SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR EM WAVES Pioneering 21st Century
Electromagnetics and Photonics
EE 3321 Electromagnetic Field Theory http://emlab.utep.edu
ENGINEERING j i PHYSICS / SCIENCE
EQUATION(S) (Negative Sign Convention) (Positive Sign Convention) Wave Propagating cos t kz forward wave cos t kz backward wave in +z Direction exp jkz backward wave exp ikz forward wave E j B • D v D E E i B • D v D E Maxwell’s Equations H J j D •B 0 B H H J i D •B 0 B H
Wave Vector & k j 0 gain grow 0 backward k i
Propagation Constant jk j 0 loss decay 0 forward ik i
Complex , , and n j n 0 negative index 0 gain growth i
n n j n n i j n 0 positive index 0 loss decay i
p2 0 gain grow p2
Lorentz Model r 1 2 r 1 2 0 2 j 0 loss decay 0 2 i
Temporal Spatial Temporal Spatial
1 1 1 1 F f t e jt dt F k f x e jkx dx F f t eit dt F k f x e ikx dx Fourier Transform 2 2 2 2 f t F e jt d f x F k e jkx dk f t F e it d f x F k eikx dk
Temporal Spatial Temporal Spatial
2 2 2 nx 2 2 2 nx 1 1 i 1 f t e 1 f x e f t eit dt an j an jt an dt an dx f x e dx Fourier Series 2 2 2 2 2 nx 2 nx f t f x ae j i f t an e jt f x an e an e it n