower
pharynx.
> Consists of the following:
 1. Palatal Aponeurosis
 2. Mucous glands
 3. Muscles
 A. Levator Palati Muscle
 B. Tensor Palati Muscle
 C. Palatoglossus Muscle
 D. Palatopharyngeal Muscle
 E. Uvulae Muscle
> Supplied by the following:
Nerve:
1. Vagus Nerve
2. Accessory Nerve
3. Mandibular Nerve
4. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Blood:
1. Greater Palatine Artery
2. Lesser Palatine Artery
 D.
FLOOR OF THE
MOUTH

> Formed chiefly by

the mylohyoid muscle
& other structures
which lie beneath the 2
halves of the body of
the mandible.
> Presents the
following:
 1.Frenulum
Linguae or Lingual
Frenum – median
fold of mucous
membrane
extending from
the floor of the
mouth to the
inferior surface or
the tongue.
 2. Sublingual Fold
– seen on the
side of the tongue
where the ducts of
the sublingual
salivary gland is
located.
 3.Sublingual
Papilla – slight
elevation on the
anterior end of
the sublingual
fold indicating the
opening of the
submandibular
ducts.
 4. Fimbriated Fold
– fold of mucous
membrane lying
lateral to the
frenulum.
 E. TONGUE

 > A movable mass of

muscle covered with
mucous membrane lying
on the floor of the mouth
& associated with the
functions of taste,
chewing, swallowing &
speaking.
> Parts:

 1. Root – lower,
posterior portion
through which the
extrinsic muscles,
blood vessels &
nerves are
connected with the
organ.
 2. Body – anterior,
larger portion
made up of
interlacing
skeletal muscles.
 3. Margins – lateral
sides of the organ,
free & blunt in
relation to the
gums & teeth.
 4. Tip/Apex – pointed
& free anterior
end, directed
anteriorly against
the incisor teeth. It
is blunt & rounded
when the tongue is
at rest.
 5. Dorsum Linguae
– slightly convex
anteroposteriorly.
It is divided by a
V-shaped groove
called Sulcus
Terminalis into;
 A. Anterior 2/3 – where
lingual papilla
are found.
 B. Posterior 1/3 – where
lingual tonsils
are located.
> Lingual papillae –
consists of 3 kinds:

 A. Vallate/Circumvallate
papilla – 10 to 12 per
human tongue
 B. Fungiform papilla –
scattered in
between filiform
papilla
 C. Filiform papilla – most
numerous &
distributed in rows
> Muscles of the tongue:
 A. Extrinsic Muscles – originate from
the outside of the tongue. These
functions to change the position as
well as the shape of the tongue.
 1. Genioglossus
 2. Hyoglossus
 3. Styloglossus
 4. Palatoglossus
 5. Chondroglossus
 Nerve supply:
 1. Hypoglossal Nerve
 2. Spinal Accessory Nerve
 B.Intrinsic Muscles – are confined
within the substance of the tongue
& capable only of changing the
shape.
 1. Inferior Longitudinal
 2. Superior Longitudinal
 3. Transverse
 4. Vertical
 Nerve supply:
 1. Hypoglossal Nerve
 2. Lingual Nerve
 3. Glossopharyngeal
 4. Chorda Tympani

 Blood supply:
 1. Lingual Artery
 2. Tonsillar Artery