ENF Based Machine Learning Classification

for Origin of Media Signals: Novel

Features from Fourier Transform Profile
Author list goes here…

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International Conference on Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (ICEECS 2018)

Contents
▪ Introduction
▪ Our proposal
▪ ENF extraction and database description
▪ Feature analysis
▪ Result analysis
▪ Conclusion

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 Introduction
▪ ENF Signal:
o Random fluctuation of ENF are within a electrical network is unique.
o At a particular instance of time these variations are almost same across the same
grid. Which is called ENF signal.
▪ Multimedia forensic Application
o Detection of tempered or altered audio recordings using embedded ENF signals.
▪ ENF signal varies grid to grid.
▪ Advent of Machine Learning techniques alleviates previous
shortcomings for media tampering detection.

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 Our proposal
▪ Utilization of the ‘Fourier Transform Profile’ of the ENF in the
media signals in the frequency domain as novel features.

▪ Our findings →developing feature sets for SVM classifier

which can be extracted from temporal media signals.

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 ENF Extraction and Database Description
• Audio recordings of 12 different grids from locations around
the world were published by the authors of Adi Hajj at El.
• Each grid data contained Audio and Power files.
• Power files was divided into segments of ten minutes of
audio.
• ENF signal was extracted using original code of the authors.

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ENF Extraction and Database Description
TABLE I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE

Nominal Maximum Minimum Frequency

No. of Power
Grid No. of Audio Examples Frequency Frequency Frequency Range
Recordings
(Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)

Texas (A) 54 6 60 60.06 59.98 0.08

Lebanon (B) 56 6 50 50.92 49.13 1.79
Eastern U.S (C) 66 6 60 60.07 59.98 0.09
Turkey (D) 63 6 50 50.07 49.94 0.13
Ireland (E) 66 6 50 50.11 49.94 0.17
France (F) 42 6 50 50.11 49.95 0.16
Tenerife (G) 62 6 50 50.17 49.80 0.37
India (Agra) (H) 61 6 50 50.34 49.73 0.61
Western U.S (I) 65 6 60 60.08 59.97 0.11
Brazil (J) 42 - 60 60.10 59.87 0.23
Norway (K) 72 - 50 50.24 49.86 0.38

Australia (L) 45 - 50 50.13 49.86 0.27

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 Feature Analysis
TABLE II.
USED FEATURE SETS
Feature
Number Feature sets

1 Mean of the ENF segment

2 Log (variance) of the ENF segment

3 Log(range) of ENF segment

4 Log(variance) of the approximation after F-level wavelet

analysis (F=9) Feature
used in the
Reference Work [16]
Log(variance) of nine levels of detail signals computed through
5-13
F-level wavelet analysis from coarser to finer (F=9)

14-15 AR(2) model parameters

16 Log(variance) of the innovation signal after AR(2) modelling

17-24 Polynomial model parameter Proposed Addition

Features
25-32 Normalized Amplitude of the Harmonic components

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 Feature Analysis
• Fourier Transform Profile:
• Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) was applied to extract to obtain
normalised harmonic components of ENF signals.
n
X (k) =  x(j) Wn(j−1)(k −1)
j =1

Where Wn = e( −2 i)/n is one of the n roots of the unity and the k is the kth
frequency.

• A 7th degree polynomial was fitted over normalized magnitude of the

harmonics
• The coefficients and constants of the polynomial are named “Polynomial
model parameters”

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 Feature Analysis

1(a) 1(b) 1(c)

Fig. 1. Magnitude of the harmonic components of power recording

from (a) Grid A, (b) Grid D, (c) Grid G.
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Graphs and Figures
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Example of a Good Figure

n
X (k) =  x(j) W (j −1)(k −1)
n
j =1

▪ Simple graph - thick, bold axes - large fonts

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Example of a Bad Figure
▪ Light colors, poor contrast, text too small

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Saving Your File
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