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Research Article
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus,
Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity
of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
1Nihal
Omar Shaker, 2Gehad Mohamed Mousa Ahmed, 3Heba Youssif El-Sayed Ibrahim*, 4Maha
Mohamed El-Sawy, 5Mohamed El-Hoseiny Mostafa, 6Heba Nagi Abd El-Rahman Ismail
1,4Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Egypt
2,3,5,6Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
INTRODUCTION
Entomopathogenic fungi were among the first organisms et al. (2013) studied the extracts of C.
used for microbial control of insect pests. A number of cladosporioides (Fresen.) and isolated four compounds
fungal species has been recognized for this purpose including cladosporin; isocladosporin; 5′
(Gottel et al., 1990; Ferron et al., 1991). Many species of hydroxyasperentin; and cladosporin-8-methyl ether. Some
Cladosporium were used in the microbial control of plant- of these metabolites exhibit bioactive or insecticidal
insect pests like aphids and whiteflies which showed properties which enable us to use them for insect pest
resistance to chemical insecticides. C. cladosporioide was control.
recorded as natural pathogen of cowpea Aphis crassivora
(Ibrahim, 2012) and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii is a serious pest damaging
L. (Ibrahim, 2017) revealing high virulence against aphid cultivated crops either directly by sucking plant sap or
populations. Many bioactive compounds were isolated indirectly by transmission of many plant viruses leading to
from C. cladosporiodes. Kobayashi et al. (1989) isolated great loss of crop yield. It effectively transmits polyviruses,
the calphostin family of natural products from fermented such as cucumber mosaic virus, watermelon mosaic virus
broths of C. cladosporioides. Also, Sakagami et al. (1995) 2 and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (Capinera, 2005).
isolated Cladosporol from the culture filtrate of C.
cladosporioide, which showed antitumor activity in mice. *Corresponding Author: Heba Youssif El-Sayed Ibrahim,
Some pentacyclic composts of cytokines and tyrosine Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research
kinase inhibitory properties, were isolated from C. Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt. Email:
cladosporioides (Wrigley et al., 2001). In addition, Wang hyei_youssif@yahoo.com
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
Shaker et al. 116
The extensive use of the traditional insecticides for technique for characterization and identification of its
controlling this pest led to many problems in environment, volatile components.
human health and non-target organisms. So, the bio-
insecticides which depend on microorganisms or their The residue of ethyl acetate fraction was
toxins can be used as more secure alternatives of the chromatographed on a silica gel column with CH2Cl2
traditional insecticides. containing increasing amounts of MeOH. The collected
similar sub-fractions were subjected to thin layer
The aim of this study is characterization and identification chromatography (TLC) using different solvent systems.
of the bioactive compounds of C. cladosporioides Bands on (TLC) sheets were marked under ultra violet
secondary metabolites using spectral analysis and (UV) light 254 and 365 nm and/or detected by spraying
recognition of its relation to cotton aphid, A. gossypii with p-anisaldhyde– sulfuric acid reagent (Wagner et al.,
toxicity. 1984). The retardation factor or retention factor (Rf) was
calculated for each solvent system.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 117
The ethyl acetate fraction was chromatographed over Table 2: 1H-NMR of compound (6) (CD3OD)
silica gel column using mixture of methylene chloride and H atom δ value, ppm Multiplicity (J, Hz)
methanol as eluent, with increasing polarities. The major 2 2.45 2H, t, J= 8.3 Hz
compounds were isolated from this fraction were: 3 2.88 2H, t, J= 8.3 Hz
Ar- 7.17-7.20 5H, m
Compound 6
It was obtained by the eluent methylene chloride/ methanol Compound 7
(9.5: 0.5) as a very fine colorless crystal with Rf = 0.65. It It was obtained from the column chromatography by the
gave a violet color upon spraying with p-anisaldehyde- eluent methylene chloride/ methanol (93:7), and it was
sulphuric acid reagent. purified using TLC by eluent methylene chloride/Methanol
(9.5:0.5). It was obtained as a pale-yellow crystal with Rf =
The 1H-NMR (Table 2) indicated that there's a mono 0.38. It gave a violet color upon spraying with p-
substituted benzene ring due to δ 7.20 ppm (m, 5H), in anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent.
addition to AA'BB' system in the up-field region
characteristic to α, β sp3 methylene protons attached to a The IR spectrum showed absorption band at 3450 cm -1
carboxylic acid group which appeared at δ 2.45 ppm (2H, due to a hydroxylic groups and at 3276 cm -1 indicating the
t, J=8.3 Hz, H-2) and δ 2.88 ppm (2H, t, J=8.3 Hz, H-3). presence of –NH amidic group besides, a broad band for
Therefore, the compound was established as 3- two amidic and ester carbonyl groups at 1663 cm -1. The
phenylpropanoic acid (6). molecular formula was determined as C12H19O4 on the
basis of a prominent ion peak at m/z 241.1 [M]- observed
The mass spectrum (EI-MS) of compound (6) showed a in the ESIMS negative mode spectrum.
molecular ion peak at m/z 150 corresponding to C9H10O2.
The spectrum also showed an ion peak at m/z 105 (17.5%) The 1H NMR spectrum of (7) (Table 3) revealed the
due to expulsion of the carboxylic group. The base ion presence of two secondary gemeinal methyl groups at
peak appeared at m/z 91 (100%) due to loss of [C2H3O2]+. 0.96 (3H, d, J= 6.3 Hz) and 0.97 (3H, d, J= 6.3 Hz) in
Ion peak appeared at m/z 77 (17%) is corresponding to addition, to two signals for the amidic proton of
[C6H5]+. All the previous spectral data supported that pyrrolidinone ring at 4.18 (1H, m) and the other proton of
compound (6) is 3-phenylpropanoic acid. pyranone ring at 4.52 (ddd, J= 11.1, 6.4, 0.5 Hz).
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
Shaker et al. 118
carbonyl carbon atom with the protons H-4a, H-4b, H-5 All the previous spectral data supported that compound (7)
and H-11 which located the ketonic group at C-2, of chemical formula, C12H19NO4 which was isolated from
moreover, the carbonyl ester carbon atom with H-6, H-7ax, ethyl acetate fraction is 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-
H-8, H-9eq protons which positioned the carbonyl group at isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). According our knowledge,
C-10 as lactonic group. Further long rang correlations this is the first time of isolating and reporting compound (7)
through HMBC between the carbon atoms and the protons as secondary metabolite of C. cladosporioides.
established the proposed structure of compound (7).
Table 3: 1H, 13C-NMR and long rang HMBC data for compound (7) (CD3OD).
1 13
Atom H C Long range HMBC protons
1 --------- -----
2 -------- 169.03 H-4a, H-4b, H-5, H-11
3 3.30, brs 48.06
4a 1.51, m 39.36 H-5, H-11, H-12, H-13
4b 1.92, (dd , J= 8.6, 4.8 Hz)
5 4.18, m 54.57 H-3, H-4a, H-4b, H-11, H-12, H-13
6 4.52 (ddd , J= 11.1, 6.4, 0.5 Hz) 58.70 H-7ax, H-8, H-9ax
7 ax 2.09 (ddd , J= 13.3, 11.1, 4.2 Hz) 38.14 H-6, H-9ax
7 eq 2.28 (dd, J= 13.3, 6.4 Hz)
8 4.47 (t, J= 4.2 Hz) 69.10 H-7eq, H-9ax
9 ax 3.44(brd, J= 4.2 Hz) 55.16 H-7eq, H-8
9 eq 3.66 (dd, J= 12.8, 4.2 Hz)
10 ------------ 173.06 H-6, H-7ax, H-8, H-9eq
11 1.89, m 25.77 H-4a, H-4b, H-5, H-12, H-13
12 0.96 (d, J= 6.3 Hz) 22.24 H-4a, H-11, H-13
13 0.97 (d, J= 6.3 Hz) 23.24 H-4a, H-4b, H-5, H-11, H-12
Compound 7
Bioassay Aphid nymphs showed more susceptibility than adults.
Data in Fig. 2 showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate
Toxicity of ethyl acetate extract of C. cladosporioides extract revealed cumulative mortality of cotton aphid
metabolite against A. gossypii nymphs ranged between 20.00-53.33% at first day post
Data in Table 4, showed that cumulative mortality treatment. The mortality percentages increased to range
percentages of both adults and nymphs increased with between 40.00-96.67% at the 3rd day post treatment. The
increasing concentrations of the tested extract. Also, a fast maximum mortality percentages were recorded at 5th day
activity against aphids was cleared after 24 hours of post treatment to range between 46.67-96.67% at different
application. tested concentrations.
C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract showed Also, data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate
cumulative mortality of cotton aphid adults ranged extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50
between 20.00- 46.67% at first day post treatment (Fig. 1). of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index
The maximum mortality percentages were obtained at 5th of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of
day post treatment ranged between 40-96.67% at different 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 66.99% against adults.
tested concentrations. Cotton aphid treated with C. Our data agreed with Ibrahim (2012) who determined the
cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract shrunk, lost its weight virulence of C. cladosporioides against cowpea aphid,
and turned to reddish brown color. Aphis craccivora. Her results showed that the ethyl acetate
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
Int. J. Entomol. Nematol. 119
extract of C. cladosporioides showed high virulence compounds like the alkaloidal compound (7) may be the
against all developmental stages of aphids and nymphs responsible for the toxicity and insecticidal properties of
showed more susceptibility than adults. the ethyl acetate extract of C. cladosporioides secondary
We suggested that the volatile compounds may be metabolites.
contributed toxicity to this extract. Also, presence of
Table 4: Efficiency of different solvents extracts of entomopathogenic fungi, C. cladosporioides against cotton
aphid, A. gossypii under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 20 C, 75 ± 5% RH.
Mortality %at indicated day
Treatment Conc. after treatment. LC50 and LC90 and Slope X2 Toxicity
(ppm) 1st 3rd 5th 7th confidence limits confidence limits ±SE Index
day day day day at 95% at 95%
Adults 25 20.00 33.33 40.00 40.00
50 30.00 53.33 56.67 56.67 36.6959 154.4394 2.0534
100 33.33 73.33 80.00 80.00 ± 0.5749 66.99
200 46.67 96.67 96.67 96.67 23.313 48.921 109.026 294.5629 0.3904
Nymphs 25 20.00 40.00 46.67 46.67
50 26.67 63.33 73.33 73.33 24.5827 128.7385 1.7823
100 36.67 76.67 83.33 83.33 10.8511 36.3283 88.4876 275.5471 ± 0.3403 100.00
200 53.33 96.67 96.67 96.67 0.4038
CONCLUSION
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
Shaker et al. 120
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Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.)