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ATCE-I Advanced Topics in Civil Engineering
Admixtures in Concrete
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ATCE--I
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Advanced Topics in Civil Engineering
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
AND THEIR PROPERTIES
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Concrete Basics
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Definitions
Cement → Powder
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Definitions
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Cement
Cement is a pulverized material that
develops binding forces due to a reaction
with water
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Hydraulic Cements
Cements that harden by reaction with
water and form a water-resistant
product.
Portland Cement (P.C.)
Portland cement is a hydraulic cement
capable of setting, hardening and
remains stable under water. It is
composed of calcium silicates and some
amount of gypsum.
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Cement Chemistry
In cement chemistry, the individual oxides and clincker
compounds are expressed by their abbreviations
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C 3S = Tricalcium Silicate
C S = Dicalcium Silicate
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C3 A = Tricalcium aluminate
C 4 AF = Tetracacium aluminate ferrite
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Cement Chemistry
Hydration Reactions
2C3S + 6H C-S-H + 3CH (120 cal/g)
2C2S + 4H C-S-H + CH (62 cal/g)
C3A + 3CSH2 +26H C6AS3H32 (300 cal/g)
2C3A + C6AS3H32 + 4H 3C4ASH12
C4AF + 10H + 2CH C6AFH12
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Manufacturing Process
Calcium silicates are the primary constituents
of portland cement.
Raw material for P.C. Calcium & Silica
Calcium: Limestone, chalk, etc (CaO+CO2)
Silica: Clays and shales (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3+H2O)
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Manufacturing Process
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Manufacturing Process
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Manufacturing Process
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Manufacturing Process
Raw T = 1400°C
(Limestone Rotary Kiln Clinker+Gypsum
+Clay) Grind
Grind Mill Portland Cement
3CaO.SiO 2 (C3S )
Limestone → CaO + CO 2 (C 2S)
2CaO.SiO 2
→
Clay → SiO 2 + Al2O 3 + Fe 2 O 3 + H 2 O 3CaO.Al2 O 3 (C3A )
4CaO.Al2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 (C 4 AF)
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Fineness
Reactivity of cement with water is
a function of its fineness.
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The compressive strength found by Bouge and Lerch** for hydrated samples of the
pure cement phases C3S and C2S are plotted as a function of age. The compressive
strengths of C3A and C4AF, hydrated along and with gypsum, fall within the cross-
hatched region labeled “A” and have not been plotted explicitly. The time scale is
linear. The time scale is logarithmic, which has the effect of expanding the early
ages, and this shows the differences between strength gain of C3S and C2S pastes.
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A polished section
of concrete
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Microstructure of Concrete
(Hydration products)
CH C-S-H
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Microstructure of Concrete
(Hydration products)
Ettringite
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Microstructure of Concrete
(Transition Zone)
Characteristics of the TZ
Large crystals of Ettringite and
CH with preferred orientation
Porous Structure 26
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Capillary Porosity
The originally-water-filled space within the
cement paste becomes the capillary pores
which act as stress concentrations and
reduce the strength significantly.
The strength of most engineering materials is
increased with a decrease in porosity, and by
controlling the water/ cement ratio the
engineer is assured that the basic porosity of
the paste is also controlled. That is not to
say the other sources of porosity will not
occur, but at least the cement paste will
have a given porosity.
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Capillary Porosity
Figure below shows a graphical representation of the
relative volumes of hydration products during hydration.
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*T.C. Powers, “The Non-Evaporable Water Content of Portland Cement Paste: Its Significance for
Concrete Research and Its Method of Determination,” ASTM Bul., No. 158, (May 1949) pp. 68-76.
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