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Database definition
• In general, a database is anything that stores
data
– Example, a phone book which store name &
phone number
• In computer, a database refers to
– collection of organized data to be accessed,
retrieved and used
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Function of a database in general
• Allow anyone to:
– store (add)
– delete (remove)
– organize
– use
– present data
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Example: data in Access database
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What is a DBMS?
• Database Management System is a software
that store and manage database
• It allows to:
• create databases
• insert, update and delete data
• sort and query data
• create forms and reports
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Examples of DBMS
• Microsoft Access, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server,
Oracle, dBASE, Clipper and FoxPro
• Examples of DBMS applications:
Automated teller machine
Computerized Library System
Flight Reservation System
Staff Information System
Students System
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DBMS Models
• DBMS Model describe:
– rules and standards on how database organize data
– defines how users view organization of data
• Common models include: (remember)
– Hierarchical model
– Network model
– Object-oriented model
– Relational model
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Hierarchical Model
• organizes data in a tree structure
• all access to data starts at the top of the hierarchy
and moves downward
– for example, from customer to orders, vendor to
purchases, etc
• there is a hierarchy of parent and child data
segments
• support one to many relationship
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Network Model
• Similar like hierarchical model but
– permit more than one parent per child
– thus permit the modeling of many-to-many relationships in data
• Organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called
records and sets
• Records contain fields , sets define one-to-many
relationships between records: one owner, many
members
• Very flexible
• Not widely use
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Object Oriented Model
• based on a collection of objects
• an object contains:
– values stored in instance variables within the object
– bodies of code called methods that operate on the object
• for example, consider an object representing a bank account
– The object contains instance variables number and balance.
– The object contains a method pay-interest which adds interest to the balance.
– Under most data models, changing the interest rate entails changing code in
application programs.
– In the object-oriented model, this only entails a change within the pay-
interest method.
• Diverse structures
• Can execute complex analytical and data manipulation operations
to search and transform multimedia and other complex objects
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Relational Model
• Data is stored in two-dimensional tables (rows and
columns)
• Widely used
• Example, Microsoft Access and MySQL
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Data Hierarchy
Definition- systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical
form
records
fields
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Relational database
• stores data in tables
• tables are organized into columns, and each
column stores one type of data
• data for a single “instance” of a table is stored as a
row
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What is RDBMS?
• RDBMS is a DBMS which manages a relational
database
– Example, Microsoft Access and MySQL
• Data is structured in tables, records and fields
• Each table consists of rows (records)
• Each table row consists of one or more fields
(columns)
• RDBMS store the data into collection of tables,
which might be related by common fields
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Advantages of RDBMS
• Minimum data redundancy
• Data consistency - less likelihood of incorrect or
incomplete data being stored or used
• Integrated data – data is organized in logical
relationship thus making it easy to relate data items
• Data sharing – allows users from different department
to share data
• Data accessibility – allows users to access or retrieve
in a flexible manner
• Uniform security, privacy and integrity control – db
administrator can establish control for accessing,
updating and protecting the data
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Categories of RDBMS
• Personal database
– Best in single-user environment (up to 10 users)
– Example: Microsoft Access
• Client/Server database
– Support multiple users in a network environment
– Run in a server, client can request data from the server
& query, update & report locally
– Example: SQL Server
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Master table
• Contains a primary key (must be unique as a
password)
• Normally is a table that lists the properties of
things that have some permanence and used
many times in other tables
• Example customers, teachers, students and
subjects offered
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Transaction table
• Records some kind of interaction or event between
master tables
• Transaction tables are typically used in posting
operations or as lookup tables
• Example,
– In Student Information System, the actual classes taken by
students are transactions because they record specific
interactions between students and teachers
– In an eCommerce software the shopping cart tables are all
transaction tables, they record the purchase of items by
customers
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Primary Key
• Field, or fields, which by itself, or together
uniquely identify each row in a table
• Used to match up records in different tables
• Usually indexed
• Help to define the relationships between tables
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Primary Key
• Requirement: must be unique and cannot be
empty or null
• Functions:
• Used to associate data from multiple tables
• Prevent duplicate record
• Control the order of records
• Faster to locate records
• Possible to have 2 or more fields as primary key in
a table –this is called composite key
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Foreign Key
• Same data field and type which is linked to a
primary key in a corresponding table
• Example:
– In SalesTransaction table below, CustomerID would be the
Foreign Key field
– The Foreign Key is used to look up the CustomerID in the
Customer table where the CustomerID is the primary key
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What will we learn in this subject?
• Access objects – Table, Query, Form, Report,
Macro
• Switchboard (is also a form)
• SQL
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