2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT)
Prediction of Heart Disease at early stage using
Data Mining and Big Data Analytics: A Survey
Salma Banu N.K
School of Computing and Information Technology,
REVA UNIVERSITY,
Bengaluru, India
salmabanunk@reva.edu.in
Abstract—In this paper, the various technologies of data
mining (DM) models for forecast of heart disease are discussed.
Data mining plays an important role in building an intelligent
model for medical systems to detect heart disease (HD) using
data sets of the patients, which involves risk factor associated
with heart disease. Medical practitioners can help the patients
by predicting the heart disease before occurring. The large
data available from medical diagnosis is analyzed by using
data mining tools and useful information known as knowledge
is extracted. Mining is a method of exploring massive sets of
data to take out patterns which are hidden and previously
unknown relationships and knowledge detection to help the
better understanding of medical data to prevent heart disease.
There are many DM techniques available namely
Classification techniques involving Naïve bayes (NB), Decision
tree (DT), Neural network (NN), Genetic algorithm (GA),
Artificial intelligence (AI) and Clustering algorithms like K-
NN, and Support vector machine (SVM). Several studies
have been carried out for developing prediction model using
individual technique and also by combining two or more
techniques. This paper provides a quick and easy review and
understanding of available prediction models using data
mining from 2004 to 2016. The comparison shows the accuracy
level of each model given by different researchers.
Keywords—Data Mining; big data; CVD; risk factors;
accuracy; prediction rate; heart disease; DMT and data sets
I. INTRODUCTION
The healthcare industry has huge amount of medical data,
which is not mined. The medical data of the patients has
hidden patterns which is necessary for data analysis in
detection of heart disease. Heart disease is a leading cause
of death worldwide from past 15 years [1]. The heart is an
important organ of human body. If the blood circulation to
the body is insufficient, the organs of the body that is brain
and heart stop working and death occurs in few minutes.
The risk factors associated are identified as age, family
history, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco,
smoking, alcohol intake, obesity, physical inactivity, chest
pain type and poor diet [5]. Information obtained by
examining the history record of the patient, it is possible to
segregate the record and give report on HD if it is positive
or negative. These factors lead us to detect HD. Diagnosis is
978-1-5090-4697-3/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Suma Swamy
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
sumaswamy_cs@ sirmvit.edu
basically based on patient’s Electro cardiogram (ECG),
Echocardiography (ECHO) tests results and doctor’s
experience. ECG uses electrodes which has to be placed on
the body of the patient from which the heart pulse is
recorded in the form of electrical activity. This signal
depolarizes for every heartbeat reflected through the
electrical activity on the skin. Heart muscles keeps
depolarizing
ECHO is a diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to
create an virtual replica reflection of muscles of the heart
and that is used to detect cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It
is one of the challenging tasks to diagnose, which needs
prior knowledge with good skills. Data mining is a non-
trivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown potential
useful information called as knowledge from the medical
data using complex algorithms. Big data (BD) can be
referred as huge record of information set. BD and DM are
two different things. The task carried out by these two
methods are similar focusing on collecting the huge amount
of data, handling them and preparing report on the data by
taking out the information which is knowledgeable. DM is
basically an activity of observing the patterns in the data
which is relevant and with particular information by using
BD. The useful patterns with hidden patterns, unknown
correlations are analytically handled for making
knowledgeable decision through this BD analytics process.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
A review is carried out on different techniques used by
researchers in detection of HD. Enormous technologies of
DM are involved in design of HD prediction model.
2004-2007
Carlos Ordonez (2004) presented improved study by using
rule association for prediction of HD. The study involved
finding in detection of HD. The assessed data set covered
medical records of people having heart disease with
attributes like chest pain, blood pressure, cholesterol and
blood sugar for risk associated factors. The heart perfuser
was measured and artery depletion was observed by the
author [2].
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Carlos Ordonez (2006) solved the limitations of Association
rule. Medical record was collected from “Emory University
Radiology Department”. The algorithm which was designed
could search for constraint attributes which intern decreased
set of rules. This algorithm looked for association rules on
the trained data set and did the validation by testing them
independently. Bioinformatics significance of rules found
were valued based on support, confidence. Again it was
checked and evaluated using lift. The data consisted of
records of the patients with HD. Searching, training and
testing reduced association rules and accuracy rate was high
[3].
Peter Leijdekkers et al. (2006) designed “personalized HD
monitoring application which used smart phones as well as
wireless (bio) sensors”. The analysis depends on sensors
which are real time ones embedded in smart devices which
can collect data from environment as well and give an alarm
to the ambulance so that proper care is provided to the
patient from the experts and save the life of the patient and
make him out of danger. The alert message is sent to remote
healthcare center through sensors for addressing the patient.
Then proper care is taken from cardiologist. The model also
caters in rehabilitation activities for speedy recovery of the
patient by monitoring. This includes proper diet followed by
exercise.
The model was designed using “two methods ‘Microsoft’s
Windows Mobile Pocket PC platform’ and ‘.Net Compact
Framework extended with OpenNETCF’ modules used in
implementing the application. The information is fed on
server called “SQL CE” whose database is complex
specially meant for storing information on mobile devices
[4].
Hongmei Yan et al. (2006) used Multilayer perception
(MLP) with 40 input variables for Input layer and the output
layer with 5 nodes. Improved backpropogation algorithm
was used to train the system. 352 medical records were
collected for train & test the system. Assessment methods
like cross validation, holdout and bootstrapping were
applied to assess the system. MLP is well known for its
good architecture which makes this method most important
in NN models also its algorithms are very easy and simple
in understanding. MLP consists of 3 layers namely Input
layer, Hidden Layer and Output Layer. The hidden layer
was obtained by cascading learning process. The
experimental results achieved were of 90% accuracy [10].
Yanwei X et al. (2007) developed data mining algorithms
for predicting survival of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
patients based on 1000 cases. Because the CHD prediction
technique needs a priority for addressing as it was a
challenge for medical society. The work carried vast
observation on the medical data for 6 months of 1000 CHD
records. Information of the survival rate was recorded. The
three major DM techniques were employed on 502 cases.
“10-fold cross-validation” measures and estimates the
accuracy and also performance of these techniques. The
measures used were “accuracy, sensitivity and specificity”.
Confusion matrix was obtained to calculate the three
measures. The accuracy obtained was 92.1%, 91.0% and
89.6% for SVM, ANN and DT. A study carried out by
comparing different prediction models of CVD patients with
a cross validation of 10-fold which gives the glimpse of the
ability to handle variety of data.
Survival “1” with survivability and non-survival with “0”
called binary or Boolean representation was subjected on
raw data. Amongst 1000 CHD cases, 798 cases- survival
and 202 cases- death [5].
Latha et al. (2007) used Coactive Neuro Fuzzy Interface
Systems and GA in designing HD prediction model which
was smart with less error for mean square. After analysis of
many methods, two techniques are combined those were NN
and GA. Both together form a hybrid method for prediction
keeping the account of risk factor and optimize the NN
weight. This was the first hybrid method. The primary aim
was to use this technique in medical decision support and to
indicate the risk for reducing so that it helps patient in
reducing the chances of HD further [7].
Heon Gyu Lee et al. (2007) used multiparametric features
like linear and non-linear features of high-rate variability
(HRV) of 3 posture positions namely supine, left lateral and
right lateral position to find the HRV indices to detect
coronary artery disease (CAD). Bayesian classification,
associative classifier, classification based on multiple
association rule (CMAR), C4.5 (DT) and SVM classifiers
are used for predicting coronary artery diseases. Statistical
analysis were used for essential feature selection. Accuracy
of SVM, CMAR, C4.5, NB (Tree Augmented NB- TAN)
and NB (Selection Tree Augmented NB- STAN) were 90%,
80%, 78%, 81% and 85% respectively. SVM showed the
best performance [9].
2008-2010
Sellappan Palaniappan et al. (2008) proposed an
“Intelligent Heart Disease Prediction System (IHDPS)”
model designed by applying DT, NB and NN, DM
techniques. Result obtained gave strength of each technique
which fulfilled the objects. Major queries like “what-if”
were answered by IHDPS where general DT could not do.
Patterns with relationship type with important knowledge
were developed by keeping risk factors of HD. IHDPS
model was developed on web, making it more user friendly
with scalability vertically as well as horizontally and
reliable. Risk factors namely age, blood sugar, BP, family
history and other fields were base for detection of HD. 909
information set with 15 attributes collected from
“Cleveland” HD database. The DM techniques namely NN,
NB and DT were used. Amongst which NB gave best result
[6].
“IEHPS, heart attack prediction system” proposed by
Shantakumar B.Patil et al. (2009) was a smart & efficient
technique designed using NN. Significant frequent patterns
are generated “by ‘K-means clustering’ and ‘MAFIA’
algorithm”. [11].
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Minas A. Karaolis et al. (2009) used “Event-related risk
factors” investigated for 1. Before the event: non-modifiable
and modifiable (risk factors were family history,
hypertension, age, sex, smoking and blood sugar). 2. After
the event: modifiable-smoking, systolic/diastolic blood
pressure, cholesterol. 528 patients records collected from
“Paphos district in Cyprus”. “Myocardial infarction (MI),
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary
artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)” were the events used
for investigation. The accuracy obtained were 66%, 75%,
and 75% for MI, PCI and CABG models respectively [18].
K. Srinivas et al. (2010) analyzed the “behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System” where it was surveyed by
testing and giving a self-report on CVD rate by telling that
rate of CVD is high in coal mining region by carrying out
tests on Singareni Collieries Company in Andhra Pradesh,
India, compared to other regions after control for other risks.
Diagnosis was done by collecting patient’s report which
gave records of distinguished measures saying about the
morbidity.
Along with these attributes the data sets which are
symptoms of HD were also considered. Sensitivity and
accuracy were the two key measures for evaluation.
(Accuracy and sensitivity) obtained was (0.825% & 0.88)
for SVM, (0.825% & 0.8717) for DT C4.5 and (0.897%,
0.9017) for NN- Multi layered perceptron [8].
2011-2013
Peter, T.J. et al. (2012) used classification data mining for
prediction of heart disease. Input set has intrinsic linear
combination of variables which cannot be adapted at
modeling nonlinear complex interaction in medical
domains. These limitations of conventional medical scoring
systems are handled by using classification models.
The data is cleaned by using classification method of DM
where the complex and implicit relationship between
interdependent variables is detected. Naïve bayes, k-NN,
decision tree and neural network were implemented on the
knowledge data. Naïve bayes performed better than other
methods. Accuracy of the classifiers was 83.70%, 76.66%,
75.18% and 78.148% of NB, DT, K-NN, NN respectively
[12].
Chaitrali S. et al. (2012) used 13 attributes like sex, blood
pressure, and cholesterol for prediction of heart disease.
Two more attributes called smoking and obesity was added.
DM classification methods used were NN, DT and NB.
Accuracy obtained for these techniques were 100%, 99.62%
and 90.74% respectively. Confusion matrix was obtained for
3 classification methods for 13 attribute data sets and
15attribute data set. The accuracy with 15 attribute was
100% for neural network [22].
Mai Shouman et al. (2012) proposed a model by using
single data mining technique and hybrid data mining
technique. The kernel density, automatically defined groups,
bagging algorithm and support vector machine were
focused. The accuracy generated was 84.1% [13].
Syed Umar et al. (2013) presented a system by combining
two techniques called as hybrid model by using global
optimization benefits of GA specifically to initiate the NN
weights. Backpropogation algorithm was used for learning
and training the neural network. A multi-layered feed-
forward network had “12-input, 10 hidden and 2 output
nodes”. Input count depends on final risk factor of the
chronic. Training and learning is done by “The Levenberg-
Marquardt backpropogation algorithm”. Bias and weight is
recorded and updated by network training function.
Implementation of the system was done by using “Matlab
R2012a, Global Optimization Toolbox and the Neural
Network Toolbox”. Risk factors of 50 patients was collected
and the results obtained showed training accuracy of 96.2%
and a validation accuracy of 89% [14].
I.S.Jenzi et al. (2013) designed a reliable classifier model
using data mining technique, Association rules and
classification techniques like decision tree, Naïve Bayes and
Neural Network. The relationship between key patterns was
established. The data set consists of 14 attributes, where
class attribute is considered at the end of all attributes. The
GUI was developed in Microsoft .NET platform, with
interconnections done by using IKVM interface with some
Java libraries. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
curves was a visual tool used to represent the accuracy. The
results obtained was represented on ROC which has the area
under ROC of data mining was 0.807 which is found better
than Naïve Bayes [16].
Shamsher Bahadur Patel et al. (2013) deduced 14 attributes
to 6 by using GA. Then Classifiers NB, classification by
clustering & DT were used to predict the diagnosis of HD.
Genetic search was applied on the 14 attributes and no. of
attributes was reduced to 6. The 6 attributes were Resting
BP (RBP), old peak (OLDPK), chestpaintype (CPTYPE),
number of major vessel colored (VSL), Exercise induced
angina (EIA) and max heart rate achieved (THAL). This
reduced dataset was applied to 3 classification models. For
designing the model 4 computing evaluation measures used
were namely, True positives (T-POS) refers to positive
tuple, True Negative (T-Neg) refers to negative tuple, False
Negative (F-Neg) and False positive (F-POS). WEKA tool
was used for implementation. Accuracy obtained by DT,
NB, Classclust was 99.2%, 96.5% and 88.3% respectively.
It was observed that DT DMT outperformed the other two
DM technique, WEKA – Waikato Environment for
Knowledge analysis [15].
2014-2016
Hlaudi Daniel Masethe et al. (2014) proposed DM
algorithm namely J48, NB, “REPTREE CART” and Bayes
Net were used for predicting “heart attacks”. The data set
was collected from hospital and doctors who were
practitioners in South Africa. 11 attributes considered were
patient Identification Number, Gender, age, chest pain,
cardiogram, BP , rating of heartbeat, cholesterol, tobacco
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consumption, hot drinks intake & diabetes level. The tool
callled Waikote Environment for knowledge Analysis
(WEKA) was used for prediction of HD. WEKA tool was
significant in discovering analyzing and predicting patterns.
Accuracy obtained were 99.0741, 99.222, 98.148, 99.0741
for J48, REPTREE, Naïve Bayes, Bayes Net and simple
CART respectively, Bayes Net algorithm outperformed the
N B algorithm [19].
G. Purusothama et al. (2015) compared different
classification techniques to design risk prediction model for
HD. The two kinds of models compared were 1. Single
model to test data 2. Combined model to test data (hybrid
model). These two models were used for data analysis. The
authors in this survey have considered only the
classification techniques in case of single model and
combined model. Accuracy obtained for decision technique,
association rule, K-NN, artificial neural network, naive
bayes, hybrid approach were 76%, 55%, 58%, 85%, 86%,
69% and 96% respectively. It was concluded that by
applying hybrid data mining techniques promising results
were obtained in diagnosis of heart disease [17].
Lokanath Sarangi et al. (2015) designed a cost efficient
model by using Genetic Algorithm optimizer technique. The
weights were optimized and fed as an input to the given
network. The accuracy achieved was 90% by using the
hybrid technique of GA and neural networks [20].
M.Satish, et al. (2015) used different DM techniques (DMT)
like Rule based, DT, NB, and ANN. An efficient approach
called pruning-classification association rule (PCAR) was
used to generate association rules from HD warehouse for
prediction of Heart Disease. Pima Indian Heart attack data
warehouse was used for pre-processing for mining. All the
above mentioned DMT were explained [21].
III. DATA MINING AND BIG DATA ANALYTICS
Data mining (DM) and big data (BD) work on huge
records of information sets by gathering from different
resources which are best for any field of business
applications or other clients. Considerable BD can be
referred in terms of DM where BD is huge information set.
Traditionally when the data increased it was handled
through different techniques when the current techniques
were expensive at that time. In earlier times MS excel
spread sheet handled the huge data sorting and playing with
the data.
Huge, homogeneous and complex data gets accumulated
automatically through different sources of applications and
business. It is the responsibility of the database manager
who makes the decision to choose relevant and correct
chunk of information from the huge set. To extract
knowledge from that piece of information DM techniques
can be used, as it include many techniques, algorithms,
software packages and tools
The clients can frame there queries for accessing
information from database through automation instead of
doing everything manually. Specifically DM has optimal
operation for searching techniques giving the target result
which is specific, beneficial and best.
In general we can call DM is the “Handler” and BD as its
“Asset”. BD is referred as the tool which accesses the large
data sets, process them and produce expected result. In the
field of medical lot of information about the patient gets
collected. The task of BD is to extract knowledge from such
huge, complicated, heterogeneous data sets and perform
operation on this clinical data which is not in proper format
is a big challenge. Both DM and BD put together will help
in designing a model to predict the heart disease through
patient’s medical information.
By using these two techniques it is possible to design model
where we can check if the patient has HD or not based upon
considering risk factors and also to predict how long the
patient has to stay in the hospital for his/ her treatment.
Hence by designing this new method will help the chronic
patient to improve his health and avoid unwanted hospital
stay which will reduce unnecessary expenses. The patients
who are likely to get HD can be predicted by using the risk
factors and necessary precautions and treatments can be
started at the earliest.
It is possible to get promising outcome with winning
solution by using DM and BD in designing a predictive
model by combining techniques available.
IV. CARDIOVASULAR DISEASES (CVD) or HEART
DISEASE (HD)
The heart and blood vessel diseases are referred as
cardiovascular disease or coronary heart disease (CHD).
HD is a general name for a variety of disease, conditions
and disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels.
Symptoms of HD vary depending on the specific type of
HD. World Health Organization in the year 2003 reported
that 29.2% of total global deaths are due to CVD. It is
expected that CVD will be the leading cause of death in
developing countries due to the change in the life style,
work culture and food habits. If a patient has more than one
risk factor as specified below then the overall risk of
coronary heart disease is much higher. The risk factors can
be grouped into 2 categories 1) Risk factors that cannot
change 2) Risk factors that can change.
Risk factors that cannot change include age, gender and
family history.
Age: Risk increases as a person gets older
Gender: Before the age of 60 men are at greater risk than
women
Family History: Risk may increase if close blood relatives
experienced early heart diseases.
Risk factors that can be changed include blood cholesterol,
high blood pressure and diabetes.
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Blood Cholesterol: Raised or Altered level. The body makes Pecchia et al. Regression tree 79.31%
its own cholesterol for healthy cells. Because of different Techniques
dietary source, excess cholesterol gets accumulated in the
body which deposits in the Walls of arteries. This damages Fahim Sufi et Clustering Technique
and blocks the arteries, which results in heart attack. 2011 97%
al. Apriori Algorithm
High Blood pressure: The arteries get affected by high BP. 83.70%,
Healthy diet with reduced intake of salt, moderate body
weight, physical activeness; reduced stress factors prevent T John Peter et 76.66%,
2012 NB, DT, k-NN, NN
the increase in Blood pressure. al. 75.18%,
Diabetes: This is a high risk factor of coronary heart disease 78.148%
V. HOW DM IS USEFUL FOR THE MEDICAL FIELD: 100%,

Due to the vast use of computers in the hospitals also by 2012 Chaitrali S et al. NN, DT, NB 99.62%,
doctors who practice, a large amount of information is 90.74%
gathered. Huge set of data consist of relevant information of
the patient along with lot of other information which is the Maishowman et SVM with Bagging
2012 84.1%
noise. The entire set of data may be used by the al. Algorithm
practitioners but the data miners have to extract only
Syed Umar NN Backpropagation
specific concerned information know as knowledge. 2013 96.2%
Amin et al. Algorithm
Today as the research is emerging in a very rapid pace; it is
a major requirement to use the technology available to be 99.2%,
Shamsher DT, NB, Classification
helpful for the society globally. With the available mining 2013 96.5%,
tools it is possible to design a model which can be helpful Bahadur et al. Clustering
for the health care industry. The DM tools can provide us 88.3%
with accurate and time to time report needed for the 2013 I.S. Jenzi NB 80.7%
practitioners so that the patient is benefited.
99.0741%,
VI. COMPARISION TABLE
Hlaudi Daniel J48, REP TREE, NB, 99.222%,
Data Mining Technique/ 2014
Year Author Accuracy et al. CART 98.148%,
Algorithm 99.0741%
2004 Carlos Ordonez Association Rule - B.
Hongmei Yan 85.034%,
2006 Multilayer perceptron 90% 2014 Venkatalakshmi NB, DT
et al. 84.0136%
et al.
92.1%, Lokanath
2007 Yanwei X et al. SVM, ANN, DT 91.0%, 2015 GA Technique 90%
Sarangi et al.
89.6%
81%,
Heon Gyu Lee Bayesian classification, VII. CONCLUSION
2007 80%,
et al. CMAR, C4.5, SVM In this paper, a survey conducted from 2004 to 2015 gives
78%, 85% the idea of different models available and the different data
85.68%, mining techniques used. The accuracy obtained with these
models is also mentioned. It is observed that all the
2008 Sellappan et al. NN, Naïve Bayes, DT 86.12%, techniques available have not used big data analytics. Use of
80.4% big data analytics along with data mining will give
promising results to get the best accuracy in designing the
Minas A
2009 C4.5 (DT) Algorithm 82% prediction model.
Karolis
VIII. FUTURE WORK
82.5%,
K. Srinivas et The Main objective is to identify the key patterns and
2010 SVM, DT (C4.5), MLP 82.5%, features from the medical data of the patient by combining
al.
89.7% data mining techniques along with big data analytics to
predict the heart disease before it causes to help the medical
2011 Leandro Classification & 96.39%,

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
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17. G. Purusothama and P. Krishnakumari, “A Survey of Data
mining techniques on risk prediction: Heart disease”, Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, 2015.
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