4.

8 Validation of Trade-offs
After considering the design constraints, the designers came up with the final rankings. The discussion on
how the designers came up with the raw ranking values are shown and computed below.

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from 0 to 10)

riterion’s (Final Estimate)
mportance Trade-off 1 Trade-off 2 Trade-off 4
n a scale Equivalent (Cent. Pump, (Recip. Pump,
Trade-off 3
(Recip Pump, Lined, Culv
f 0 to 10) Weight (Cent. Pump,
Unlined Canal, Unlined Canal,
(%) Lined, Culvert)
Culvert) Culvert)
8.00 23.53
10.00 29.41
7.00 20.59
9.00 26.47
34.00 100.00
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design.
Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2, pages 87-104.

Table 4-31 Designer’s Final Raw Ranking

4.8.1 Validation of Trade-offs for Economic Constraint
The computation of ranking for economic constraint and the final cost estimate of each trade-offs are shown
below: (See appendix B for the computation of the Final Estimates)

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank

Single Diagonal Bracing System Php 3,821,915.6 8
Cross Bracing System Php 4,102,640.51 7.32
K-Bracing System Php 4,688,916.22 6.15

Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 2

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

4,102,640.51 − 3,821,915.6
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 0.68
4,102,640.51

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 8 − 0.68 = 7.32

Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 3
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

4,688,916.22 − 3,821,915.6
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 1.85
4,688,916.22

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 8 − 1.85 = 6.15

4.8.2 Validation of Trade-offs for Strcutural Safety Constraint

The computation of ranking for structural safety constraint and the final maximum displacements of each
trade-offs are shown below: (See section 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.3 for the displacement values of each trade-off)

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank

Single Diagonal Bracing System 53.668 mm 10
Cross Bracing System 63.990 mm 8.39
K-Bracing System 64.917 mm 8.27
Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 2
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

63.990 − 53.668
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 1.61
63.990

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 1.61 = 8.39

Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 3

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

64.917 − 53.668
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 1.73
64.917

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 1.73 = 8.27

4.8.3 Validation of Trade-offs for Constructibility Constraint

The computation of ranking for constructability constraint and the final construction duration of each trade-
offs are shown below:

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank

Single Diagonal Bracing System 220 Days 7.00
Cross Bracing System 240 Days 6.17
K-Bracing System 250 Days 5.8

Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 2

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

240 − 220
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 0.83
240

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7 − 0.83 = 6.17

Trade-off 1 Vs. Trade-off 3

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

250 − 220
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 1.2
250

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7 − 1.2 = 5.8

4.8.4 Validation of Trade-offs for Sustainability Constraint

The computation of ranking for sustainability constraint and the final estimated service life of each trade-offs
are shown below:

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank

Single Diagonal Bracing System 20 years 7
 Cross Bracing with Redundant Bracing System 24 years 8.6
Cross Bracing System 25 years 9.00

Trade-off 3 Vs. Trade-off 1

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

25 − 24
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 0.4
25

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9 − 0.4 = 8.6

Trade-off 3 Vs. Trade-off 2

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10
𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

25 − 20
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 10 = 2
25

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9 − 2 = 7
 Sub-Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Single Diagonal Bracing System Php 3,821,915.6 8
Cross Bracing System Php 4,102,640.51 7.32
K-Bracing System Php 4,688,916.22 6.15

Pump Raw Ranking

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from 0 to 10)

Criterion’s
(Final Estimate)
Decision Importance
Criteria (on a scale Equivalent
of 0 to 10) Weight Cent. Pump Recip. Pump
(%)
Economic 10.00 26.32 10 8.75
Environmental 9.00 23.68 9 9
Constructability 9.00 23.68 9 9
Sustainability 10.00 26.32 7.5 10
Over-all Rank 38 100.00 84.42 87.71
3.3.2 Economic Assessment (Php)
Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Cent. Pump Php 280,000 10
Recip. Pump Php 320,000 8.75

3.3.3 Environmental Assessment (Php)

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Cent. Pump Php 500,000 9.00
Recip. Pump Php 500,000 9.00

3.3.4 Constructability Assessment (Days)

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Cent. Pump 5 Days 9
Recip. Pump 5 Days 9
 3.3.5 Sustainability Assessment (Years)
Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Cent. Pump 15 yrs 7.5
Recip. Pump 20 yrs 10

Lined Canal Material Raw Ranking

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from 0 to 10)

Criterion’s
(Final Estimate)
Decision Importance
Criteria (on a scale Equivalent
of 0 to 10) Weight Concrete Stone Asonry
(%)
Economic 8.00 23.53
Safety 10.00 29.41
Constructability 7.00 20.59
Sustainability 9.00 26.47
Over-all Rank 34.00 100.00
 Lined Canal Cross Section Raw Ranking

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from 0 to 10)

Criterion’s
(Final Estimate)
Decision Importance
Criteria (on a scale Equivalent
of 0 to 10) Weight Trapezoidal Rectangular Triangular
(%)
Economic 10 26.32
Environmental 9 23.68
Constructability 9 23.68
Sustainability 10 26.32
Over-all Rank 38 100.00

3.3.2 Economic Assessment (Php)

Trade-offs Final Estimate Subordinate Rank
Trapezoidal Php 280,000 10
Rectangular Php 320,000 8.75
Triangular

Culvert Material Raw Ranking

Ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from 0 to 10)

Criterion’s
(Final Estimate)
Decision Importance
Criteria (on a scale Equivalent
of 0 to 10) Weight Steel Pipe Concrete Pipe
(%)
Economic 8.00 23.53 8 7.32
Safety 10.00 29.41 10 8.39
Constructability 7.00 20.59 7 6.17
Sustainability 9.00 26.47 7 8.6
Over-all Rank 34.00 100.00 71.23 67.83
 APPENDIX B – FINAL ESTIMATES
B.1 A (Single Diagonal Bracing System)
COST ESTIMATE OF SINGLE DIAGONAL BRACING SYSTEM (ANGULAR SECTION)
ITEM DESCRIPTION OF WORK QTY. UNIT MATERIAL + LABOR
A GENERAL REQUIREMENT Unit Cost Amount
Mobilization 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Demobilization 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Temporary Facilities 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Plans, Documentation, and Fees 1 lot 114,000.00 114,000.00
Permits and Licenses 1 lot 42,000.00 42,000.00
Sub-total A 246,000.00
B EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing 100 m2 510 51,000.00
Excavation 84 m3 696 58,464.00
Backfill (Excavated Soil) 52.22 m3 240 12,532.80
Gravel Fill 5 m3 180 900
Compaction 50 m3 468 23,400.00
Sub-total B 146,296.80
C CIVIL/STRUCTURAL WORKS
A.) Foundation
Formworks 35 m2 612 21,420.00
3x3mx1.5m Conc. Footing 93 m3 3,840.00 357,120.00
B.) Reinforcing Bars (ASTM Grade 40)
20mm dia x 6m – 6 pcs. 133.2 kg 26.16 3,483.73
25mm dia x 6m – 6 pcs. 208.1 kg 26.16 5,443.11
28mm dia x 6m – 4 pcs. 203 kg 26.16 5,311.53
G.I Tie Wire #16 35 kg 42 1,470.00
Sub-total C 394,248.36
D STEEL WORKS
L 5x5x1/2” 240 m 4,563.79 1,095,309.60
L 8x8x9/16” 540 m 12,780.44 6,901,437.60
L 8x8x1/2” 458 m 11,370.74 5,207,798.92
Sub-total D 13,204,546.12
E OVERHEAD COSTS 1,320,454.61
F CONTINGENCIES 660,227.31
TOTAL DIRECT COST 15,971,773.20
 COST ESTIMATE OF SINGLE DIAGONAL BRACING SYSTEM (TUBULAR SECTION)
ITEM DESCRIPTION OF WORK QTY. UNIT MATERIAL + LABOR
A GENERAL REQUIREMENT Unit Cost Amount
Mobilization 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Demobilization 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Temporary Facilities 1 lot 30,000.00 30,000.00
Plans, Documentation, and Fees 1 lot 114,000.00 114,000.00
Permits and Licenses 1 lot 42,000.00 42,000.00
Sub-total A 246,000.00
B EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing 100 m2 510 51,000.00
Excavation 84 m3 696 58,464.00
Backfill (Excavated Soil) 52.22 m3 240 12,532.80
Gravel Fill 5 m3 180 900
Compaction 50 m3 468 23,400.00
Sub-total B 146,296.80
C CIVIL/STRUCTURAL WORKS
A.) Foundation
Formworks 35 m2 612 21,420.00
3x3mx1.5m Conc. Footing 93 m3 3,840.00 357,120.00
B.) Reinforcing Bars (ASTM Grade 40)
20mm dia x 6m – 6 pcs. 133.2 kg 26.16 3,483.73
25mm dia x 6m – 6 pcs. 208.1 kg 26.16 5,443.11
28mm dia x 6m – 4 pcs. 203 kg 26.16 5,311.53
G.I Tie Wire #16 35 kg 42 1,470.00
Sub-total C 394,248.36
D STEEL WORKS
P 8.63x0.3” 240 m 13,854.46 3,325,070.40
P 5.56x6.55” 540 m 10,335.37 5,581,099.80
P 5.56x6.55” 458 m 10,335.37 4,733,599.46
Sub-total D 13,639,769.66
E OVERHEAD COSTS 1,363,976.97
F CONTINGENCIES 681,988.48
TOTAL DIRECT COST 16,472,280.27