Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Volunteering for
Development in the
Philippines
Table of Contents
Foreword......................................................................................................................... i
Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................. 1
Development Administration............................................................................................ 1
The New Public Service Paradigm: Citizenship at the Core .......................................... 2
Defining Volunteerism..................................................................................................... 3
Volunteerism and Active Citizenship............................................................................... 8
The Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016),
Social Inclusion, and Volunteerism ............................................................................ 10
References.............................................................................................................. 74
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
i
Foreword
The last six years have seen a confluence of events that underscore
the latent power of volunteerism to address development challenges.
With the Volunteer Act of 2007, the Philippines became one of the few
countries that institutionalized volunteerism as a strategy for national
development and international cooperation. The tragedy of Ondoy,
Sendong and more recently of Yolanda and the Bohol earthquake, and
every major natural disaster before and after it, became catalysts for
modern-day heroism, prodding the Philippine Daily Inquirer to name,
“The Volunteers”, its People of the Year for 20111.
Philippine volunteerism will only reap genuine gains if different actors
come together and map out the future of volunteering. According to
the State of Philippine Volunteerism Report in 20112, among the many
challenges faced by the voluntary sector are advocacy of volunteering
for development at the local level and synergy of volunteering initiatives
with the Philippine Development Plan (PDP). In response to these major
challenges, three (3) recommendations3 were put forward:
1 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/139673/filipino-of-the-year-2011-the-volunteers
2 First Country Report on the State of Philippine Volunteerism published by the
Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency in 2011.
3 First Country Report on the State of Philippine Volunteerism 2011, page 34.
ii R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
Introduction on
Volunteering for
Development
Development administration
1
From the classical model of public administration, mainly characterized
by the bureaucratic and scientific models, scholars turned to
‘development administration’ as the ensuing paradigm, which basically
focused on nation-building as well as socio-economic progress. John
Montgomery (1966) defines development administration as “carrying out
planned change in the economy (in agriculture or industry, or the capital
infrastructure supporting either of those), and, to a lesser extent, in the
social services of the state (especially education and public health).”
Moreover, Fred W. Riggs (1970) has defined development administration
as “organized efforts to carry out programs or projects by those involved
to serve development objectives.” Sapru (1994) revisited the concept
of development administration, and stated that the primary objective
of development administration is to “strengthen the administrative
machinery which would bring about socio-economic development”
(p. 81).
In a study by David Stone (1965, cited by Sapru, 1994, p. 92), an
observation was that “the primary obstacles to development are
administrative rather than economic…Countries generally lack the
administrative capability for implementing plans and programs.”
Furthermore, Sapru (1994, p. 97) exhorts political reform to precede
administrative reform or for both reforms to go alongside each other, “if
the goals of development are to be achieved”. Thus, working to change
power relations, redistribution of resources and the overall focus of
1 Prepared by Dr. Maria Faina L. Diola for the Philippine Coalition on Volunteerism
(PhilCV) as bases for Action Planning.
2 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
Defining volunteerism
Volunteerism has taken on different meanings. We first take the
definition of volunteerism from the point of view of the International
Labor Office (ILO), which considers the economic dimension of
volunteerism. Notice the difference between volunteerism and regular
paid work for each attribute ILO pins on volunteerism. The different
characteristics of volunteerism described below are important to note,
especially (a) that volunteerism is work and (b) that it involves both
“direct” and “organization-based” work, which are especially important
considerations when assessing the contribution of volunteerism to the
economy, and even in establishing the contribution of volunteerism
globally, that is, accounting for what volunteerism might equally
contribute to development in monetary terms if volunteers were to be
paid like regular staff for their work.
Volunteerism has been defined by ILO as unpaid non-compulsory
work; that is, time individuals give without pay to activities performed
either through an organization or directly for others outside their own
household. A number of key features of this definition, and of the activity
it identifies as “volunteer work” deserve special attention. According to
the ILO Manual (2011)2:
2 This section was taken liberally from the ILO Manual (2011).
4 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
(a) It involves work. This means that it involves activities that produce
goods and/or services which contribute something of potential value
to its recipients. The activity being measured should contribute to
the production of goods and services that fall within the general
production boundary of the economy as defined in the System of
National Account (SNA). This means that the activity is not done
solely for the benefit or enjoyment of the person doing the activity
or of a member of that person’s household. Thus, playing a musical
instrument solely for one’s own enjoyment is not work and hence
not “volunteer work”; but playing a musical instrument (without
payment) for the enjoyment of residents in a nursing home or
community is. Similarly, training and education activities do not
constitute volunteer work because they do not typically produce an
output that falls within the production boundary of the economy
and therefore do not meet the definition of “work.” Most volunteer
work is within the international concept of employment as presently
understood, but there are volunteer activities that are beyond it.
(ii) To be considered a volunteer, a person needs to do “some” volunteer
work during a specified reference period. In the international definition
of employment, “some” is typically understood to be at least one hour
during a short reference period (of one day or one week. However,
it should be borne in mind that volunteering may be carried out for
shorter periods than this. A one-hour minimum threshold thus has the
potential of undercounting a significant number of volunteers and a
considerable amount of volunteer work, particularly episodes that are
individually short but that are conducted regularly. Thus, as long as the
volunteer activity qualifies as work as opposed to leisure, it may still
be considered volunteer work even if conducted for less than one hour
during a specified reference period.
and cultures. Rather than using this imprecise term, the definition
recommended here adopts the usage common in labor force
surveys, which use the “household,” i.e. persons living together
in the same housing unit, as the unit of observation. While more
precise, however, this term is not without its own complications. In
particular:
(i) Setting the boundary at the household level may well affect the rate of
direct volunteering in different countries because of cultural differences
in the range of family members who commonly live in the same
household. Countries may need to take this into account in reporting on
the extent of volunteer work.
(ii) Foster parenting poses a particular challenge. Foster-parenting could
be considered volunteer work where (1) it is a short-term activity
undertaken for a few days or weeks, (2) there is a clear understanding
that the child will not stay with the foster family once permanent care
is found and is therefore not a part of the foster family’s “household,”
and (3) any stipend provided is below the actual cost of the services
provided or expenses incurred. Where a child’s care is long-term,
however, the child becomes a member of the household, thus placing
the foster-parenting outside the scope of volunteer work. Even in cases
where the foster-parenting is a short-term activity, calculating the hours
volunteered by the foster-parents is complicated, because it is difficult
to separate hours volunteered from hours spent engaged in other
household activities. Countries where this activity is widespread may
therefore need to formulate rules of thumb to limit the number of hours
foster-parenting can legitimately be considered to occupy in a typical
day or week.
ACADEME
• Responding to the mandate of the academic institution of
implementing extension programs in partnership with the
community.
• Capacity-building
• Health and nutrition
• Community development
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
15
NGOs
• Delivery of social services
• Agriculture
• Education and research
• Implementation of specific activities related to the
institution’s mission and objectives
• Promotion and advocacy
• Capacity building
• Livelihood/Entrepreneurial
• IT related activities
• Emergency and relief operation/rehabilitation
GOVERNMENT
• Environment
• Health and nutrition
• Agriculture
• Delivery of social services
• Education
• Psychosocial services
• IT related activities
• Emergency and relief operation/rehabilitation
• Promotion and advocacy
One major area where volunteerism can perhaps play a distinctive
and significant role is in disaster risk reduction and management
(DRRM). As one of the top five (5) countries that are most
vulnerable to the debilitating effects of climate change, the
Philippines will definitely need the helping hands of volunteers.
Observations have shown that there has been little planning, if
not systematic planning, done during pre-disaster in the case of
the Philippines. However, there are sporadic efforts on the part of
volunteer groups engaging with local governments to mobilize
volunteers for DRRM. On the part of government, initiatives have
already been started by the Metro Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) regarding disaster response as well as by LGU volunteer
groups working on DRRM through their DRRM Councils.
16 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
Society
2
Volunteers in the Philippines
Philippine Volunteerism’s Contribution To Development And
The results give credence, economic value and added respect to the
contribution and impact of volunteers.
Project 10 Million Volunteer Hours is the first nationwide survey to
establish a system for measuring the quantitative dimensions – extent and
nature - of volunteering. IAVE Philippines will continue to implement
this project, hoping that in the next couple of years, it can document at
least 100 million volunteer hours (Ocampo, 2010, p18).
On 4 - 5 October 2010 during the 11th National Convention on Statistics,
NSCB presented a paper about its efforts towards the formulation
of a conceptual and statistical framework for the measurement of
the contribution of volunteer work in the Philippines. The paper was
aimed primarily to illustrate the feasibility/viability of the valuation
methodologies suggested in the UN Non-Profit Institutions (NPI)
Handbook. Subject to the limitations of the pilot Time Use Survey and
the heroic assumptions we made, the paper illustrates the methodology
and provides the following insights on the contribution of volunteer work
in the Philippines.
• In 2000, volunteers rendered an estimated 312.3 million hours of
volunteer service.
• In 2009, the total value of volunteer work reached Php 44.5
billion, from Php 20.1 billion in 2000. On the average, the value
of volunteer work increased annually by 10.2 percent at current
prices and by 6.4 percent at constant prices, during the 9-year
period from 2000-2009.
• Volunteer work constituted about 0.6 percent of GDP from 2000-
2009 (Virola, et al. 2010).
Romulo Virola, former Secretary General of the Philippine’s National
Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB) pondered that the magnitude of
volunteerism in the Philippine context certainly does not impress but
studies elsewhere cited by Mayer (2003) support the idea that modest
gains in social capital and increased levels of voluntary participation
can translate into large social and economic gains; that raising social
capital can be more effective development strategies than direct policy
interventions.
7 The data for the John Hopkins study was collected at different time periods (1995 for
most of the 22 original countries and 1997 or 1998 for the Phase IIB or 13 countries),
but rather than focus on absolute size, the study examined the relative size of the civil
society in a given country since the relative size was assumed not likely to change
much over the two or three year period of the study.
8 In their analysis, Salamon et al. explained that employment data for both paid and
volunteer are expressed in full-time equivalent (FTE) terms to make them comparable
among countries and organizations. Thus, they point out that an organization that
employs 20 half-time workers would have the same number of “full-time-equivalent”
workers (i.e., 10) as an organization that employs 10 people full-time. Similarly, an
organization that employs 10 fulltime paid workers would have the same “workforce”
as an organization that engages 50 volunteers who work one day a week, or one-fifth
time, each.
22 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
Fig. 2. Percent
Percentofofcivil
Civilsociety workforce
Society in 35 countries
Workforce's Reliance on Volunteers
(Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Sector Study)
24 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
• Padugo: we
bleed for the
cause
3
A. Relevant Laws and Policies that support Volunteerism
The Philippine government recognizes the need for continuing support of
development partners in the process of implementing a more responsive
development plan. The Philippine government has been generally
supportive of citizen participation in development. The first Philippine
Corporation Law, which encouraged local private philanthropy, was
passed in 1906. Likewise, Batas Pambansa Blg. 68, which established the
Corporation Code of the Philippines, explicitly recognized the operation
of religious corporations, colleges and other educational institutions as
non-stock corporations (Sec. 88).
In 1964, the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency
(PNVSCA) was created as a committee to concretize the Philippine
Government’s commitment to the agreement reached during the
International Middle Level Manpower Conference held in Puerto Rico in
1962, adopting volunteerism as a tool for socio-economic development.
The PNVSCA became an office in 1973 and then an Agency on 12
December 1980 through Executive Order No. 6359. It is the government
agency mandate to promote and coordinate volunteer programs and
services in the Philippines under the administrative supervision of the
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). It closely
works with other government agencies, NGOs, the academe, the
corporate group, the media and other partners in converging and linking
the different volunteering efforts and resources so that they are aligned
with national priorities and assist especially the marginalized sectors and
32 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
9 The narrative for this section was liberally taken from the Final Report of a Technical
Assistance for the DILG-LGA, “A Proposed Framework for Establishing the
Volunteer and Citizenship Program (VCP) of the Local Government Academy (LGA):
Bayanihang Bayan in Our Place”. Diola, Faina. 2012
10 http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno8425.htm.
38 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
11 The narrative for this section was liberally taken from the Final Report by this author
for a Technical Assistance for the DILG-LGA, “A Proposed Framework for Establishing
the Volunteer and Citizenship Program (VCP) of the Local Government Academy
(LGA): Bayanihang Bayan in Our Place”. Diola, Faina. 2012
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
39
3. VSO Bahaginan
The VSO Bahaginan, founded in 2004, is the federation member of
VSO in Asia and the Pacific. VSO is the world’s leading independent
international development charity that works through volunteers to fight
poverty in developing countries. VSO Bahaginan is committed to fight
poverty and social disadvantage through a wide range of volunteering
development programs.
VSO Bahaginan recruits, trains and sends skilled professionals to
work in partnership with organizations in Asia, Africa, Latin America,
the Caribbean and the Pacific. This volunteer organization manages
and develops business partnerships with companies who release their
employees on short-term volunteer placements. VSO Bahaginan supports
organizations, programs and advocacies that promote volunteering
for development. This is done by developing products and conducting
training to help national volunteering partners to practice good volunteer
management. Young people are involved and given a chance to make a
real difference in their exchange communities.
Through VSO Bahaginan, Filipino volunteers serve in developing
countries in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Pacific and the Caribbean
promoting development goals in HIV and AIDS, livelihood, disability,
health and social being, and participation and governance.
Majority of available assignments are for skilled professionals who are
able to live and work overseas usually for up to two years. Volunteers
must possess qualifications in the chosen field and should have at least
three years’ related experience. Employees of partner companies bring
much-needed business and management skills to developing countries
by volunteering for short periods (averaging 6-12 months) in VSO
assignments.
In the Philippines, VSO’s national volunteering program is called
KaBAHAGI, which assists local partner organizations develop strategic
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
41
12 http://jvpfi.org/about/
13 http://www.mc.edu.ph/centers/institutionalnetworkforsocialaction.html
44 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
students who are socially aware and oriented to the service of others.
With the yearning to create more impact, Miriam College merged CESO,
OSI and the “old” INSA into one center with unified vision and goals.
The “new” INSA, as an advocacy center, upholds its commitment to
the empowerment of the poor and marginalized groups in the society
and envisions a transformed society where justice and peace prevail. In
addition, within Miriam College, INSA commits itself to raise the social
awareness and deepen the social involvement of teachers and students
and orchestrate volunteerism as expression of solidarity with the poor as
well as to build local leaders’ capabilities for community development
and advocate for the advancement of people’s rights.
5. The Vincentian Center for Social Responsibility (VCSR), the core
group for volunteer action under the Integrated Community Extension
Services (ICES) of Adamson University, is a recognized center for
quality developmental services for and with the socially disadvantaged
under the inspiration of St. Vincent de Paul. It is a center that facilitates
the extension of relevant community services that contributes to the
development of partner communities towards the building up of the
Filipino nation.
The VCSR projects are systemic in nature, community-based, savings-
based and politically engaged. It takes the community situation as the
jump-off point of any undertaking and deals with all stakeholders as
partners. The VCSR volunteer projects are then replicated elsewhere
after thorough planning, evaluation and monitoring based on the United
Nations’ Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), which initially
tests successes and weaknesses of the projects before proceeding to
sectoral and multi-sectoral formation leading to formation of federations
for community advocacy and political/cultural empowerment.
6. The Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan Volunteers for
Community Outreach and Resource Development (VCORD) of the
Xavier Science Foundation (XSF) supports the various educational,
social and scientific pursuits of the College of Agriculture. At present,
VCORD works closely with the Archdiocese of Cagayan de Oro
as its secretariat for the Archdiocese Center for Empowerment and
Social Services (ACCESS), which serves as the coordinating unit of
the archdiocese in mobilizing activities such as forums, symposiums
and circles of discernment meetings and discussions on issues that
the archdiocese strongly advocates. VCORD also provides technical
assistance in facilitating the church’s continuous Organizational
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
45
D. Corporate Volunteerism
One of the best practices of corporate volunteerism documented by the
PNVSCA in their study is the Intel Involved Volunteering Program in
the Municipality of Trias, Cavite City. This program built a “town of
volunteers”, which focused on environment, education, health, safety
and community outreach. The Program also pioneered strategic and
sustainable activities, now incorporated in local government policies.
Intel provided a matching program for grant volunteering hours spent
by its employees, valued at US$80 for every 20 hours of work spent
in selected educational institutions or NGO in the communities. The
equivalent amount is given to these institutions. It was reported by
PNVSCA that in September 2007, Intel was able to raise nearly US$ 37
million benefitting 33 public schools and more than 30,000 students in
General Trias, Cavite City.
46 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
The USPC and OISCA have been the longest-running foreign volunteer
service organizations in the country, celebrating their 50th anniversary
in the Philippines, with programs that, according to PNVSCA, are still
relevant to Filipino communities till this day.
Mobilizing and Managing
Management
Systems 4
Volunteers for Development:
14 As far as the researcher has reviewed, there is no official regular publication on the
actual accomplishments by volunteers in the country, as evidenced by the first and only
official report published by the PNVSCA on the State of Volunteerism in 2011.
Responding to
Development Challenges:
5
Volunteerism can be expressed in almost any development service;
however it cannot replace the government’s regulation or law
enforcement function as well as in the collection and disbursement of
government money. Volunteering for jobs involving safety considerations
will have to be evaluated on a case to case basis, depending on the
qualification of the volunteer.
What may volunteerism do and may not do? Based on literature reviewed
for this Report, volunteers are basically individuals or organizations with
no promise, expectation or receipt of compensation, but may sometimes
receive an allowance for either transportation or food, depending on their
host organization. Others who volunteer outside their places of residence
may be afforded some accommodation by their host organizations.
In general, volunteers may do almost any kind of work except in a
few areas where state or government function may not be entrusted to
other non-state or non-government entities. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Guidebook to Volunteering (1999) lists down several possible
areas where volunteers can play a role. This report attempts to make
general categories of volunteer work based on various literature reviewed
on volunteering and actual experience. Some examples are listed for
reference:
56 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
15 A Proposed Framework for Establishing the Volunteer and Citizenship Program (VCP)
of the Local Government Academy (LGA): Bayanihang Bayan in Our Place. Diola,
Faina. 2012.
58 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
* Responses from founding partners of PhilCV during the Focus Group Discussion, held
during the National Volunteering Month, December 2014.
Academe
- They want to collaborate with agencies that already promote our
advocacy.
- They also want to partner with PhilCV
- San Miguel Corporation
- LGU
- Corporation Sector
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
61
NGO/CSO
- Build alliances with other NGOs/CSR
Government
- All of them want to be well rounded by networking and engaging
with each and everyone. (verbatim)
Corporate
- For the corporate sectors to work with the Government
especially on Governance issues, bottoms up budgeting, PBAC
- To tap all types of volunteers – Retirees, diaspora, professionals,
and youth.
- Volunteer programs aligned with business values
- Health Organization with health educational
- Broadcasting with communication
A Roadmap on Volunteering
for Development in the
Philippines
6
The Roadmap on Volunteerism for Development, drawn upon
examination of current laws and policies, programs and projects,
reflections on past volunteering conferences, secondary review
of literature, and focus group discussions with volunteer service
organizations, is intended to serve as lampost for the voluntary sector and
its core group (PhilCV members) in the Philippines to carry out a vision
for change and development in the country, in partnership with other
development institutions.
Overall, the Roadmap shall help the Volunteer Sector (PhilCV network
members) design favorable internal management systems that will
facilitate and boost volunteerism among volunteers and volunteer
organizations and promote volunteerism for development across all
sectors of society as well as respond responsively to selected / priority
Volunteering for Development areas. The Goals of the Roadmap on
Volunteering for Development are as follows:
Goal 1: Implement and Examine the Workability of the Volunteer Act
Goal 2: Establish and Strengthen Volunteer Management Systems
Goal 3: Establish a Volunteer-to-Volunteer Support and Networking
System
64 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
16 Drafted by this author for VSO Bahaginan, based on the three Volunteering Expos
(2011-2013).
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
65
17 The need to promote and expand the Bayanihang Bayan Program among local
government units is based on personal discussions by the author/consultant with
PNVSCA staff and from the discussions at the Conference on the State of Philippine
Volunteerism conducted last December 2011.
66 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
Source: First Report of the State of Volunteerism in the Philippines (2011), cited by Diola 2012
One would note that both the NGOs and the government
organization respondents have the tendency to share a similar interest
for volunteering towards attaining MDG 1 (poverty eradication)
and MDG 7 (environmental sustainability), while the academe tend
to volunteer more towards achieving MDG 2 (universal primary
education) as well as MDG 7 (environmental sustainability). Only a
few of the respondents work towards MDG 5 (maternal heath) and
MDG 6 (HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases) and even MDG 3
(child mortality). There is thus a need for volunteers to work more
towards other MDG targets.
In choosing which priority development programs, projects, and
activities to implement, PhilCV will need to emphasize efficiency
and performance more than longevity of presence or service in the
voluntary sector.
72 R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
References:
Barber, B. (1984.) Strong Democracy.: Participatory Politics for a New
Age. Berkley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Castillo, G. T. (2009). Corporate Citizenship with a Difference. Manila:
Philippine Business for Social Progress.
Cariño, L.T. (2002). Between the State and the Market, The Nonprofit
Sector and Civil Society in the Philippines. Center for Leadership,
Citizenship, and Democracy, National College of Public Administration
and Governance, University of the Philippines. Ford Foundation.
Civil Society Research Institute (CSRI). (2011). Civil Society
Organizations in the Philippines: A Mapping and Strategic Assessment.
Civil Society Resource Institute.
Dalisay, G.A. (2003). “Extending the Self: Volunteering as
Pakikipagkapwa”.Quezon City: Center for Leadership, Citizenship, and
Democracy (CLCD), National College of Public Administration and
Governance, University of the Philippines.
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
75
Government Documents:
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.http://www.chanrobles.com/
legal4agrarianlaw.htm
Corporation Code of the Philippines.http://www.gov.ph/1980/05/01/
batas-pambansa-bilang-68/
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).(2001). A
Study on People’s Participation in the Local Development Councils.
In collaboration with the Urban Resources and the Evelio B. Javier
Foundation Inc (EBJFI).
Home Guaranty CorportionAct .http://www.hgc.gov.ph/hgccharter.html
Local Government Agency/DILG.(2005). Good Citizenship Handbook.
Local Government Code of 1991.www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/
ra1991/ra_7160_1991.html
Philippine Constitution (1987).http://www.lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.
html
Philippine Development Plan, 2011-2016
Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA)
Agency Profile. http://www.pnvsca.gov.ph/aboutus/aboutus_agency_
profile.php
Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA).
(2012). First Country Report on the State of Philippine Volunteerism.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
Republic Act No. 9418
http://www.scribd.com/doc/65576869/Republic-Act-No-9418-Volunteer-
Act-of-2007
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992.http://www.chanrobles.
com/republicactno7279.htm
National Service Training Program Act of 2001.http://www.uprotc.org/
articles/ra-9163.html
Virola, R. (2010). “Volunteerism in the Philippines: Dead or Alive?On
Measuring the Economic Contribution of Volunteer Work”. See 11th
R o a d m a p o n Vo lunteering f o r Dev elo p me nt in the Philippine s
77