Sie sind auf Seite 1von 12

C h a p te r 2

T h e T o n ic a n d D o m in an t T r ia d s
in R o o t P o s itio n

in o r k e y s ) c
ia n
o

T he to n ic a n d th e d o m in a n t tr ia d q ( I a n d V in m j
a o r k e y s ,
o r d V in m
w h ic h
s titu te th e b a s ic t w o
-
c ho rd u n it o r th e to n a ] s y s te ı
n . T he to n ic i s th e to n a t g o a l to

ll a s th e e le m e n t o f s t ab i

musical te n s io n s u n L\ P ľ n c c ' " s ı


1T C u lt i m A te l
y
d ir e c t e d , a s w e

T he d o m in a n t h a r m o n y o n t he o th e r
ity an d tĘ le a s e in w h ic h th e s e te n s io n s r e s o lv e .
,

iu n
f a c to r o f h a n n o n ic te n s io n th a t r e q u ir e s r e s o lu t
ha n d .
p ro v id e s th e ı
n o s t im m e d ia te
in n i n g o r e n d in g
to th e to n ic . S tr u c t u r a l c h o r d s a re th o s e lh a t c a n h a v e th e r o le ? ľ b e g
T he a n d d o m

p le te
io n s n o v e m
ı e n ts to n ic
m u s ic a l u n it s s u c h a s p h ra s e s , s e c t , o r c o m
.

f d e p a n u re
n a n t h a r m o n ie s a re s tr u c tu r a l c h o r d s : o n l y th e to n ic t r ia d i\ J t r u e p o in t o

th e to n ic m a y f u n c tio n a s p o in ts o f a r r iv a l
bo in a n t a n d
.

th th e d o m

i o n u n ly th e w tw o c h o rd s L is te n to th e o p e n in g
M u s c a l u n its a re b a se d
.

an y m "
'
'
d r in k in g so n g f ro ı
n 1 ia ıu r L ib ia m o n c lie t i c a l ic i , s e e

o f G iu s e p p e V e rd i s . u m t v

I a n d V 7 in th e k e o f B ĻM T he a

52) T he o n ly o n
.

s e c t io n is b a s e d y
a n th o lo g y , n o . .

w o rk s h e e t 1
-
th e b a s s
f ig u r a l io n th a t w a s d is c u s s e d in
c o m p a n im e n t f e a tu r e s a c h o r d a l
In th i s F ig u r a t io n t he c h o rd is
t y p ic a l o r w a ï tz e s a n d m a t h e s ,
a f te r b e a t {ì g u r a t io n
.

n b e a t a n d a b lo c k c h o rd in th e ĺ n l lo w in g b e a ts . T he
b a s s n o te o n th e d o w
b ro k e n i n to a
in e d h y th e b a ss
te m e a is a n a ly z e d a s o n e c h o rd ,
w ith th e p o s it io n d e te r m
co n ı
p te
.ī l i r e

o n th e d o w n b e a t

ĮX M se v e m h
in a cm a i nu ? c he d m n h a m c h o rd en a p p e a rs a s a
m
t
Ym H
'
n o h ce th a i, ,

jir s ī in n s lo c o n n e c t l ľ iu d s
b

V? i.i e r [ lıa n a t r ia d V . A ı
rh o u g h w e m u s【 iean1
c h c n l,
.
lu l
,
to Iv c o g n i e ıl s e v e n th
ï h e d n n ıin a ı
h o r ť ıs !o 11 w il t h a w
d e a l w it h s e v e n lï ı c
Jo r e
,
w e ca n
V ? a n ö
th e o u ls e ı C hu p ıe
r 8 w itt b e e m i ï e ï y d e \ o te ci ī o
in a c lu a į m u s ic a l e x a m p le s Jr o m .

ils i n v e r s io n s .

2 1 d id e n tif y th e k e y a n d th e c h o r d s o n w h ic h th e p ie c e
E e x a m p le
n
in e n o w
a
xa m ,
.

u n d e r s ta n d r la t io n s h i p
th e ir ı w ith in
r e c o g n iz e th e c h o r d s a n d to
is b a se d . T o h e lp y o u
m a n n u m e ra l
w ith th e c o r r e c t R o
.

th e k e y ,
la b e l e a c h o f th e m
tw o c h o rd s ī an d V 7 H e re th e c h o rd s a re p r

1 is b a se d o n
.
,
A ll o f e x a m p le
2 .

a r p e g g ia t e d k ey b o a rd f i g u r a t io n ,
r a th e r th a n a s b lo c k c h o r d s .
(T h is
s e n re d in a n
nc?mplclc N c Ųh W M

t n in n ın J
? : I y 1 ın ľ tÆ
v n rn

ïn a nw hb ůr n o te m o m n . T hĽ e n lb e M . h N n o w i.
n o t i? n
ı in w h iu h th u
t, m h n
w o a c h c d n L I lm h> , w " .

M c ]. TH Ľ e m h c ll i. H ť :- 1 n o te i. Ľ il h e r H lì ì l u a c h ? L I u r lu l t h s le p
l ! .

n o l h n th ln in w h u r i.
bu ï K n o w
. R c ų u

n i l\ i\ n i n Ľ ıın ı lc t e
'
p n e i h b u ľ
# ( [N ) - W h e re a s n
1 ig w c e n rh Ľ M
ne ą h h m
. h in Ŋh c
'

g p ? h tu r in i.
'

H
'
.
m m c e .
. In Ľ n w , lc w n Ľ i M
g
."
ľ B o

a re e h h e i r 3 hh H
wure ľ N
'

hĽin th Ľ N in h ,r h c a v ľ hĽ " rm " h c x


s .
p
,l illu s t r a te s a
d n l p lĽ C a S e o ľ i ll L t l n m lĽ ıc
H i h h o ľ liuľ Ľ
- '

( ]1q ( ) in ïh u c o n te x t ( , t H

T hc I y I ľ ľ
Ņ ľc v m H a s a 1 InLn H ・
'

-
.
n h n w ? n N ı
In a ll t th c I' " Ľ Ľ . l i n g c a s e s HĽ
. T
s ( : 1 1 1 1 : C im
' b c u r 1 L I m , H ,L l il
n a m u lt , L I IĽ o r / n n v ,ľ
m h m n h n ď nn i Ľ H N ,1 n iĽ M ,u . * n M
y . T hĽ M ・. N m ? . n ì ŝ ì rc p ? . Lw . n lc
ltJiu b its s a r p Ľ g R ia a
'

t in n . I lw o m c 川 t. . ' " '

o t lh Ľ io n ic t r iu ・

LI . ì n n tl ŝ T hu ï -
V -
! p r,: g w

s io n c a n th u s b c u n d c r n o o d a s a h ・

m n m
Ĺ th h n iM n n
n
n r c x le m ,m ..I lm t. .N k t ri M
h m e a n s '" u
P ą g Ľ n h n in th Ľ M . ' u h
.

, l u l
Ń hc r n c ig h b o ľ jn m

m
th e .N
n
m o . T he se a re c x a ïn ・
g ı . H
ų n lo m n in

te n d e d in ll u ť n c e t 1 ľ J
w , H
pmulunla?n R y .
p' , lH H
g M ,m w c m e n n th c c x
t
l itĽ h o r a c h o rd th a t ım u i n . I ll u l lu Ľ t rT
g u r t l lu x x

uJll! sounJin 5. m e tľ Ľ L u e n t
m e a n s
o r u h l h ľ 11 ix

and in c o m p ? e n c h h w
I t, l
PH,l.'"Jli,111 a rc H
-

PĽidti..n NihtH,f .

ų m m . H ' an d
,

w ・. In g n m h o n m .. I
ineunnple 2 ħ w M . h
. ・

. h . Ľ .
a n L LI H n l ?
a rc M u . H a n .I
.Ľ C X m H

p lu y o u th M . .t th Ľ o u M ic e

as a u n h \. 0 h

. W e c a n a
\h a
v o
u m c
. J ïh ť ru h ig ıH . .I ĺ' '
'
i .'
l" " e f£ Jn
lH l la l
-

N
o
ť u łl l ı
,Ļ r
p
c
g g
i a 【lo n a n d . IN . o r P li g u re ・ a rc h Ľ rĽ
"
n lc a n s
Ľ tì m p lĽ ' " r l Ľ ,1 s im u lt a n c o u . 1
ra
p u n tu l s m ic t u r e . W Ľ ,\ II I . ľ īc n
w 【Ľ ľ t o
! i rl a lw u -
\ t )
iu
c h o r Ĺ lx ,\ 1 1 -

a c o n t i 4 1 u n lu l
1 .
11 ľ . . 1 . . N g a t ıo n a l
v e rtic a l ro c e s s
p ex .

C n n n c Ľ ln ì th c T o n ic
g

,?
e sp e c ? ? h
n c e n I
y m t ,t e n t L H ?
to n ic lr in , l i
,
hn ・ .L I 1 h l M u .
n w h ic h ili e r o o t i\ , ln u b l. L I
) T h c .u
c a n n . 2 h ly H w h h H
a n . H . '" \ e r hu
. Į ı
n o s Į
Slan, llrd
.

V O

V o ic e I . e
d in
a
in th e \
g ı
-
-
1 p m = ľ Ľs x i '"

and Sm a o Įh Ľ x
t v o ic e
luklin li, ] lH W s lh Ľ
11 ľ i 11 L i [1 lc h t

(
łh i. I
w

! I1 Ľ ..ł ・

th , w
' 11ľ (' L\ion u i

p m n u d h m a o w e r nc ų h hw m m ,w . i ī yo u c a n sc e
.
,

in
L u n N Ľ 2 .
ħ .

2 .
R e n le m ・

? ı
o m o n L? h h n rh Ľ h x K h n
lin n In g
g o n c "
p r in c i p le T in In
.

Lh u ]c n tl in
.
th Ľ '
g h m c rť sn h ï o ľ V
ľ \ u d
I c o
n
p h d lľ n c L
Ų c r to
l th Ľ t u n ic .
R u \l ì c
m h ? ,
13 4 P ,\ I T I D im o n ic I i n m r o n y

Ľ " 'g h b o ľ p r o g r e s s io n
PPc
"

2 2 i: o 11 u

lc
c x a n lp
.

r e s s io n in
3 . T he p ro g ・

I ch M d
T h is tr ip le d ï is a c c e
p t a b l' e .
O O

th c a s t
:
n ī in
hh h m e v o ic e s o o ľ th c in c ? m p le lc tr ia d
Th
d ï , S P a rt
'
u p w
.

u ・
c e n
e c h o n

,
th ird o ĺ \h
in c lu d e th c
lo ng as w c

s io n
"
v iıh , Ŝ Ź Ī
- -

p a s s in g li g u r e in
ro g r e s \h e
.
"
in
4 E x a m p le 2 2c lIx tıLu t s n p i\s s g p
e n d u P w i lh a n in c o
e re a g a m
c
w
m
.
.

l
re v io u s y
. H ,
p le tE

s o p ra n o w c d is c u s ;e d p
丁 to I
. I I s
.

th c Ï .
1o r s o l v e
lì n a ï lľ ia d ir w e w m lt .
m p ? 2 . 2b a n d c is s
a d s Il h o \\
incmnpcï c M
c x a
o n ì

u
vc 0 h c
5 . A po xs ib c a h c HM

T s s h o u ld b e u se d o n l w
d I.

u m Ľ s o lv e y h en
t in a l ír ia
Ĺl .

e xcha n g e lo r a c o n r p le tc e lc a Ĺl i n g o h e n fo u n d in
o l v o ic B ac
T h is i\ il t y p e h
th e y n rc in an in n e r v o ic e .

as w c sa w in c h a p te r l
'

t, ' " I n th is
, 2 í is i c tly a c .
c r【 p
e x a n ,' " p
. ,:' ' "
j
.

d a c e n t u p p e r v o ic e
I I I i 【】 l h c a
. .

h e a ľ th c L T re s o lv e I
v o ic e le a d in g w c c a n
v 1 p ro s s io n in w h ic h o n e v o ic
g re
-
-

e
_

b o ï
m p le te n e ig h
"

E 2d s h o w s o 11 in c o
7 x a m p le 2 h is
m o d es v o ic e
eading

Ť In
.

h m
Ĵ m t
. ・

1 nl tn ・ ,

sopmno le a p s d o w n a 4 ıh
o

he r e th e
lc w VNCh , a s v c s a w in c h a p te r a n d as
d ľo u n h .

fe a u r e s an ace c w b le Ĺh n ń n h h e
o ù o n b y M e p in th e o
b e b a la n c e d w
ith m p p o sh e
m u sm ed b y o u ľ ex nm re . s ho u N

d ir e c tio n o f th e le a p .

N O B A SS PA T T E R N S
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S O P R A
-

r r a m e s o r lh e r o g r e s s io n s in
th a t th c o u te r
-
ic e p ex a

w v io u s l y
v o

e m c n lio n e d p re
u c tu r e s E x a m p le 2 . 3 pľo v id e s a s u m m a r
y
c o n t r a p u n ta ] s t r
.

p le 2 . 2 can h , c o n s id e r e d

th e ! V ] p ro g r
-

s s io n T he s o p ra n o p au em s
i

ba ss in
- - .

p a tte r n s
e

o f ty p ic a l s o p r a n o
-

le s 2 3a b d c ), t w o pa s s in g l ig u r e s ( ex a

(e x a m
a n

e lu d e ih r e e n e ig h b o ľ F ig u r e s p
.
, ,

in 5 lig m E ( e x a m p le 2 3 f) a n d an in c o m p le te -
n e ig h b o r
p le s 2 3 d . a n d e ) . a s u s t a ed .
,

fig u r e ( e x am p
le 2 . 3g ) .

図 E . . . 。“ コ
ıN

C M l V r
C h a p te r 2 T h e T o n ic
a n d D o ï n in a n t T r ia d s in R o o t p o s it io n 13 5

Y o u s h o u ld k e e p in m in d th a t , a s w e d is c u sse d in c h a te r 1 a n d
e x a m p le s 2 . 2 a n d 2 . 3 , t he v o ic e le a d p y o u c a n v e ń fy in
in
-

g p r i n c i p le s
y o u le a r n c d in s p e c ie s c o u n te r o in t
a re p re s e n t i n h a r m o n ic p ro g re s s o n s i . E v e n in hu u b
p
×h o r t i n s t a
e x a m p le . īn ( h a
p le r \ W e a ls o n o te d
n c e s a s th e o n e s in th is
th a t O n c o ľ \h e
ï e r p a in t in c o m m o n
a d j u s lm c n ts m n t] c lo s
p
e c ie s c o u

p r a c t ic e v o ic e le a d in
g is a m o l lib e r a l trc a u n e n t o r d im
in te r v a ls bo t h m e lo d ic a ll in is h e d
y a n d h a m
,
r u n ic a ll T hc °

lth o
y .
m e lo d ie 4 in th e s o p r a n o in e x a m
p le
2 20
. , a u g h p e r r e c tl
y a c c c p ta b lc in th is h
a ľ m o n ıc c o n te x
t, w o u ld b e o b je c tio n a b le i n
a s tr ic t s p e c ie s n te r p o i n t c o n lc -
c o

x l
u

1 D O u b lin g th c L T (a n d r e s o lv in
ì
.

g b o th o f th e m ı
o . w iu l r e s u ltin
g p a r a lle l 8 v e s ) .

3 N o t r e s o l v in
g th e L T pec ia ll w h e n it is
.
. e s
y p la c e d in th e s o
p ra n o
0
.

4 . m iu in g th e th ir d in a n īn c o m
p lc te tr ia d t in s te a d o f o m īu in g th e [if th ) .

E X E R C IS E S

F
J
To r a c t ic e r e a ti u n I v ĺ p ro
ic
-

p g r e s s io n s ĺo n íe r
- ・
g in t es 1o e x e r c is e 2 in
.
v o
, ľ e w o ľ k
s h e e ı 2 a l th e e n d o f? s c h a p ? .

To p r a c t ic e s p e c ifi c v o ic e ìť u d in m o a e ıs i n V Į p ro le ľ
-

g r e s s io n s
g ĺ - -

, ľ 1o e x e n is e 3
e

in w o rks h e e t 2 a t th e e n d o
ï th is c h a p te r .

T H E I V İ P R O G R E S S Ēu \ Į T ţ - -

.
.
-

į
F O R M G E N E R A T İ N G S T ìG Į ! -
T $ ș

T he I y l p ro g re s ? n is th c ľ u n d a n ic m M h a rm ? n k u n h o r th e to n a t s y n e m . h re p ľ c
se n ts th e s ta te m e n t o f a to n a l c e n te r ( 1 ), t hc m o m e n ta ! y
-

de p a n u rc f r o n t th a t c e n te ľ an d
th e c r e a tio n o f a te n s io n (V ) a n u th e Ę tu r n
ı 1o th e c c n tc r b m e an , f th e re s o lu tio n o f
,
y o

th e te n s io n T he V I pľ o í e s tu
. 1 - -

g r e s s io n u n e q u i v o c a ll y ť le ñ lle ,Ý a i ï ť b iís lıe s a ke v .


.

T he 1 and V c h o rd s ( th e l a tte r u s u a lly in th e m o \ lľ e u e n t f o r m


q o r V 7 ) p m » v id e
s u f fic ie n t h a r m o n ic s u p p o r t ro r s h o r t, s in i p le co m p o s itio n s , s u c h a s F ra n z S c h u b e rt
'
s
"
O r ig in a lla n z e
"
9 2 6 (a n th o lo g y 4 0 ) I is te n lo th is in
, o
p .
, n o . . N o . . -
p ie c e , e x a m e th e
s c o re , a n d a n a ly z e th e c h o rd s w ith R o m a n n u n ie r a ls .
(B e w a re o f th e fi r s t c h o r d : W h a \
is th e k e
y o F th e p ie c e O n w h a t c h o r d d o e s it b e g in ? )

T he s ig n if ic a n c e o f 1 an d V in to n a l m u s ic g o es m u ch b e y o n d th e Im m e d ia te
c h o rd to c h o rd ty p e o f p r o g r e s s io n w e F ir s t th i n k o r in c h o rd T he V
-

c o n n e c ti o n s 1
-

. 1 - -

P ro g re s s io n a ls o h as a n e s s e n t ia l lo n g -
ra n g e fo r m a l s ig n if ic a n c e in m u s ic C o m p le te
, .

co m
p o s it io n s a n d fo r m a l s tru c tu r e s a rc b u ilt o n th e h a r m o n ic s tı
u c tu re
p r o v id e d b y th e
to ill e x a m in e
n ic and d o m in a n t r e la t o n s h ip i . İn th is s e c tio n w e w s o m e o f th e f o r m a l
a s p e c ts o f I
an d V , beg in n in g w ith th e ir c a d e n t ia l f u n c t io n s .
C hap w r 2 T ? T ..N L a n d D u ? n a n t T r ia d s ,n n . n 3 Ų
in R m . M

le . . S B a c h . C ho r a le 6 7 .
-

F re u
'

d ic h w h l
-

. " " e Se e le .
"

M m . 1 4

PA C

IJ c n ti ľ \ in C u L Ic n c e s
a n d p h ra s e s

th e m s h u u ld
idealt in m v e

We
e x u ? n
w hu th m e lw
h m d h a rm m
y can te ll a ?
P h ra s e s
.
i n e ith e r a
m e ln d i u / h a r
m n n iĽ c o N e x l, o ľ a l ų u i ľ
u u h a v
! e o n l a n u n
y a c c o m '"
l
1 ı . 0 0 k fo r p la c e in l h e S C
o re W h e re lh c m u s ic S e e m
s to ľc u Ľ h ho m e k i n LI n ĺ
m o m e

a fte r a m u x ic a l S ta te
m e n t
d ir e c ? n
.
P, ľ h J
P
. ln d ic a le t ] h x LĮ Ľ H
. o r
p h ra Ĥ n g H u r l a n lİ u
e le m e n ts a s
? u ? m
H 1 e l H d ı
\hdp 0 0
Very heher th e ų '

p Ń n t N
'

'

q '" se
w u h m .'
"niľ iĽĹ Ń
u p w n e d hy H hu ľ n in n L
or I y
.
c a
p n Jg re v J o n x a re C a
InĤ Lh
'

? n .
a M
h ・

hc
.


H
w ・

M W
C . Į

N
m "
. Ĥ n i
c o n sM ln c

Śå I n c lu L】iL
exaniple 2 4c lu u H L x l u ľ e \ w iļ ] h u
ì
.

n a ' H Ĺ viH l
(e x a m 5
.

h 2
p le 2 4 6i ,
p lihaw m
,
Ŝ . . .

u re a
ľ

Pu
.
. O r
x x ib l u lx t) İ
ı y 7 n i? th c
s " īn t ų M
? oh Suanna
" n
u
'
h ho u t m h a m n n ic
y a cc o ni
p a n n n c n t
de n c e A
y n u
s a re
y o u h e a r in
g ! m ' h .
Hm ・

cad en
ces
' h u s Ľ u h
degree m e ' " c n i c in
? re u
y u re in e ? h n r
t h t
,
\
Exam p

b c . d .
C .

0: :

で二 L

丁 ご ;
’ ‘ ”




F ı 。 ,
。 。 。 .
, ー
一 、

o n o
o n
u o
ă i

T er m s f o r R e v ie w

p a s s in g m o tio n
Iand V a s s tr u c tu r a l c h o F d s
In co m p le
te -
n e ig h b o r m o t io n
B a ss a ft e r b e a t fi g u r a t io n
B a s s a r p e g g ia t io n
d k e y b o a rd fig u r a t io n
A rp e g g ia te
P ro lo n g a t io n
A lb e rt i b a ss
1 In
. e a r c h o rd s
p a s s in g to n e
i n th e 1 V -
[ p ro g re s s
io n
V
-

o ic e le a d in g
-

N o n c h o r d to n e
C ad e nce
t io n
T o n ic th a d a n d its f u n c c e
p e rfe c t a u t h e n t ic c a d e n
C lo s e d fo rm a l u n its
l fe e t a u th e n tic c
ad e nce
im

p e
o m in a n t tr ia d a n d its f u n c t io n
D O p e n fo r m a l u n its
Ten d en cy to n e
cad e nce
H a lF
n
Fu nd a m e n ta l p r o g r e s s io
P h ra s e
N e ig h b o r m o tio n
es
Pe r io d
U ppe r -
a n d lo w e r -
n e ig h b o r {i g u r

N e ig h b o r n o te

i , .
14 3
i t in n
in R o o t p o s
in a n t T r ia d s
('" I' " r 2 T h e T o n ic a n d D o m

ic e
2 W th e f o llo w i n g \ s io n s in fo u r v o ic e s w ith c o rr e c t v o
r ite p r o g re
R Łl \ i :
,

I;\ l:

c her
u r te a
.

o
to !

a n n u m e r a ls
R o m
r o c e d u r e f o r r e a liz in g a p r o g r e
s s io n f r o m g iv e n
G e n e ra l p
r e s s io n
o r th e p r o g
.

o t g iv e n ite o u t th e c o m p le te b a s s lin e f
th e b a x s is n
. w r

\ If
w it h c o r r e c t d o u b lin g a n d s p a c ın g .

t c h o rd
,
W r ite th e tin en t
in d e p e n d
.

is m ad e up o f
'

a n t to a s c e r ta in th a t y o u r o u t e r
-
v o ic e t r a m e

Y o u w il l w h t
; o r a n o r ig
tc h o u t th e s p
F t ìr ig h t w a n t t o s k e
t h is p u r p o s e Yo u m

ųa \ x l i a Ľ tu r y lin e s .
.

e a n d th a t t h e
o d u p p e r lin
k in th a t y o u h a v e il g o
w r ite th e h a s s g s u re
a rte r y o LI
. M a

r o in t
e c ie s c o u n t e p

in c i le s o t tir s t p
'

llo
-

ic e d u et ı w s th e p r p
s

o u te r
o
- b
v o

io n
s ib le c o n n e c t
c h o rd w ith th e sm o o th e s t p (ì s
c h o rd b y
F ill in in n e r v o ic e n e s in th e
4 le a v e c o m m o n t
o
s fo r e a c h c h o rd ,
'

s : t h in k o t ll th e
p itc h e le
tw e e n c h o rd s t p o s s ib
a

th e c lo s e '

re m a in in g p itc h e s t in o n e c h o rd to
e s, ke th e
r a

s a m e v o ic
t a

n o r th e 1 T
c h e c k th e r e s o lu t io
- .

th e n e x t c h o rd A n d
itc h e s f ro m
.

p h id d e n ĵ th s o r
le l o I
iE ta k e s ( P a r a l
r

f o r p o s s ib le m
th e c o n n e c t io n
D o u b le chec k do u h le d
5 7
-

in m in ? r k e y h ,

Fa i lu r e to r a is e
e n te d m e lo d ie i n te r v a l r , .

Bv es ,
a u
gm
LT . e t c .
) .

- L
C m i V
B m V i
\ ı
V ĺ M
l V G m :
DM

h ・

g
-

n

i
-

È
ł V i E ĻM ı v l
D m
V I
A M ı

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen