THINGS TO READ

A. Trauma: Fractures and dislocations

General principles of fractures:

 open vs closed
 simple vs comminuted
 extra-articular vs intra-articular
 adult vs child (growth plate not fused)

Diagnosis of fractures
Radiological description of fractures
Splints and casts
Common fractures:

 Boxer’s fracture (fracture of the neck of the 5th metacarpal)

 Scaphoid fracture (important)
 Colles fracture
 Radius and ulna fracture
 Olecranon fracture
 Supracondylar humerus fracture in children (important)
 Humerus shaft fracture
 Proximal humerus fracture
 Clavicle fracture
 Compression fracture of the spine
 Burst fracture of the spine (important)
 Pelvic fracture (important)
 Neck of femur fracture (important)
 Intertrochanteric femur fracture
 Femoral shaft fracture
 Distal femur fracture
 Patella fracture
 Tibial plateau fracture
 Tibia shaft fracture
 Ankle fracture
 Talus fracture (important)
 Calcaneal fracture
 Lisfranc fracture (important)

Common dislocations:

 Elbow dislocation
 Shoulder dislocation (important)
 Acromioclavicular joint dislocation
 Hip dislocation (important)
 Patellar dislocation
 Knee dislocation (important)

Important complications of trauma:

 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

 Compartment syndrome
 Spinal cord injury
 Vascular injury
 Post traumatic osteomyelitis

B. General Orthopaedics: Generalized conditions (osteoarthritis, joint

replacement, paediatrics, tumours)
Osteoarthritis

 Clinical features
 Radiological features

Joint replacement

 Indications
 Complications

Paediatric orthopaedics

 Scoliosis
 Haematogenous osteomyelitis
 Septic arthritis
 Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
 Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE)
 Perthes disease
 Physiological bowing of the legs
 Blount’s disease
 Rickets
 Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)

Tumours (malignant) - important

 Clinical indicators (red flags) of malignancies

 Metastases
 Multiple myeloma
 Osteosarcoma
 Ewing’s sarcoma
 Liposarcoma

Tumours (benign)
 Ganglion
 Lipoma
 Osteochondroma / exostosis
 Osteoid osteoma
 Non-ossifying fibroma

C. Regional Orthopaedics: Localized conditions by anatomic areas

Hand and wrist

 Carpal tunnel syndrome

 De Quervain tenosynovitis
 Dupuytren contracture
 Tendon injuries of the hand
 Nerve injuries of the upper limb

Elbow

 Tennis elbow
 Olecranon bursitis
 Golfer elbow

Shoulder

 Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint

 Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
 Shoulder impingement & rotator cuff arthropathy

Spine

 Herniated nucleus pulposus

 Cauda equine syndrome (important)
 Degenerative disc disease
 Spondylolysis
 Spondylolisthesis
 Pyogenic infection of the spine
 TB spine
 Metastases to the spine (important)

Hip

 Osteoarthritis
 Avascular necrosis

Knee

 Osteoarthritis
 Ligament injury
 Meniscus injury

Ankle

 Sprains
 Achilles tendon rupture

Foot

 Plantar fasciitis
 Morton neuroma
 Pes planus
 Hallux valgus
 Hallux rigidus
 Diabetic foot ulcer (important)
 Charcot foot (important)
 Ingrown toenail

Last modified: Monday, 16 May 2016, 10:41 AM