FACULTY OF INFORMATION SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY

POWER SYSTEM
(TEL 20504)
ACTIVITY REPORT 2
(SUBSTATION)

BAIHAQI BIN BAHRIN

(012016020357)
RAZEEF IZLAN BIN MOHD ZARUDDIN
(0120127020620)
MUHAMMAD NASRUL SYAFIQ BIN MOHD NAZRI ILANGOVAN
(012016020324)
PREPARED FOR: SIR ALI TOFIGH

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Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3
DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Step-up Type Substation .......................................................................................................... 4
System Stations ........................................................................................................................ 5
Distribution Type Substation .................................................................................................... 6
Step down type substation ...................................................................................................... 7
Underground Distribution Substation ...................................................................................... 8
Switchyard ................................................................................................................................ 9
11 Kv substation ..................................................................................................................... 10
220 Kv substation ................................................................................................................... 11
132 Kv substation ................................................................................................................... 11
PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................... 12
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ........................................................................................ 14
Advantages of Substation ...................................................................................................... 14
Disadvantages of Substations ................................................................................................ 15
SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 16
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 17

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INTRODUCTION

The introduction part explains what is substation and the significance of it in

electrical system and the types of substation that exist.

An power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,

transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high or medium

to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power flows through several

substations between generating plant and consumer changing the voltage level in several

stages. A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage with decreasing

current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage with increasing the current

for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days

before the distribution system became a grid.

Figure 1:Substation
Electrical substation is the place where all electrical equipments such as high

voltage switching, three phase transformer, high voltage cables, low voltage cables, low

voltage feeder pillar, battery charging and etc which are used for electrical supplying in

power system and to make sure the safety of the system by the protection scheme.

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DESIGN
There are many types of substation design that can be found in the electrical system.

Step-up Type Substation

Figure 2: Step up type substation

This type of substation gets the power supply from a near producing facility. It

uses a large power transformer for enhancing the voltage level for transmitting to the

remote locations. In is substation, the power transmission can be done by using a

transmission bus to transmission lines. This substation can also be a knock on the

incoming power which is received by the generation plant. The received power can be

used to supply power to the operation of apparatus in the plant. A substation includes

circuit breakers for switch generation as well as transmission circuits in & out of service

as required.

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System Stations

Figure 3: System Station

This substation includes the huge amount of power transfer across the station and

it is called as a system station. These stations only offer no power transformers while

others do voltage exchange as well. Typically, these stations supply the end-points to the

transmission lines creating from switchyards & supply the electrical energy for circuits

that supply transformer stations. They are important to long-term consistency. These

stations are strategic services as well as very costly to build as well as to maintain.

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Distribution Type Substation

Figure 4: Distribution Type Substation

Distribution type substations are placed where the main voltage distributions are

stepped-down to supply voltages to the consumers using a distribution network. The

voltage of any two phases will be 400 volts, and the voltage between neutral and any

phase will be 230volts.

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Step down type substation

Figure 5: Step down type substation

This type of substation is placed at different points in an electrical network. They can

connect different parts of the network and that are a source of sub-transmission or

distribution lines. This type of substation can change the transmission voltage to a sub-

transmission voltage (69kV). The converted voltage lines can provide a source for

distribution substations. In some cases, power is tapped from the line of -transmission

line to utilize in an industrial capacity along the way. Or else, the power will supply to a

distribution substation.

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Underground Distribution Substation

Figure 6: Underground distribution substation

Installation of a substation in urban centers requires large space, but generally, they

don’t have a place to install the substation. To overcome this problem, installing the

substation underground decreases requirement of space and the surface area can also

be used for other constructions like buildings, shopping malls, etc. The main concept

of the underground substation is to offer the best conventional substation by reducing

the space occupied above land.

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Switchyard

Figure 7: Switchyard

The switchyard is the mediator among the transmission as well as generation, and

equal voltage can be maintained in the switchyard. The main purpose of this is to

supply the generated energy from the power plant at the particular level of voltage to

the nearby transmission line or power grid.

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11 Kv substation

Figure 8: 11 kv substation

The main purpose of the 11kv substation is to gather the energy which is transmitted at

high- voltage from the producing station, then lessens the voltage to a suitable value for

local distribution & provides amenities for switching. This substation includes isolator,

lightning arrester, step-down transformer, CT metering, circuit breaker, and capacitor

bank

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220 Kv substation

Figure 9: Switchyard

Here, the 220kVA substation is the power-capability utilized by the step-down

transformer in the substation, and it illustrates the highest apparent power a step-down

transformer can provide. The received voltage level of this substation will be 220kV.

132 Kv substation

Figure 10: 132Kv substation

The 132kV is the rating of the step-down transformer, which has a 132kV primary

voltage. Generally, these transformers are employed in transmission type substations

where the voltage has to be stepped-down to additional distribution.

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PROCESS
The process explains how substations works:

Electricity is generated in a thermal power plant, hydroelectric power plant, and

nuclear power plant, etc. This electricity is then supplied to a transmission substation

near the generating plant. In the transmission substation the voltage is increased

substantially using step up transformers. The voltage is increased to reduce the

transmission losses over long distances. This electricity then is supplied to a power

substation where it is stepped down using step down transformers and then supplied to a

distribution grid. In the distribution grid there are additional transformers and voltage is

further reduced for distributing further down the grid. From here the electricity is

supplied to step down transformers near residential quarters that step down the voltage

to 110/220 Volts as per each country’s requirement.

Figure 11: Power Distribution system

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 The substations are where the voltages are increased to high values by using step

up transformers, and after the transmission, they are again stepped down for distribution.

In addition changing the voltages the substations have a variety of protective devices like

circuit breakers and fuses to protect the distribution networks. These are designed in such

a way that various distribution circuits can be isolated for repairs and load shedding.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
This part explains the advantages and disadvantages substation:

Advantages of Substation
1. Step up and step down of the voltage for transmission and distribution: As for

the same power transmitted at a higher voltage the current is lower it results in

lower transmission losses, hence is the need of stepping up and stepping down

the voltage.

2. Switching and isolating the circuits for maintenance: Switching is also an

important function of substations. Closing down a feeder circuit when the load

demands are high needs to be done for the safety of the generating plants.

Switching high voltages is a dangerous work, and special circuit breakers like

air circuit breakers and oil circuit breakers for quenching the arcs have to be

used.

3. Load shedding: When the power demand is more than the supply, the

substations do load shedding on distribution circuits to maintain balance.

4. Correction of power factors circuits: The power factor has to be kept at the

correct value when reactive loads are there to protect the generating plant and

increase efficiency.

5. Safety devices like circuit breakers and fuses: These safety devices are provided

for protecting the machineries on the distribution circuit as well as in the

substation against high short circuit currents.

6. It contains bus bars for splitting the power for distribution: Thick bars of copper

to which various distributing circuits are connected by nuts and bolts are known

as bus bars.

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 Disadvantages of Substations

1. Always more space needed to arrange all the equipment.

2. The dirt and dust always deposit over the contact switch and other equipment, thus the

maintenance cost can be increased.

In a conventional outdoor electrical substation (Rated 33KV and above) will

have various substation equipment like Circuit Breaker, Current Transformer (C.T),

Potential Transformer (P.T), Isolators, Earth Break Switch (A.B.S), Air Circuit Breaker

(A.C.B) and some others will be installed under the open sky.

Necessary clearance needs to provide between phases, phase, and ground. The

equipment for outdoor switchgear manufactured separately and it will be erected at the

site as per the switchyard layout.

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SUMMARY

In today’s world of power shortages, increasing demand and the energy

efficiency debate, how the electricity network is run right through from the power station

to switch on the wall is becoming ever more important. Power companies are now

realising that the substation than carbon coal sequestration projects. But now power

companies are starting to pay more attention to potential changes that will drive

efficiencies to these once neglected parts of power distribution: isolating faults, updating

switchgear, monitoring and controlling substations and using automation, all while

maintaining a strong level of security and safety.There is also one other option that is

rarely considered when planning an expansion. With substations, as elsewhere, reducing

energy demand by helping implement energy efficiency measures at consumer premises

can push back or even remove the need for the upgrades. And that, as elsewhere, saves

costs all up the line.

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REFERENCES

1. http://pages.mtu.edu/~avsergue/EET3390/Lectures/CHAPTER6.pdf

2. https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/substation_enclosed_switchgear_pcc-

fundamentals.pdf

3. http://www.cbip.org/Elecrama/SC%20B3-Terry%20Krieg.pdf

4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254635478_Development_of_an_

Electrical_Substation_Equipment_Performance_Database_for_Evaluation_

of_Equipment_Fragilities

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation

6. https://www.nccer.org/docs/default-source/Course-Planning-

Tools/plwl2_substation_ceps.pdf?sfvrsn=510a0e4f_0

7. https://www.wecc.biz/Administrative/=INTRO_MOD_5-

Substations=rev2015-June.pdf

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