Magazine of Engineers by Engineers

O-Engineers

March 2019

Biogas Technology
Page-4

20th
Issue

Learning & Guiding

 Feedback
Editorial note
At last, come back as editor of this well-missioned I like your mission of spreading knowledge without
magazine, yes you heard it right, we have a mission, a any return.
mission to spread knowledge to (Engr. Abdulfatah baloch)
all those who are seeking it, i
know what it is like to pay $50 Please continue the section by name “Fraud”, i think
for single conference paper to your research in this field is very helpful for those en-
get publish in some ad-rotten gineers, who want job abroad.
magazine, we from the first day (Engr. Murtaza Muntazir)
made a policy to not get any
ad in our magazine and we still Please add some articles about artificial intelligence.
stuck within, I also enjoyed writing multiple booklets (Engr. Shahid ali Khan)
under the banner of our publishing house “O-Engi-
neers Publishers”, I really felt enjoyed one step further Please improve graphical work
to establish our own publishing house, I also invited (Engr. Naimatullah)
my colleagues to write more Guides and books under
the name of O-Engineers, so we can spread knowl- I wrote three articles but none of them published, i
edge to deserving ones. last but not the least I want to am really concern about your policy, your team re-
thanks Engr. Taiba Azhar, she did a really good job in jected them but one of those articles is accepted in
my absence. one international conference, please review your pol-
icy else good and authentic writers will not send you
their research.
(Engr. Gulzar Hasan)
 Table of Contents
Bioenergy The method of con-
Page-Zero necting a three-
phase motor to a sin-
BIOGAS Technology gle-phase network
Page-4 Page-27

Engineer of the
Biomass energy
month
Page-14
Page-33

Energy From Trash Book for this

Page-17 month
Page-34
Bioenergy

Engr. Taiba Azhar Shaikh

As a rule, this term implies the activity of bacteria
that process organic waste. At the end of our short re-
search we will try to dispel such a narrow understand-
ing of a broad topic.
Although the fermentation process requires heat (+5
... + 56 ° C), it is used in countries with not a hot cli-
mate. Here, for example, is the secret of the mixture
for the bioreactor from the Finnish company Pellontal:
“... Pork and cow dung, wet bedding from mink farms.
A little rotten sawdust, old paper and fallen leaves are
added.
Be sure to inject a small dose of chicken manure (ni-
trogen seed to feed the bacteria). “This mixture itself
begins to decompose and release methane, without
selection bacteria. Gas is used for heating and diesel
engines, in which a cubic meter of biogas replaces 0.7
liters of diesel fuel. The residue after process - an ex-
cellent fertilizer that improves the structure
of the soil Excellent equipment for
experimental research on bioenergy
(a bioreactor and a wet gasholder) is
obtained from single bottles of diffe-
-rent capacity and parts of a medical
dropper (Fig. 1).
1 2
To speed up the start of the process, it is advantageous
to feed the raw materials (each additional 10 ° doubles
the gas output) and mix (shake).
If non-cultured bacteria are used, which are contained
in the raw material itself, the first two or three weeks
the generation goes sluggishly, therefore, for uninter-
rupted gas supply, two (three abroad) tanks (barrels,
tanks, cisterns) are used that are filled alternately. It is
best to place such containers in the pigsty (under the
pigsty).
Biomass can be stirred by shaking the tank, heating
from below (using the same biogas), manual [2] or au-
tomatic agitators. Owners of small bioreactors do this
just before turning on the gas stove. In addition to the
generators of periodic action, there are devices of a
continuous process [2].
In some cases, it is required to clean
the gas from carbon dioxide CO2
impurities. In the scientific and
technical samizdat you can find
a device for dynamic separation
of substances of different weights
and (or) temperatures, the so
called vortex hole or vor-
But even with impurities of carbon dioxide, biogas has a good calorific value
(5500-6000 kcal / m3, household gas has 7000 kcal / m3), and it can be used in
internal combustion engines.

Bacteria respond with love by “trying.” It needs a creative approach. And do not BIOGAS Technology
be squeamish - because the bacteria work for you, in your garden, for your ben-
efit. Fertilizer from a bioreactor is really more effective than “raw” at least 1.5 ...
2 times, and with a strong hydrocarbon depletion (successful gas generation)
even more.

In addition to biogas, you can use other methods of heating, more simple. We
do this by putting on clothes and stopping the loss of heat generated by our
own body. Once pets were kept right in the house, behind a partition. So it was
warmer. Today, the owners use an unsurpassed heat generator - a pig - to heat
the barn. It’s amazing - so much heat and no wood, coal, gas and electricity!

In early spring, gardeners “heat up” greenhouses with unusual biofuel - horse
manure. Oxidized, manure heats up to 70 ° C (cow dung only up to 45 ° C) and
“burns” 50-60 days (cow 35-40 days) [3]. Better than horse manure only cow de-
bris: food waste, paper, cellophane (not to be confused with polyethylene!). Do-
mestic garbage both in pure form and with impurities of horse manure provides
a more uniform and long “burning” and a higher temperature by 23 ° C than
horse manure. In general, the owners experimenting with fermentation have al-
ready reached a temperature of 90 ° C!
Engr. Nasrullah Umar
Of course, bioenergy is not only the activity of microorganisms. It covers the use
of animals, flora and more. The main thing is that bioenergy allows you to aban-
don the further depletion of irreplaceable natural resources and calls forgotten
old ways of obtaining and saving energy to life.

Literature:

Minks and bioreactor // Technique and science. -1983. -№7. P.24

Zack P. Once again about biogas // Model-designer. -1988. -№5. -C.11
Matinko L.O. Greenhouses on the site // House, garden, city. -1996. -№ 2. -C.8.

3
Fermentation, which forms the basis of biogas pro-
duction, gives the final products: methane CH4 (55
- 65%), carbon dioxide CO2 (30 - 35%), hydrogen
H2 (3 - 5%), in a small amount hydrogen sulfide and
ammonia. Essentially, fermentation combines three
biological processes: hydrolysis, acid and methane fer-
mentation.
The output of biogas from straw manure is about 1 -
1.8 m / day per cattle head.
Biogas has an average calorific value of 20–23 MJm3.
Along with biogas, anaerobic digestion of animal and
poultry waste produces valuable organic fertilizer de-
void of pathogenic microflora, helminth eggs, weed
seeds, nitrites and nitrates, and specific fecal odors.
The potential for biogas production using animal
waste, poultry farming and processing enterprises of
the agro-industrial complex is very large.
Biogas production from municipal solid waste (MSW)
The sharp increase in consumption in recent decades
around the world has led to a significant increase in
the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). One
of the main ways to remove MSW in the world re-
mains burial in the near-surface geological environ-
ment. Under these conditions, the waste is subjected
to intensive biochemical decomposition, which cause
in particular the generation of landfill gas (SG). GH
5 6
emissions entering the environment create negative
effects of both local and global nature. For this rea-
son, in many developed countries of the world, special
measures are being taken to minimize the GH emis-
sions. This actually led to the emergence of an inde-
pendent branch of the global industry, which includes
the extraction and utilization of landfill gas.
The main method that solves this problem is the tech-
nology of extraction and utilization of SG. For the
extraction of landfill gas at landfills,: a network of
vertical gas-drainage wells is connected by gas lines
in which the compressor unit creates the vacuum re-
quired to transport the SG to the place of use. Installa-
tions for the collection and disposal are mounted on a
specially prepared site outside the landfill body.
Vertical wells are used to mine SG at landfills. Usu-
ally they are located evenly over the landfill area with
a step of 50 - 100 m between adjacent wells. Their di-
ameter varies in the range of 200 - 600 mm, and the
depth is determined by the capacity of the landfill
body and can be several tens of meters. For drilling
wells used as conventional drilling equipment, and
specialized equipment to build wells of large diameter.
At the same time, the choice of this or that equipment
is due to economic reasons.
Each well provides drainage of a specific block of
MSW, which is conditionally shaped as a cylinder.
The stability of the well can be ensured if its flow rate
does not exceed the volume of the newly formed SG.
Evaluation of the gas production of the existing MSW
is carried out in the course of preliminary field gas-
geochemical studies.
The construction of the gas-drainage system can be
carried out entirely on the entire territory of the MSW
landfill after the end of its operation, and on certain
sections of the landfill in accordance with the se-
quence of their loading. It should be borne in mind
that landfill bodies with a capacity of at least 10 m are
suitable for the extraction of SG. It is also desirable
that the territory of the MSW landfill on which the
construction of the SG collection system is planned to
be reclaimed, i.e., covered with a layer of soil of at least
30-40 cm.
On average, gas generation ends in the landfill body
for 10–50 years, while the specific gas yield is 120–200
cubic meters. m per ton of MSW. Significant variation
in gas production and speed of the process is deter-
mined by environmental conditions in the particular
landfill body. The parameters controlling bioconver-
sion include humidity, temperature, pH, and the com-
position of organic fractions.
7 8
Biogas production from waste water (WWS)
In the countries of Western Europe, for more than 20
years they have been actively engaged in a practical so-
lution to the problem of waste disposal of water treat-
ment plants.
One of the common technologies for the disposal of
WWS is their use in agriculture as fertilizer. Its share
in the total number of WWS varies from 10% in
Greece to 58% in France, averaging 36.5%. Despite the
popularization of this type of waste disposal, it loses
its attractiveness, as farmers fear the accumulation of
harmful substances in the fields. Currently, in a num-
ber of countries, the use of waste in agriculture is pro-
hibited, for example, in Holland since 1995.
The incineration of waste water is the third larg-
est waste disposal company (10.8%). In accordance
with the forecast, in the future its share will increase
to 40%, despite the relative high cost of this method.
Burning sludge in boilers will solve the environmental
problem associated with its storage, get additional en-
ergy when it is burned, and therefore reduce the need
for fuel and energy resources and investments. It is ad-
visable to use semi-liquid wastes to generate energy at
CHP as an additive to fossil fuels, for example, coal.
There are two of the most common Western technolo-
gies for the incineration of waste water:
separate combustion (liquid fluidized bed (FSL) and
multi-stage furnaces);
co-firing (in existing CHP plants using coal, or in ce-
ment and asphalt plants).
Among the methods of separate combustion, the use
of liquid layer technology is popular, the most effi-
ciently used are furnaces with FSL. Such technologies
make it possible to ensure stable combustion of fuel
with a high content of mineral components, as well as
to reduce the content of sulfur oxides in exhaust gases
due to their binding in the process of burning with
limestone or alkaline earth metals contained in fuel
ash.
Environmental aspects of wastewater treatment
Comparison of the chemical compositions of WWS,
black and brown coal, burned at CHP, show that the
elemental compositions of WWS and brown coal dif-
fer slightly. The composition of WWS (6.2% moisture)
contains less carbon by 24.5% than in hard coal (12%
moisture) and 5% less than in brown coal (39% mois-
ture). The proportion of sulfur exceeds its share in coal
by only 0.2% compared with coal and 0.4% compared
9 10
with brown coal. The nitrogen content in WWS is
comparable with coal and exceeds this indicator for
brown coal by 2%. Comparison of dry matter shows
that the carbon content in WWS is almost 30% less,
sulfur and nitrogen almost does not change.
The chemical composition and characteristics of OSV
ash allows it to be used as a construction road mate-
rial (with a particle diameter of more than 1 mm), and
also as an additive to cement or in dumps as a filler.
Possible options for the disposal of WWS
There are six alternative options for the disposal of
sewage sludge, based both on new unconventional
technologies, developed on the basis of Russian or Eu-
ropean experience and not having practical use, and
on completed turnkey technologies:
Incineration in a cyclone furnace based on drum-type
kilns of sewage treatment plants (Russian technology -
Tekhenergohimprom, Berdsk);
Incineration in a cyclone furnace based on drum boil-
ers of sewage treatment plants (Russian technology
- Sibtechenergo, Novosibirsk and Biyskenergomash,
Barnaul);
Separate combustion in a multistage furnace of a new
(western technology - NESA, Belgium);
Separate combustion in a new-type fluidized bed
(Western technology - “Segher” Belgium);
Separate combustion in a new cyclone furnace (west-
ern technology - firms “Steinmuller”, Germany);
Co-firing at the existing coal-fired CHP plant.
Biogas production from waste poultry farms and
livestock farms
Renewable biomass resources of various origins ac-
cumulate annually in large volumes or are used inef-
ficiently. Efficient use of biomass is possible with the
introduction of appropriate technologies and equip-
ment for the production of fuel in the form of chips,
briquettes, gas and liquid fuels.Accumulated experi-
mental survey materials speak in favor of the wide use
of biomass:
biomass ranks 4th in the world among various fuels;
biomass makes up 14% of primary fuel and energy re-
sources, and in developing countries - up to 35%;
biomass when used as a fuel is more environmentally
friendly - less emissions of sulfur compounds and
CO2 levels in the atmosphere;
The payback period for biomass power plants does not
exceed 2 - 4 years.
However, separate research works are currently being
11
conducted on the direct combustion of biomass and
its anaerobic digestion.
Biogas production from forestry and agricultural
waste
To maximize the use of forestry and agricultural waste
in the energy sector, a decomposition process has
been developed, consisting in their high-speed heating
without oxygen (air) access to temperatures at which
the release rate of the required products is maximum.
It is designed to solve energy and environmental prob-
lems.
The parameters of the fast pyrolysis process, the com-
position and quantity of the released products are pre-
liminarily specified for each type of raw material. In-
stallation is developed for each type of raw materials.
Maximum processing temperatures are determined
by the temperature of the substance in the condensed
phase.
High-speed heating of the substance provides: mini-
mal energy loss to the environment; the maximum
speed of the chemical process with the release of prod-
ucts in the gas phase; maximum moisture concentra-
tion and its use. The rate of heating of the substance
should exceed the rate of physico-chemical processes
occurring in the processed mass. The yield of liquid
fuel is 70% of the organic mass of raw materials. For
12
example, 700 liters of liquid fuel can be obtained from 1 ton of sawdust.
Inorganic components and chemical modification products (carbon-like residue) remain in
the solid phase. The amount of coal-like residue is determined by the content of lignin and is Biomass energy
always lower than the amount of residue obtained by other processing methods.
To obtain the main component of the liquid fuel, the gas phase is condensed (the low molec-
ular weight products formed in the process do not condense). The gas phase, after or without
condensation, can be sent directly to incineration. The heat of combustion (calorific value)
of the main component of the fuel is usually greater than the calorific value of the dry fuel
of this type. So the calorific value of wood is 4500 kcal / kg, and the heat of combustion of
liquid fuel is 5500 kcal / kg. Liquid fuel can be used as motor fuel in internal combustion en-
gines.
The unit operates at the expense of electricity or by burning processing products or feed-
stock.
The advantages of the process: high speed, high degree of conversion of processed products;
small dimensions of the main installation unit; low energy consumption per unit of pro-
cessed products; low cost of energy derived from the reaction products.
The cost of the installation with the capacity for processed raw materials of 2 tons per day is
2.5 million rubles. When processing 2 tons of sawdust, 1.4 tons of liquid fuel is obtained. An-
nual productivity - 500 tons of liquid fuel, with a price of 0.1 dollars / liter annual turnover is
50 thousand dollars. The payback period is 3 years. Engr. Haider Aiwan

13
Biomass is the oldest source of energy, but its use,
until recently, was limited to direct combustion either
in open foci or in furnaces and furnaces, but also with
very low efficiency. Recently, attention to the efficient
energy use of biomass has increased significantly, and
new arguments have appeared in favor of this:
*. the use of plant biomass, provided it is continuously
restored (for example, new forest planting after defor-
estation) does not lead to an increase in atmospheric
CO2 concentration;
*. in industrialized countries in recent years there has
been an excess of cultivated land, which it is advisable
to use for energy plantations;
*. energy use of waste (agricultural, industrial and do-
mestic) also solves environmental problems;
*. Newly created technologies allow using biomass
much more efficiently.
The potential of biomass suitable for energy use is
large enough in most countries, and considerable at-
tention is paid to its efficient use.
In the United States in 1990, due to the use of biomass,
31 billion kWh of electricity was produced, in addi-
tion, another 10 billion kWh were produced from
15
municipal solid waste. For 2010, it is planned to generate, respectively, 59 and 54 billion
kWh. The assessment of the technical potential of various types of biomass, made in Ger-
many, provides: remnants of the forest and wood processing industry - 142 million GJ / year;
straw - 104 million GJ / year; biogas - 81 million GJ / year.
These estimates are made with very careful assumptions. In particular, it is assumed that the
share of forestry waste is 25% of the annual wood increment. Similarly, for straw, its quantity
is taken into account, which must remain on the field to maintain the content of humus in
the soil. For biogas, only farms with at least 20 cattle or an equivalent number of pigs or poul-
try are taken into account.
A serious problem is the energy use of MSW. Waste incineration plants (incinerators), avail-
able in many countries of the world, are ineffective and unsatisfactory from the point of view
of ecology. Therefore, the development of new schemes for the use of MSW is very relevant.
Particularly acute is the problem of efficient use of biomass for developing countries, espe-
cially for those whose biomass is the only available source of energy. Here it is mainly about
the rational use of wood and various agricultural and household waste. It is known that today
the population of some countries, primarily Africa, cuts down forests for firewood for cook-
ing, and that this process of deforestation is a threat to both the local and global climate. The
wood centers used today for cooking have an efficiency of 14-15%. Using more advanced de-
vices, this efficiency is easily increased to 35-50%, i.e. reduce the need for initial fuel by more
than 3 times.
Brazil’s well-known program is dedicated to obtaining methanol from sugar cane, which is
used as motor fuel for motor vehicles. However, this example is of interest only for countries
with an appropriate climate.Large distribution in some countries (China, India, etc.) received
small installations that recycle waste for one family. In these installations, the number of
which amounts to millions, as a result of anaerobic digestion, biogas is used, which is used
for domestic needs. These settings are very simple, but not very perfect. For large farms with
significant amounts of waste, more efficient biogas plants are being created.
16
Energy From Trash

Engr. Sergai Antoly

The problem of garbage is familiar firsthand to any
resident of a big city. The city is trying to get rid of
unnecessary waste by dumping them in special terri-
tories. Landfills are increasing in size and are already
advancing on individual neighborhoods. In Russia, at
least 40 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW)
is accumulated annually. However, incinerators can be
used as an additional source of electricity.
First generation MSZ
In the UK at the end of the XIX century. the first in-
cinerator was built. Initially, the MRZ was used to re-
duce the volume of waste residues stored at landfills
and their disinfection. Later it was found that the heat
that the MSZ produces can be compared with the cal-
orific value of high-ash brown coal, and MSW can be
used as fuel for thermal power plants (TPP).
The first incineration units largely repeated the boiler
units of TPPs: MSWs were burned on the grids of
power boilers, and the heat obtained from waste in-
cineration was used to produce steam and then gen-
erate electricity. It should be noted that the construc-
tion of the MSZ boomed during the energy crisis of
the 1970s. In developed countries, hundreds of MRZs
have been built. It seemed that the problem of utiliza-
19
tion of MSW was solved. But the MSZ of that time did
not have reliable means for cleaning the exhaust gases
emitted into the atmosphere.
Many experts began to note that this technology has
big drawbacks. Dioxins are formed during the com-
bustion process; waste incineration facilities are also
one of the main sources of emissions of mercury,
heavy metals.
Therefore, the first generation of relatively simple and
relatively cheap MSZs had to be closed or reconstruct-
ed, improving and, accordingly, the more expensive
purification system of gases emitted into the atmos-
phere.
Second generation MRZ
Since the second half of the 1990s. construction of a
second generation MRZ began in Europe. The cost of
these enterprises is about 40% of the cost of modern
efficient gas cleaning facilities. But the essence of the
combustion processes of MSW is still not changed.
Traditional incinerators burn undried garbage. The
natural moisture content of MSW usually ranges from
30-40%. Therefore, a significant amount of heat re-
leased during waste incineration is spent on evapora-
tion of moisture, and the temperature in the combus-
tion zone usually cannot be raised above 1,000 ° C.
20
Slags formed from the mineral component of MSW at
such temperatures are obtained in the solid state in the
form of a porous fragile mass with a developed surface
capable of adsorbing large amounts of harmful impu-
rities during the process of burning waste and rela-
tively easy to emit harmful elements during storage at
landfills and landfills. Correction of the composition
and properties of the resulting slags is impossible.
Moscow plans to install second generation MSZ
In all districts of Moscow, except the Central, in the
coming years, plants for the processing and burning
of garbage will be built and reconstructed. The second
generation MRZ is expected to be built.This is stated
in the draft decree of the Moscow government ap-
proved on March 11, 2008. Over 80 billion rubles by
2012, six new incinerators will be built (MSZ), seven
waste recycling facilities will be reconstructed and a
plant will be launched for the thermal disposal of haz-
ardous medical waste. Land plots for plants have al-
ready been identified.Now the resources of the region-
al garbage dumps are almost exhausted. “In five years,
if you don’t do your own processing facilities, Moscow
will sink in the garbage,” says Adam Gonopolsky, a
member of the highest environmental council of the
State Duma. In conditions when polygons are closed,
21
and waste treatment plants cannot be built for envi-
ronmental reasons, the only way out, in his opinion,
remains the mill.
While Muscovites are on strike against the construc-
tion of new waste incineration plants, the city authori-
ties are considering the option of building incinerators
not only in Moscow, but also in the Moscow Region.
This was told by Yuri Luzhkov at a meeting with depu-
ties of the Moscow City Duma in June 2009.
“Why don’t we agree with the Moscow Region on the
location of such plants and increasing the number of
landfills for storing waste,” Yuri Luzhkov asked. He
also said that he considers it expedient to develop a
city bill, according to which all garbage should be sort-
ed before disposal. “Such a law will reduce the volume
of garbage sent to incineration plants and landfills
from 5 million tons to 1.5-2 million tons per year,” the
mayor said.
Sorting garbage can be useful for the use of other al-
ternative technologies for recycling. But this issue
must also be resolved by law.
New energy capabilities of the IGC: the European
experience
In Europe, it has already been resolved. Sorted waste is
an integral part of the supply of electricity and heat
22
to the population. In particular, in Denmark, the MRZ
integrated since the early 1990s. 3% of electricity and
18% of heat provide to the system of electricity and
heat supply of cities.
In Holland, only about 3% of waste is exported to
landfills, since the country since 1995 has a special tax
on waste that is taken to special landfills. It amounts
to 85 euros for 1 ton of waste and makes landfills eco-
nomically inefficient. Therefore, the bulk of the waste
is recycled, and some is converted into electricity and
heat.
For Germany, it is considered the most efficient con-
struction by industrial enterprises of their own CHP
plants using their own production waste. Such an ap-
proach is most characteristic for the enterprises of the
chemical, paper and food industries.
Europeans have long adhered to the preliminary sepa-
ration of waste. In each yard there are separate con-
tainers for different types of waste. This process was
legislated in 2005.
In Germany, up to 8 million tons of waste are gener-
ated annually, which can be used to produce electricity
and heat. However, of this amount, only 3 million tons
are used. But by increasing the commissioned capacity
of power plants operating on waste, by 2010 this situa-
tion should change.
Issuing trade forces Europeans to approach the dis-
23
posal of garbage, especially by burning it, from a com-
pletely different position. We are already talking about
the cost of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide.
In Germany, the following standards apply to the MSZ
- the cost of avoiding the emission of 1 mg of carbon
dioxide when using municipal waste for electricity
production is 40-45 euros, and in the production of
heat - 20-30 euros. While the same costs for the pro-
duction of electricity by solar panels are 1 thousand
euros. The efficiency of the MSZ, which can produce
electricity and heat, compared with some other alter-
native energy sources is palpable.
German energy concern E.ON is planning to become
Europe’s leading company in energy production from
waste. The company’s goal is to occupy a 15-25% share
in the relevant markets of the Netherlands, Luxem-
bourg, Poland, Turkey and the UK. Moreover, E.ON
considers Poland as the main direction, since in this
country (as in Russia) the garbage is mainly disposed
of in landfills. And the EU regulations stipulate in the
medium term a ban on such dumps in the countries of
the community.
By 2015, the turnover of the German energy concern
in the field of energy waste disposal should exceed
1 billion euros. Today, the performance of this one
of the leading energy concerns in Germany is much
more modest and amounts to 260 million euros. But
24
even on such a scale, E.ON is already considered to
be the leading garbage utilizer in Germany, ahead of
firms such as Remondis and MVV Energie. His share
so far is 20%, and he manages nine incineration plants
that produce 840 GWh of electricity and 660 GWh of
heat. Even larger competitors in Europe are in France.
It should be noted that in Germany the situation with
garbage disposal radically changed only in 2005, when
laws were passed prohibiting the uncontrolled dump-
ing of waste. Only after that the garbage business be-
came profitable. At present in Germany about 25 mil-
lion tons of garbage need to be processed annually,
and only 70 plants with a capacity of 18.5 million tons
are available.
Russian solutions
Russia also presents interesting solutions for obtaining
additional electricity from garbage. Industrial com-
pany “Technology of Metals” (Chelyabinsk) together
with CJSC NPO Gidropress (Podolsk) and NP CJSC
AKONT (Chelyabinsk) developed a project for an eco-
nomical, multipurpose melting unit continuous ac-
tion “MAGMA” (APM “MAGMA”). This technology
has already been tested in pilot-industrial conditions.
Technological schemes of its use.
Compared with the traditionally used units for burn-
25
-ing MSW, the MAGMA unit and technology high-temperature and waste-free disposal of waste have several advantages,
allowing to reduce the capital costs of the construction of MZS for the disposal of unsorted waste. These include:
*. the possibility of utilization of municipal waste with natural moisture, pre-drying them before loading, thus increasing
the temperature of municipal waste incineration and increasing the amount of electricity produced per ton of waste in-
cinerated to world standards;
*. the possibility of incineration of municipal waste in an oxygen atmosphere on the surface of the overheated slag melt
formed from the mineral component of municipal waste, reaching the gas phase temperature in the incinerator 1800-
1900 ° C, and the temperature of the molten slag 1500-1650 ° C and reducing the total amount of gases and oxides emit-
ted nitrogen in them;
*. the possibility of obtaining from the mineral component of municipal waste liquid acidic slag, periodically draining it
from the furnace. This slag is durable and dense, does not emit any harmful substances during storage and can be used
for the production of construction rubble, slag casting and other building materials.
*. the dust collected in the gas cleaning unit with spe cial injectors is blown back into the melting chamber, into the slag
melt and is completely assimilated by the slag.
According to other indicators, the MRZ equipped with the MAGMA unit is not inferior to the existing MRZ, while the
amount of harmful substances emitted with gases meets EU standards and is lower than when burning municipal waste
in traditionally used units. Thus, the use of APM “MAGMA” allows the technology of wasteless disposal of unsorted mu-
nicipal waste, without adversely affecting the environment. The unit can also be successfully applied to the reclamation of
existing landfills, efficient and safe disposal of medical waste, disposal of used tires.
During thermal processing of 1 ton of municipal waste, having a natural moisture content of up to 40%, the following
quantity of marketable products will be received: electric power - 0.45-0.55 MW / h; cast iron - 7-30 kg; building mate-
rials or products - 250-270 kg. Capital expenditures for the construction of an incinerator with a capacity of up to 600
thousand tons per year of unsorted waste in the conditions of the city of Chelyabinsk will amount to approximately 120
million euros. The payback period is 6 to 7.5 years.The project “MAGMA” for processing solid industrial waste in 2007
was supported by a decision of the Committee on Ecology of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.
26
The method of
connecting a
three-phase mo-
tor to a single-
phase network

Engr. Taiba Azhar Shaikh

Three-phase asynchronous electric motors with a
squirrel-cage rotor are usually connected to a single-
phase network according to the circuit shown in fig.
1. The calculation shows, and practice confirms that
even with an optimal choice of the capacitance of the
phase-shifting capacitor C1, the torque on the shaft
of the engine switched on in this way does not ex-
ceed 35% of the nominal.

It increases even more, up to 58%, if you re-connect

This is due to the fact that the current flowing through
the motor winding III is phase shifted relative to the
currents in windings I and II in such a way that in the
total magnetic field of the stator, besides the compo-
nent rotating the rotor in the right direction, another
. It slows down the rotor, reducing the torque on the
shaft and wasting its energy uselessly on the heating of
the wires and the motor magnetic circuit.
By turning off winding III (fig. 2), it is possible to in-
crease the torque to 41% of the nominal.
29
this winding, changing the direction of the current in
it (Fig. 3). The effect is achieved not only by changing
the direction of rotation of the “harmful” component
of the magnetic field. Mutual compensation occurs
when the components of the fields generated by wind-
ings II and III coincide in direction with the field of
winding I and therefore are not involved in the rota-
tion of the rotor. It was established experimentally that
the use of two phase-shifting capacitors facilitates en-
gine starting.
30
Capacities of capacitors C1 and C2 should be the
same. They are calculated according to the well-known
formula C = 2800 * If / and, where If is the rated phase
current of the electric motor, A; U = 220 V. Suitable
capacitors MBGO, MBGP, MBGT, K42-4 for a con-
stant operating voltage of at least 600 V or MBGB,
K42-19 for an alternating voltage of at least 250 V. The
correct choice of capacitors can be checked by meas-
uring the voltage on each of three motor windings
under load. They should be approximately equal. The
equality of the voltages on the windings II and III of
the electric motor makes it possible to connect
31
them counter-parallel, as shown in Fig. 3 dashed line.
Capacitors C1 and C2 in this case replace one double
capacity.
Literature
Biryukov S. Three phases - without loss of power. - Ra-
dio, 2000, No. 7, p. 37-39.
G. Karvovsky, S. Okorokov. Reference book on asyn-
chronous motors and control gears. - M .: Energy,
1969.
Bessonov L. Theoretical bases of electrical engineer-
ing. - M .: Higher School, 1964.
32
 Engineer of the Month Book for this Month
This book explains the science of photovoltaics (PV)
in a way that most people can understand using the
From his first role in That ‘70s Show, to his more curriculum which reflects the core modules of the
NABCEP Associate
recent appearances on the big and small screens,
Exam. Whether or
Ashton Kutcher is known around the world as a fa-
not you are taking
mous Hollywood star, so you might be surprised to
the NABCEP Assoc-
find him on a list of celebrities with degrees in engi-
-iate Exam, learning
neering.
the material covere-
In fact, he studied bioch-
-d in this book is the
-emical engineering at the
best investment you
University of Iowa. Initially
can make insuring
motivated by the prospect
your place and
of finding a cure for his
moving up in the
brother’s heart condition,
solar industry. You
Kutcher soon embraced
will learn the impor-
the more social side of
-tance of surveying
student life. However, it
a site and how to carry out a survey, how to use the
seems the life of an engin-
tools that determine shading and annual production,
-eer wasn’t for him. Before completing his degree, he
and the necessity of safety on site. This guide also in-
quit university following a win in a modelling contest,
cludes technical math and equations that are suitable
and the rest is history…
and understandable to those without engineering de-
grees, but are necessary in understanding the princi-
ples of solar PV.
33 34
 You can send your arti-
cles and feedbacks for April
edition,before 20th March
2019 on our email id

enpak2017@gmail.com