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SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR EM WAVES Pioneering 21st Century

Electromagnetics and Photonics

EE 3321 Electromagnetic Field Theory http://emlab.utep.edu

ENGINEERING j i PHYSICS / SCIENCE


EQUATION(S) (Negative Sign Convention) (Positive Sign Convention)
Wave Propagating cos t kz   forward wave cos  t  kz   backward wave
in +z Direction exp  jkz   backward wave exp  ikz   forward wave
  E   j B  • D  v D E   E  i B  • D  v D E
Maxwell’s Equations
  H  J  j D •B  0 B  H   H   J  i D •B  0 B  H

Wave Vector & k    j   0 gain  grow    0 backward k    i


Propagation Constant   jk    j    0 loss  decay    0 forward   ik    i 

Complex , , and n      j  n  0 negative index   0 gain  growth       i 


n  n  j n  n  i
     j   n  0 positive index   0 loss  decay       i  

p2   0 gain  grow  p2


Lorentz Model  r    1  2  r    1  2
0   2  j   0 loss  decay  0   2  i

Temporal Spatial Temporal Spatial


   
1 1 1 1
F     f  t  e  jt dt F k    f  x  e jkx dx F     f  t  eit dt F k    f  x  e  ikx dx
Fourier Transform 2 
2  2 
2 
   
f t    F   e jt d  f  x   F  k  e  jkx dk f t    F   e  it d  f  x   F  k  eikx dk
   

Temporal Spatial Temporal Spatial


 2  2 2 nx  2  2 2 nx
1 1 i
1
f t  e
1
 f  x e  f  t  eit dt an    
j
an 

 jt 
an  dt an  
dx f x e dx
Fourier Series   2
  2   2
  2
  2 nx   2 nx
f t    f  x  ae
j

i
f t   an e jt f  x   an e  an e  it n

n  n  n  n 

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