If a chemical reaction is in equilibrium and you

change things (by adding a reactant or

De ne LeChatelier's Principle product, or by changing the pressure or
temperature), the reaction will move to return
to equilibrium.

If Q > Keq, there's more product. The reaction

How to use the reaction quotient (Q) and moves toward the reactants. If Q < Keq,
equilibrium constant (Keq) to interpret the there's more reactants. The reaction moves
state of a reaction toward the products. If Q = Keq, the reaction's
at equilibrium.

A solution containing a weak base and the

same amount of its conjugate acid, or a weak
De ne the term: bu er solution
acid and the same amount of its conjugate
base.

Using a known test solution (acid or base) to

De ne the term: titration analyze a mystery solution (base or acid) via
neutralization.
 Keq = C (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=C)^c / (A
How to nd the equilibrium constant, Keq, for
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A)^a * B
aA + bB <-> cC. Capital letters = a reactant or
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=B)^b), where brackets
product. Lowercase letters =
mean you use the concentration of that
integer/coe cient.
product or reactant.

pH = -log(Ka), where Ka is the equilibrium

constant. Ka = H3O+ (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?
pH of a bu er solution page=H3O%2B)X- (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=X-) /
HX (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=HX), where
brackets mean 'concentration of'.

When the reaction is not at equilibrium, Q = (C

(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=C)^c * D
How to nd the reaction quotient, Q, for aA +
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=D)^d) / (A
bB <-> cC + dD. Capital letters = a reactant or
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A)^a * B
product. Lowercase letters =
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=B)^b), where brackets
integer/coe cient.
are the concentration of the reactant or
product.

Ka = H3O+ (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?
page=H3O%2B)A- (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A-) /
HA (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=HA). Molarity is HA
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=HA), and H3O+
How to nd pH of a solution at equilibrium,
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=H3O%2B) is the same
given Ka and Molarity.
as A- (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A-). Solve the
equation for H3O+ (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?
page=H3O%2B). Now use the formula pH = -
log(H3O+ (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=H3O%2B)).
Meaning of C and X in this sample RICE table:

Reaction A <-- --> B C = initial concentration of chemical A. X = the

change in concentrations of A & B needed to
Initial C 0
reach equilibrium, and also the nal
Change -x +x concentration of chemical B.

Equilibrium C-x x

When a solution has two di erent solutes with

the same ion, each solute is less soluble. AgCl
Common Ion E ect
dissolves better in water than in NaCl solution
(because the Cl ion is in both AgCl & NaCl).

An equilibrium between a solution and a solid

De ne the term: solubility equilibrium
precipitate.

Ksp = A ions (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?

page=A%20ions) * B ions (/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?
How to calculate the solubility constant, Ksp,
page=B%20ions), where brackets mean
for an ionic compound (AxBy) in a saturated
'concentration of this'. When a molecule has 2
solution at equilibrium
or more atoms of a certain ion, each atom
counts separately in solution concentration.

When the reaction is at equilibrium, Keq = (C

(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=C)^c * D
How to nd the equilibrium constant, Keq, for
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=D)^d) / (A
aA + bB <-> cC + dD. Capital letters = a
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=A)^a * B
reactant or product. Lowercase letters =
(/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=B)^b), where brackets
integer/coe cient.
mean the concentration of the reactant or
product.
 Increased pressure makes the reaction 'want'
In LeChatelier's principle, the e ect of
to shift in the direction that gives the fewest
pressure on a reaction
number of gas molecules.

If the ion product is greater than the solubility

Meaning of di erences between the ion product, the ions will precipitate into a solid. If
product and the solubility product the ion product is less than the solubility
product, the solid will dissolve into ions.

Ion product is the given concentration of ions

multiplied together; solubility product (Ksp) is
Ion product vs. solubility product the product of ion concentrations at
equilibrium. If they're equal, the system is at
equilibrium.

Decreasing concentration of one species

In LeChatelier's principle, this is how adding or
makes the reaction shift toward that side.
decreasing concentration of one chemical
Increasing concentration of one species
species (product or reactant) a ects the
makes the reaction shift toward the opposite
reaction.
side.

A chemical reaction that's always 'in motion,'

with some molecules reacting and others
De ne the term: dynamic equilibrium going in reverse (products to reactants). But
overall, the reaction basically stays in
equilibrium.
 This ion determines the pH of an aqueous
Concentration of H+ ions in solution
solution

Higher Ksp values mean that this solute is very

What solubility constant (Ksp) tells us about
soluble in that solvent. Lower Ksp values
the solubility.
mean the solute is not very soluble.

A table used to calculate the concentrations of

De ne the term, RICE Table, and state what R, reactants and products before and during
I, C, & E stand for. equilibrium. (RICE stands for Reaction, Initial,
Change, and Equilibrium.)