Sie sind auf Seite 1von 6

1

ANTIDERIVATIVES

OVERVIEW :

A comprehensive presentation of lessons relating to branch of


calculus which is considered as the inverse of differential calculus, called integral
calculus. We were definitely amazed with the applications of differential calculus
such as the determination of the maximum and minimum values of a function,
(both in curve tracing and stated problems), related rates problems, evaluation of
indeterminate forms of functions, and others. But another breakthrough in the
students’ discovery of knowledge in mathematics is another chapter which
integral calculus can offer: determination of area of irregular plane figures,
volumes of solids of revolution (i.e., irregular solids), length of arc, etc.

Differential calculus starts with the basics of differentiation, so much


so with integration. This module provides the students with a clear view on basic
integration formulas on simple functions, and the generalized integration
formulas using simple algebraic substitution.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

After completing this module, the students are expected to


accomplish the following:
 define antidifferentiation or integration;
 discuss the different basic integration formulas; and
 evaluate indefinite and definite integrals using basic integration
formulas and the generalized power formula.

HISTORICAL NOTES:

“The Calculus” is a phrase we use to denote that branch of


mathematics which deals with the properties of functions (“curves”) that are
associated with the limit process (continuity, differentiation, integration). Calculus
is the introductory level of a more general branch of mathematics which is called
“analysis.” Analysis deals generally with infinite processes and includes such
areas as real analysis, complex analysis, and differential equations. Kline calls
the calculus as one of the two greatest creations in the history of mathematics.
2

LESSON 1: Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration


Formula

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the student is expected to accomplish the following:
• know the relationship between differentiation and integration;
• identify and explain the different parts of the integral operation; and
• perform basic integration by applying the power formula and the
properties of indefinite integrals.

DISCUSSION OF THE TOPICS:

At this point, students are already familiar with inverse operation in


Mathematics. To name a few, addition and subtraction, multiplication and
division, raising to power and extracting roots, and some examples of inverse
operations.

In this lesson, we will discuss the inverse operation of differentiation


which is called antidifferentiation or integration. Antidifferentiation or integration
is the process of finding the set of functions whose derivative or differential is
given. The term “integration” is more often used than “antidifferentiation” but in
this module, it is not an issue whatever term is to be used.

Antiderivative (Integral)
A function F is called an antiderivative or integral of the function f on
an interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for every value of X in I.

Example 1.1
Find a function whose derivative is x3 or its differential is x3 dx.

Solution:

Maybe by trial and error method, a reasonable guess to the unknown


1 4 1 4
function will be x because if we get the derivative of x , we will get x3 or
4 4
1 1 4 1 4
its differential, x3 dx. But what about x 4 + 2? x - 10? x - 3?
4 4 4
3

1 4
Actually any function in the form of x + C, where C is any
4
constant, is an antiderivative or integral of x3. With this reason, the antiderivative
or integral of a function always contain the “ C” term.

Since integration or antidifferentiation is an operation, there must be


an operator used. The operator for integration is the symbol ∫ (which looks like
an elongated S that was derived from the first letter of the Latin word sum).
1 4
Thus, the statement “a function whose differential is x3 dx is x +C” is
4
1
∫ x dx = 4 x
4
equivalent to 3
+ C .”

Indefinite Integral
∫ f ( x )dx =F( x ) +C if and only if F’(x) = f(x)
where f(x) is called the integrand;
C as the constant of integration;
F(x) + C is the indefinite integral of f(x) dx; and
dx indicates that x is the variable of integration.

Logically, the expression F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral since


C has no definite value.

Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration Formula:

Some of the properties of indefinite integral and basic integration


formula, which need no proof from the fact that these properties are also known
properties of differentiation are listed below.

Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration Formula:


i) ∫ dx = x + C
ii) ∫kf ( x )dx =k ∫ f ( x )dx ; k is a constant
iii) ∫[ f ( x ) +g( x ) +h( x ) +...] dx = ∫ f ( x )dx + ∫ g( x )dx + ∫h( x )dx +...
n +1
x
∫ x dx = n +1 + C ; n ≠ -1, Power Formula
n
iv)

Formula (iv) is the counterpart of the power formula in differentiation


that is why, it is also called as such in integration.
4

Example 1.2
Evaluate ∫ x dx .
3

Solution:
Applying the power formula,
x 3 +1
∫ x dx = 3 + 1 + C
3

x4
= +C
4

Example 1.3
∫ (3 x − 6 x + 7)dx
2
Evaluate

Solutions:
∫(3x −6 x + 7 )dx = ∫3x 2 dx − ∫6 xdx + ∫7dx
2
(by iii)
= 3∫ x 2 dx −6 ∫ xdx +7 ∫dx (by ii)
3 2
3x 6x
= − + 7x + C (by ii and iv)
3 2
= x3 – 3x2 +7x + C

NOTE: Each of the terms, when evaluated, obtained a constant of


integration C. But take note also that a constant added to another constant still
results to a new constant. Thus, any one C appeared in the final answer.

Example 1.4
Evaluate ∫ (2ax −b ) dx
2 3 2

Solutions:

∫ (2ax −b3 )2 dx = ∫ ( 4a 2 x 4 − 4ab 3 x 2 + b 6 )dx


2

= 4a 2 ∫ x 4 dx − 4ab 3 ∫ x 2 dx + b 6 ∫ dx
4a2 x 5 4ab 3 x 3
= − + b6 x + C
5 3

NOTE: a and b are constants. Different result is expected if dx is to


be replaced by da or db. Try to evaluate after replacing dx by da and then db.
5

Example 1.5
1− 3 y 
Evaluate ∫ y dy
 2y 2 3  .
 

Solution:
1 − 3 y 
dy = 1 y 6 (1 − y 3 )dy
−1 1
∫ y ∫
 2y 2 3  2
 
1  −16 1
6
2 ∫
=  y − y dy

 5 7

1 y 6 y 6 
=  − +C
2 5 7 
 6 6 
3 56 3 76
= y − y +C
5 7

Exercises:

Evaluate the following integrals:

∫(5 x − 2 x 2 + 3) dx
3
1.
∫( y − 4 y −1 / 5 + 4) dy
2/3
2.
6

dt
3. ∫ 3
t2
 7 
4. ∫  3 / 4 − 4 z + z dz
3

z 
5. ∫(t +5a ) dt
3

z 3 +1
6. ∫ z +1 dz
∫( x
π
7. + 2 x e ) dx
 7x −4 x 
∫ x dx
3
8.  5 
 x 
9. ∫ 8x + 36 x 2 + 54 x + 27 dx
3 3

10. ∫ m 6
+2 +m −6 dm

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen