Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Crib Sheet—Unit II Chapter 3 L2: Volcanic Eruption

Volcano A vent on the earth’s crust.

Magma Molten materials that rise up from the depths of the earth’s core into the atmosphere.
Volcanic eruption The process in which magma is ejected into the surface & into the atmosphere.
Lava The volcanic material that comes out on the surface.
 Characterized by magmas that flow freely and smoothly, like water.
 Generally, these don’t erupt violently.
 Popular example: Mt. Kilauea (Hawaii).

Shield volcanoes

 More explosive than shield volcanoes.

 Characterized by viscous magmas, like a very dense honey.
 Its alternating layers of lava flows and beds of pyroclastic materials constitutes its perfect cone shape.
 Popular example: Mt. Mayon, Mt. Taal, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo, Mt. Fuji (refer to image), Mt. Krakatoa, & etc.

Stratovolcanoes

 Formed from fragmental materials of varying sizes that have been spewed violently by a volcano through its vent.
 Its shape is influence by the angle of repose.
 Popular example: Mt. Pericutin (Mexico).

Cinder cones

Angle of repose The maximum angle at which ejected materials remain on the side of the volcano without sliding down mistakes.
1. Active – erupted within historical times (600 years), documented by man; erupted within the last 10k years based
on analyses of datable materials.
Classification
2. Potentially active – morphologically young-looking but with no historical records of eruption.
(PHIVOLCS)
3. Inactive – no record of eruptions; physical form is being changed by agents of weathering & erosion via formation
of deep & long gullies.
A type of mudflow/debris flow that is wet in consistency. It is formed when pyroclastic materials mixed with water are
Lahar
pushed from the volcano’s crater lake during/after eruption.
Pyroclastic materials Fine-coarse grained materials such as ash, breccia, lapilli, & boulders.
Ash fall Fine-grained volcanic materials that are released into the atmosphere during eruption which could serve as fertilizers.
Pyroclast A collective term to describe the materials that come out of the volcano’s mouth usually during an explosive eruption.
Fluidized pyroclastic materials which move downhill/are spread laterally over wide areas with the aid of gravity. These
Pyroclastic flow
flows could move at rates as high as 700kph with extreme temperatures between 200-700C.
Tephra Fine-coarse rock fragments which is part of pyroclast’s composition.
Pyroclastic surge A turbulent rush of pyroclastic materials above the ground.
The manner in which explosive volcanoes erupt and their materials are blasted into the atmosphere & plummet to the
Ballistic projectiles
ground.
Gases contained in magma which originally dissolved in it under high pressure conditions deep beneath the surface of
Volcanic gases
the earth. SO2, H2S & CO2.
Lava flow Constitutes of molten rock that moves along the slope/sides of a volcano. It burns everything in its path.
20 February 1943 Mt. Paricutin in Mexico mysteriously formed in the middle of a farm.
26 August 1883 Mt. Krakatau’s post-eruption effects were felt even in foreign land.
12-15 June 1991 Mt. Mayon erupted.
31 May 1970 A strong earthquake decreased the size of Huascaran Mountain in Yungay Province, Peru.
3 June 1991 A pyroclastic surge occurred during the eruption of Mt. Unzen in Kyushu Island, Japan.
8 May 1902 Mt. Peele erupted and engulfed the entire city of Saint-Pierre in France.
21 August 1986 A large amount of carbon dioxide emerged from Lake Nyos which called thousands of civilians.