1. The molar heat capacity of water at constant pressure, Cp,m, is 75 J K-1 mol-1. Suppose a 1.

0 kW kettle
(where 1 W = 1 J s−1) is turned on for 100 s. The energy supplied in that interval (the product of thepower q =
(1.0 kW) × (100 s) = (1.0 × 103 J s−1) × (100 s)=1.0 × 105 J. It follows that the increase in temperature of 1.0 kg
of water (55.5 mol H2O, from n= m/M) in the kettle is approximately…? (By how much does the temperature of
the water change?)

2. Nutritionists are interested in the use of energy by thehuman body and we can consider our own body as
a thermodynamic ‘system’. Calorimeters have been constructed that can accommodate a person to measure
(non-destructively!) their net energy output. Suppose inthe course of an experiment someone does 622 kJ of
work on an exercise bicycle and loses 82 kJ of energy as heat. What is the change in internal energy of the
person? Disregard any matter loss by perspiration.

3. Determining the enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid ethanol, C2H5OH, is brought to the boil at 1 atm.
When an electric current of 0.682 A from a 12.0 V supply is passed for 500 s through a heating coil immersed
in the boiling liquid, it is found that the temperature remains constant but 4.33 g of ethanol is vaporized. What
is the enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol at its boiling point at 1 atm?

4. A typical resting person heats the surroundings at a rate of about 100 W. Estimate the entropy you
generate in the surroundings in the course of a day at 20°C (86 400 s in a day).

5. Using standard enthalpies of formation calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of liquid benzene
from the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products.
ΔH(CO2)gas = -393.51 kJ mol-1 ΔH(H2O)liq = -285.83 kJ mol-1
ΔH(C6H6)liq = 49.0 kJ mol -1

6. Calculate the entropy change of perfect gas when it expands isothermally from a volume Vi to a
volume Vf.

7. A sample consisting of 2.00 mol He is expanded isothermally at 22°C from 22.8 dm3 to 31.7 dm3 (a)
reversibly, (b) against a constant external pressure equal to the final pressure of the gas, and (c) freely (against
zero external pressure). For the three processes calculate q, w, ∆U, and ∆H.

8. Water is heated to boiling under a pressure of 1.0 atm. When an electric current of 0.50 A from a 12 V
supply is passed for 300 s through a resistance in thermal contact with it, it is found that 0.798 g of water is
vaporized. Calculate the molar internal energy and enthalpy changes at the boiling point (373.15 K).

9. To calculate the entropy change in the surroundings when 1.00 mol H2O(l) is formed from its elements
under standard conditions at 298 K, we use ΔH=-286 kJ from Table. The energy released as heat is supplied to
the surroundings, now regarded as being at constant pressure, so qsur=-286 kJ.

10. The internal energy change when 1.0 mol CaCO3 in the form of calcite converts to aragonite is +0.21
kJ. Calculate the difference between the enthalpy change and the change in internal energy when the pressure is
1.0 bar given that the densities of the solids are 2.71 g cm-3 and 2.93 g cm-3, respectively.

11. For the reaction 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) we expect a negative entropy of reaction as gases are
consumed. To find the explicit value we use the values in the Data section to write
Sm (H2O, l) = 70 J K−1 mol−1 Sm (H2, g) = 131 J K−1 mol−1 Sm (O2, g) = 205 J K−1 mol−1