CONCRETE – mixture of cement, aggregates and water

CEMENT or PORTLAND CEMENT – AGGREGATES – WATER-

A powdery substance made with Particles that are durable Should be free from oil, acid,
calcined lime, silica, alumina and iron strong, clean, hard and alkali, vegetable matter, or
components. uncoated, and which are other deleterious substances.
free from injurious amount
of dusts, lumps, soft, and
other deleterious
substances.
Special Cements Type of Aggregates Water-cement ratio
a. White Portland Cement – pure a. Fine Aggregates – – is the amount of water used
white or non-staining cement which is smaller than 6mm (1/4”) in per bag of cement.
primarily used for architectural size which consist of sand, – Usually varies from 5 to 7
purposes. stone screenings or other gallons; 6.5 gallons is the
b. Masonry Cement – designed to inert materials. average for ordinary jobs.
produce better mortar with good b. Course Aggregates – – The less water used in mixing,
plasticity and workability, good larger than 6mm (1/4”) in the better quality of concrete
adhesion and bond. size which consists of – The ideal mix is one that is
c. Air-entraining Portland Cement crushed stones, gravel or plastic and workable.
– used for resistance to severe frost. other inert materials.
d. Oil Well Cement – used for c. Special Aggregates – WATER – CEMENT RATIO
sealing oil wells such as cinders, blast
Assumed 28- Maximum Pounds of
f. Waterproofed Portland Cement – furnace, slag, clay, perlite, day water- water per
Compressive cement ratio 100 lbs. of
produced by adding small amount of vermiculite, that may strength U.S. gallons cement
stearate. produce lightweight, nailable (lbs. per sq. of water per
inch) sack Cement
and thermal insulating of 94 lbs.
concrete. 2,000 7.00 62.0
d. Sand - found in 2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
riverbeds, free of salt and 3,750 5.00 44.5
must be washed.

CONCRETE MIXTURE

Class Mixture 40 Kg 50 Kg Sand Gravel Usage

“AA” 1 x 1½ x 3 12 9.5 0.5 1.0 Concrete
underwater,
retaining wall
“A” 1x2x4 9 7 0.5 1.0 Footings,
columns,
beams, RC
slabs
“B” 1 x 2½ x 5 7.5 6 0.5 1.0 Slab on fill, non-
bearing wall
“C” 1x3x6 6 5 0.5 1.0 Concrete Plant
boxes, etc.
ADMIXTURE – Accelerates or retards concrete setting.

a. Accelerators – speed up the concrete

b. Retarders – delay or extend the concrete
c. Air-entraining Agents – contains surface active agents which reduce the surface tension of water for
better resistance to frost action.
d. Dispersal Agents – causes cement particles to separate by imparting electrostatic charges to them.
*Flocculate – cement particles tend to gather in clamps
e. Concrete Hardeners – used for surfaces which subjected to rolling live loads
f. Water-reducing Admixture – used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete
of given consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.
g. Waterproofing or Damproofing – it reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete or
mortar, but while it may decrease water absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render concrete
waterproof.

CONCRETE TEST
a. Slump Test – to ensure the specified slump is being attained consistently.
*Standard slump cone is ø8” (.20) x ø4” (.10) x 12” (.30)
b. Compressive Strength Test – common quality-control test of concrete.
*Specimens are usually cylinders with a length equal to twice the diameter.
*Compressive stresses are 2,000 Psi, 2,500 Psi, and 3,000 Psi.

MORTAR MIXTURE

Class Mixture 40 Kg 50Kg Sand (m3)

“A” 1:2 18 14.5 1.0
“B” 1:3 12 9.5 1.0
“C” 1:4 9 7 1.0
“D” 1:5 7.5 6 1.0
MIXING OF CONCRETE

COLUMN
Types of Column:

Tied Column - has

reinforcement consisting of
vertical or longitudinal bars held
Reinforced Concrete
in position by lateral
Column
Post – refers to a piece of timber of reinforcement called lateral ties.
either cylindrical, square or other
Short - when the
geometrical cross section placed Spiral Column - is the term
unsupported height is not
vertically to support a building. given where a circular concrete
greater than ten times the
Column – refers to vertical structure core in enclosed by spirals with
shortest lateral dimension of
use to support a building made of vertical or longitudinal bars.
the cross section.
stone, concrete, steel or combination
Long - when the
of the above materials. Composite Column - where
unsupported height is more
Storey – is the space in a building structural steel column is
than ten times the shortest
between floor levels or between a floor embedded into the concrete
lateral dimension of the
and a roof above. core of a spiral column.
cross section.
Combined Column - with
structural steel encased in
concrete of at least 7 cm thick
reinforced with wire mesh
surrounding the column at a

METAL REINFORCEMENTS
Reinforced Concrete – is a 4cm. – allowance protective covering
combination of concrete and steel.
Concrete – is strong in supporting
compression load but weak in resisting
tension forces.
Steel – possesses the strength to resist
both compression and tension.
Balance Beam – when the area of the
concrete and steel are just enough to
carry the compression and tension
Kind of Stresses that forces simultaneously.
may act on structure
Inflection Points – refer to the portion
 Compression
of a beam where bending moment
 Tension
changes from positive to negative.
 Shear
 Torsion No Bent Bars – when bars are not
bent, an additional straight reinforcing
bars are placed on the top of the beam
across the supports extended to the
required length.
Bent Reinforcing Bars – are bent up
on or near the inflection point and are
extended at the top of the beam across
the support towards the adjacent span.
*Bend Bar advantage; resist the
diagonal tension.
distance of 3 cm inside the outer
surface of the concrete covering.
Lally Column - is a fabricated
steel pipe provided with a flat
steel bars or plate which hold a
girder, girts or beam.
of steel bars from the outside of the
main reinforcement.
*building code required that a balance
beam shall provide, that the cross
sectional area of steel reinforcement
shall be equal to .005 times the cross
sectional product of the width and the
depth of the beam.
Common Used Lateral Ties:
1. 10mm dia. If longitudinal
bars 32mm smaller
2. 12mm dia. If longitudinal
bars 36mm bigger
Three Factors for Spacing of the
Lateral Ties:
1. should not be more than 16
times the diameter of the
longitudinal or main
reinforcing bars.
2. should not be more than 48
times the diameter of the
lateral ties.
3. Should not more than the
shortest dimension of the
column.