Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr. Kamarul Zaman Zarkasi | Ext: 6152 | Room: G08-225| Email: kamarul.zarkasi@usm.my
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22.2.2017
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MICROBIAL POPULATION
Microbial population is the application of population ecology and
population genetics toward understanding the ecology and evolution of
bacteria, archaebacteria, microscopic fungi (such as yeasts), additional
microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., "protozoa" and algae), and viruses
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Development of Microbial Communities Homeostasis and
Succession
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• Temporal niche: microorganisms may occupy a
niche in a habitat at one particular time but not at
another, some microbial populations exhibit annual
rhythms
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Homeostasis and Disturbances
• Seasonal populations
– Just as the community reaches stability the
environment drastically changes
• Catastrophic events
– Volcanos, etc.
– New habitats undergo colonization and succession
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The 4 Phases of Microbial
Population Growth
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1. Lag phase
2. Exponential phase
The necessary machinery for substrate use are now in place (the
enzymes required to transport the substrate into the cell and the
enzymes required to turn this into energy or new cell material).
The substrate is in plentiful supply. Growth is very rapid and goes
in the following exponential pattern
1 cell…. 2 cells...4 cells….8 cells….16 cells….32 cells 10
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3. Stationary phase
4. Death phase
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MICROBIAL POPULATION
Succession and
Competition
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Succession
Below is a graph showing succession of three groups of organisms.
Substrate has been added as time = 0 and bacteria have responded by
growing (in 4 phases as described above). As protozoa are triggered
into action by bacteria, they don't start growing until the bacteria are in
exponential phase. They then go through four phase growth. This is
followed similarly by protozoal predators mites. Note that all go through
4 phases of growth and that the population numbers are lower at each
stage. Secondly note that the curves start and finish at different times.
i.e. the time of death is not the same for bacteria and mites. The 3
curves represent from left to right, bacteria, protozoa and mites
repectively
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Competition
Here we have on the surface similarly looking graphs for two fungal species.
However, it is subtly different and is characteristic of competition. Fusarium is
the top curve and Pisolithus the botton curve. Here the substrate has been
added at time =0 and Fusarium has reacted first. Pisolithus, however, can
also use this substrate but it takes longer to turn on the necessary apparatus
for transport (maybe it has only a few membrane receptors for this substrate).
The important point to note, however, is that they both go into stationary
phase and death phase at the same time. This indicates that they are both
using the substrate and that Pisolithus is not using Fusarium as a substrate.
Basically Fusarium has out-competed (higher population) Pisolithus for the
substrate.
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Microbial populations
Zymogenous
Autochthonus
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Development of Microbial Communities
• Multiplicity of resources
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Structure of Microbial Communities
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Structure of Microbial Communities
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Microbial Diversity Indices
Species Richness
• species richness – variety of organisms • Ratio of number of species to total
number of organisms
Species Evenness
• species evenness – equitability • Proportion of individuals among the
species
• Are there dominant populations? 22
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Genetic Diversity Indices
• Genes can be used to define species or taxon groups (OTU)
– 16S rRNA, whole genomes, functional genes
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Structure of Microbial Communities Diversity and
stability
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Microbial Community Dynamics:
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Thank You
Question?
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