NAME______________________, R 1

TEST PAPER, 12TH GRADE

I. A growing number of drivers facing rising fuel prices are opting for electric cars or hybrid models, which switch from
petrol to electric and back. But they make almost no noise at all, making it hard for passers-by, particularly those with
visual impairments, to notice them.Safety experts and charities called for silent vehicles to emit noises, with some
manufacturers suggesting motorists could choose from a range of sounds, from supercars to the podracers from Star
Wars. The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association has warned electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles that operate on electric
power at low speed, are ,,virtually silent". As a result there are "serious implications for the independent mobility and
safety of blind and partially sighted people"' Norman Baker, the Lib Dem transport minister, said ahead of the report's
publication that the Government remains "committed to the introduction of electric vehicles in a way that will
complement long-standing efforts to protect vulnerable road users". He added: "Concerns about quiet vehicles are
understandable, and we need to make sure that electric vehicles do not pose any additional threat to pedestrians'’.All
drivers have a responsibility to drive safely and with consideration for other road users." (www.Independent.co.uk) 20 p

1. Drivers choose electric cars or hybrid models because they are more economical
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
2. Electric vehicles sometimes make terrible noises
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
3. Motorists can only choose from a small range of sounds
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
4. The transport minister possesses an electric cr himself
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say
5. Electric cars don’t pose any threats to pedestrians
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say

II. In ancient societies, athletics and especially competitive contact game aIways have been, but aggression in the past
was tempered by an insistence that playing hard, playing to win, did not countenance playing to cheat and to hurt. One of
the very first nations that expressed athletic ideals, were the Greeks. As enunciated by Pindar, the athletic ideal
incorporated courage and endurance with modesty, dignity, and fair-mindedness, those elusive qualities the Greeks
called Aidos . As sports became more specialized, the general populace increasingly Withdrew into spectatorship. Sports
history reveals that although Greek sports had increasingly marred by corruption and bribes, nonetheless they flourished
in an era which witnessed the rapid expansion of stadiums and arenas under the Roman Empire. During the Roman
Empire violence in sports became the generally accepted principle and spectators not only endorsed it but also
embraced it as a social norm. In recent years sports violence has become to be perceived as a social problem.
Commissions have been appointed in Canada and England to investigate violence among hockey players and soccer
fans. Numerous examples of violence in professional sports exist today, as countries like the United States,
Canada,Greece, Italy and Germany, report court cases have been heard which concern the victims of violence
perpetrators. Newspapers, magazines and television programs portray bloodied athletes and riotous fans at hockey,
boxing, football, soccer, baseball, and basketball games with what appears to be increasing regularity. But are sports
violence incidents actually increasing, and if so what is the reason of such a negative increase? Or does the heightened
public attention and media focus on sports violence reflect not an increase in the incidence or severity of aggression, but
greater public concern with moral issues and political discourse?
Contrary to popular belief, there appears to be growing dissatisfaction with sports violence. Changes in sports rules,
developments in the design of equipment and even the physical characteristics of modern sports arenas evolved
in an effort to reduce violence or its consequences. But still, among athletic management teams, government officials,
fans and athletes themselves, there is an ambivalence attitude towards sports violence.
The ambivalence takes the form of justifying the existence of violence in sports, but not taking personal responsibility for
it. Coaches and managers tend to blame fans, saying that violence is what attracts people into stadiums, as the risk
entailed makes the game more "interesting". Athletes frequently admit that they are opposed to violence, but
it is expected of them by coaches. Fans justify it by attributing aggressiveness to athletes and to situational aspects of the
game. Spectators view violence as an inherent part of some sports as one cannot play games like hockey or football,
without accepting the necessity of violent action. Nevertheless, public opinion tends to focus more and more on
sports violence as major advances in the technologies used have increased media coverage making information available
to a vast global audience. Thus,contemporary critics tend to consider sports violence as a worldwide phenomenon with
highly disturbing future course and social outcomes. 30 p
1. In ancient societies
A. athletics and competitive contact games were rough. B. football and contact games were rough.
C. only competitive contact games were rough. D. no game was rough.
2. During the Roman Empire, spectators
A tried to tolerate violence in sports. B detested any type of violence in sports.
C regarded violence in sports as a social norm. D did not support violence in sports.
3. Sports violence has started to be regarded as a social problem
A lately. B since the 70's. C these days. D since the beginning of the 20th century.
4. Canada and England
A are able to explain violence among hockey players. B are trying to discover the cause of violence among hockey players.
C show no concern about sports violence. D are in favour of sports violence.
5. Regarding sports violence there seems to be a feeling of
A appreciation. B dissatisfaction. C indifference. D support.
6. In order to reduce violence
A only sports rules have been changed. B mass media coverage has been banned.
C sports rules and equipment design have been modified.
D sport rules, equipment design and sports arenas have been adjusted.
7. Government officials, fans and athletes
A have the same attitude towards sports violence. B are ambivalent towards sports violence.
C take personal responsibility for sports violence. D try not to justify sports violence
8. Risk makes the game more interesting according to
A coaches. B fans. C. athletes. D government officials.
9. The tendency of the public opinion towards sports violence is
A to show less interest. B to be more concentrated on it.
C to show disapproval. D to accept it.
10. Critics regard sports violence as
A an international reality. B a local reality. C. a regional reality. D a national reality

III. You have recently participated in a class discussion on the topic of education in your country.
The discussion centred around solutions to be found in order to improve the current situation,
such as increased funding and better training for teachers. You have decided to write an essay
on this topic for your teacher describing three solutions you would forward and their beneficial
effects. Write your essay in 180 - 200 words. 40 p
NAME__________________________, R 2

TEST PAPER, 12TH GRADE

I. The common meals in Britain are breakfast, lunch, tea, and supper. Traditionally, breakfast is a bigger meal than
on the continent, but during the week, when everybody works. There is no time for a rich breakfast, just for a cup of
coffee or tea, a piece of toast or a bowl of cereal. On Sundays breakfast consists of half a grapefruit or
orange juice, porridge, bacon and eggs and toast and marmalade, if you are very hungry.
On a weekday, lunch is not a big meal. The people who work eat sandwiches, or a salad, and some fruit, or yoghurt. If
you want a hot meal you can go to the canteens. Sunday lunch is the main meal of the week. Now you can eat roast
beef or chicken, accompanied by potatoes a'nd one or two vegetables. Desert can be anything: ice-cream, apple-pie
or a hot pudding. The traditional practice of afternoon tea, consisting of tea , sandwiches, cake and biscuits, is not so
frequent- nowadays as people don't have time. The evening meal is the meal for all the family. Dinner takes
place early in the evening, around six o'clock when all the members of the family come home from work or school.
This is a hot meal, usually with meat and vegetables. Supper is usually later, or out at a restaurant.
1. During the week the British eat a lot in the morning. 20 p
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say
2. In the morning the Bristish drink coffee or tea
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say
3. The British usually have lunch at restaurants
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say
4. In the evenings guests are expected at dinner
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say
5. One can have supper either at home or at a restaurant
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say

II. An underlying principle of cultural behaviour, which is closely reflected in the language, is the need to avoid face-
to-face conflict. Even though the British may appear unpleasantly blunt when compared with some Asian cultures,
they are on the whole concerned to offer a way out whenever a potential conflict between individuals occurs.
This may be compared with public confrontations in large committees or the Parliament where much more
confrontation goes on. Some cultures are, by way of contrast to the British, much less concerned
to avoid conflict private or personal encounters. Perhaps there is a principle in '"aggression management" here:
every culture has developed some ways of letting off steam, has some areas in which people are allowed to express
their true feelings. The immediate linguistic consequepce of open conflict – avoidance is that you need to know what
to do and what to say, for example, when someone takes a position in a queue in front of you, accidentally
stands on your toe in a bus or disagrees with you in a public gathering. In the public gathering, depending on the
nature of the meeting, the British reaction may be to confront disagreement openly and respond vigorously. In the
other more personal situations, the same individual may work hard at taking a middle route between doing nothing
and engaging in open conflict. In doing so, he or she will expect a similar cooperative response from the other
person, such as an apology like, '"Oh, sorry, I didn't realise .. '. In other cultures, behaviour might well be the opposite
- a great effort to reduce conflict in a public meeting and robust responses in the private situations. Within our own
cultures, we understand the conventions and know when people are being normally polite or
normally outspoken. The difficulties come when we make errors in an unfamiliar environment. 30 p

1. An underlying principle of cultural behaviour reflected in the language is:

A avoiding face-to-face conflict B using face-to-face conflict C. creating face-to-face conflict
D understanding face-to-face conflict
2. The British
A don't want a way out from conflicts B are just like the Asians regarding conflicts
B. are preoccupied to find solutions for conflicts between individuals D ignore face-to-face conflicts
3. Other cultures
A are more concerned to avoid conflicts B don't talk about conflicts C consider conflicts insignificant
D are less concerned by avoiding conflicts
4. Every culture
A has the same way to calm down B has its own way to calm down C tries to have less conflicts
D lets off steam with a lot of work
5. When you want to avoid a conflict
A you must know what to do B you must be careful
C you must know what to do and what to say D you must know what to say
6. In public confrontations the British
A avoid open conflict B are vigorous in response
C are confronting openly D are vigorous in response and confront openly
7. In personal situations the British
A are less conflictive B are more agressive
C are extremely diplomatic D are looking for the middle route
8. In other cultures, in public confrontations people
A make a lot of efforts to reduce the conflict B make less efforts to reduce the conflict
C ignore the people around D don't do anything
9. In other cultures, in private conflictuaI situations people
A. offer more vigorous responses B. show more respect
C show more respect and offer more vigorous responses D are extremely violent
10. A problematic situation is
A when we make a mistake in unknown environment B when we make errors in another country
C when we don't care about the others D there is no problematic situation

III. You have recently participated in a class discussion on the topic of education in your country.
The discussion centred around solutions to be found in order to improve the current situation,
such as increased funding and better training for teachers. You have decided to write an essay
on this topic for your teacher describing three solutions you would forward and their beneficial
effects. Write your essay in 180 - 200 words. 40 p