UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BENG TECH IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL ENGININEERING LABORATORY 2A (CELCHA2)

LABORATORY REPORT

SURNAME AND INITIALS SIBANDA N.S

STUDENT NUMBER 217069500
TITLE HEAT EXCHANGER
LECTURER M. DINAKE
DUE DATE 22/03/18
SYNOPSIS
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this report titled “Heat Exchangers”, submitted to
the Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment is
my original work. This is except for quotations and summaries which have been duly
acknowledged. I have not plagiarized or submitted the same work for any other degree.

Signature _____________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my friends and family for the love, support and understanding they gave
me while I was compiling this report. In addition, special thanks to my colleague, J. Ndaidza
for his input on my report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Synopsis..................................................................................................................................... 2

Declaration................................................................................................................................ 3

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 4

Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6

Experimental Procedure ......................................................................................................... 7

Results ..................................................................................................................................... 10

Discussions .............................................................................................................................. 14

Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 16

Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 17

Referencing ............................................................................................................................. 18

Appendices ..................................................................................................................................

Appendix A .................................................................................................................. 19

Appendix B .................................................................................................................. 19

Appendix C .................................................................................................................. 20
INTRODUCTION

Transfer of heat from one fluid to another is an important operation for a wide variety of
chemical industries such as oil refineries, power plants, food industry and waste heat
recovery plants. Devices that are used for efficient transfer of heat are called heat exchangers.
Heat exchangers are devices that provide the flow of thermal energy between two or more
fluids at different temperatures (Sadik, K. & Hongtan, L, 2002).

Heat exchangers are classified according to their respective transfer processes, number of
fluids, flow arrangements and heat transfer mechanisms. There are four main types of heat
exchangers and these are: tubular, plate-type, extended surface and regenerative. Shell and
tube falls under tubular and is characterised by its shell which has a bundle of tubes inside it.
It operates with two fluids, one running through the pipes and the other flowing over the
tubes so as to transfer heat between the two fluids. Shell and tube uses two configurations,
co-current and counter current. In counterflow, the hot and cold fluids enter in the opposite
ends of the heat exchanger and flow through in opposite directions (Nccatir-Ozisik, M. 1985).
In the experiment the fluid flows in counter current, with the hot water in the black pipes
flowing in a different direction to the cold water in the transparent pipes.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

This experiment was carried out by a group of 18 Chemical Engineering students from group
1 and group 4. The students were paired systematically according to the last 2 digits of their
student number by the lab assistant, M, Dinake, therefore making a total of 9 pairs.

Each of the pairs had to calculate the rpm by:

 Finding the average of the last 2 digits of their student numbers and labelling it YZ
 Calculating the flowrate using the formula:

𝑅𝑝𝑚 = 50 + (𝑌𝑍/100 X 500)

These calculated values were to be used in the experiment.

Apparatus

Double pipe heat exchanger (E3)

Valves

Flow meters

Thermometers

Experimental data

Pipe dimensions

Inner diameter = 0.0183m

Outer diameter = 0.0307m

Pipe length = 2.8m

Procedure

Before beginning the experiment, ensure that all the valves are fully closed.

1. Firstly, fully open valves V2 and V5 and partially open valve V3 whilst keeping V1
and V4 closed
2. Turn the main switch on. This is found on the control panel box.
3. Next, using the thermostat on D1, change the hot water temperature to 60℃ and wait
for T13 to stabilize
4. Turn the resistor J1 and start pump G1 using the main control box.
5. Set the flowrate of cold water to 500
6. Set the flowrate of hot water to the calculated rpm value
7. Take readings at steady state
8. Repeat the experiment for each of the 9 pairs and record the readings in a table.
RESULTS

The objective of this experiment is to determine the internal convective heat transfer
coefficient and verify if it falls within the acceptable range. To achieve this:

We have to calculate sensible heat 𝑄𝑠 using the equation below

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

Firstly, calculate the change in temperature for the cooling fluid. For example, using reading
one:

Convert the temperatures to Kelvins by adding 273.15 to each temperature:

𝑇𝑤,𝑜 = 26.6 + 273.15 = 299.75

𝑇𝑤,𝑖 = 22.9 + 273.15 = 296.05

∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑤,𝑖

∆𝑇 = 299.75 − 296.05

∆𝑇 = 3.7𝐾

Interpolate to find 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝑘, 𝑣, Pr, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑝

Find the average temperature,

299.75 + 296.05
𝑇𝑎 = = 297.5
2

x T Y 𝑣
Xo 295 Yo 1.002
X1 297.5 Y1 ?
X2 300 Y2 1.003

𝑥𝑜 − 𝑥2 𝑦𝑜 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
 295 − 300 1.002 − 1.003
=
297.5 − 300 𝑦1 − 1.003

𝑦1 = 1.00258

x T(K) Y 𝑚3 𝑘𝐽 6
𝑠 𝑊 𝑃𝑟 Hv
𝑣 𝑋 10−3 ( ) 𝐶𝑝( ) 𝜇 𝑋 10 (𝑁. 𝑚2 ) 𝑘 𝑋 103 ( )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 𝑚𝐾
Xo 295 Yo 1.002 4.181 959 606 6.62 2449
X1 297.5 Y1 1.00258 4.1798 892.3 610.06 6.1618 2442.6
X2 300 Y2 1.003 4.179 844 613 5.83 2438

Next convert the volumetric flowrate to mass flowrate 𝑚

𝑚=𝑄𝑋𝜌

500 𝑙 𝑋 0.001 𝑚3 𝑋 1ℎ𝑟 1000𝑘𝑔

𝑚= 𝑋
1ℎ𝑟 𝑋 1𝑙 𝑋 3600𝑠 1.00258 𝑚3

𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.1385
𝑠

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑘𝑔 𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 0.1385 𝑋4179.8 ℃ 𝑋 3.7℃
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑠 = 2142.43 𝑊

Calculate overall heat

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐻𝑣

𝑄𝑡 = 2142.43 𝑊 + 0.1385(2442620) = 340445𝑊

To find the velocity to be used to calculate 𝑅𝑒 :

𝑅𝑒 : The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to

help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At low Reynolds numbers (𝑅𝑒 <=
2100) flow tends to be dominated by laminar flow, but at high Reynolds numbers (𝑅𝑒 >
2100) turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may
sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow.

Calculate surface area

𝐴 = 0.25 𝜋𝐷2

𝐴 = 0.25 𝜋0.03072

𝐴 = 7.4023 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2

Recall

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑢

1.3885 𝑋 10−4
𝑢=
7.4023 𝑋 10−4

𝑢 = 0.1876 𝑚𝑠 −1

𝜌𝑢𝑑
∴ 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝑅𝑒 = 6437.86 … … . 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡

Calculate 𝑁𝐷

Nusselt number (Nu) is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to)
the boundary. It is dimensionless

𝑁𝐷 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒0.8 𝑃𝑟 0.8

0.8
𝑁𝐷 = 0.023 𝑋 6437.86 6.16180.8 = 53.04

Use the 𝑁𝐷 to calculate ℎ𝑜 (external convective heat transfer coefficient)

 𝑁𝐷 𝑘
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐷

ℎ𝑜 = 53.04 𝑋 610.06 𝑋 10−3

ℎ𝑜 = 1024.927 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

To calculate ℎ𝑖 we use the following formula

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
𝑞=
𝑑
ln ( 𝑜 )
1 𝑑𝑖 1
+ +
ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜 2𝜋𝐿𝑘 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖

𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝐿

𝐴𝑜 = 0.2701𝑚2

𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝑑𝑖 𝐿

𝐴𝑖 = 0.161𝑚2

[(𝑇𝑠𝑖 − 𝑇𝑤𝑜 ) − (𝑇𝑠𝑜 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖 )]

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤𝑜 )
ln [ 𝑠𝑖 ]
(𝑇𝑠𝑜 − 𝑇𝑤𝑖 )

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 24.38𝐾

The tubes used in the experiment are made of copper. So, to find the thermal conductivity(𝑘)
of the copper, we interpolate the 𝑘 at 300K and 400K to find the 𝑘 at 310.65K (average of the four
temperatures in reading 1)

∴ 𝑘 = 397.36
Inserting all values into the equation:

ℎ𝑖 = 807.35𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES

Sadik, K., & Hongtan, L. (2002) Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design
(Second Edition) London: CRC Press
Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., & Lavine, A.S. (2007). Introduction to Heat
Transfer (Fifth Edition) Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APPENDICES
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝐶𝑝 = 4.187 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃

𝐻𝑣 = 2030 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ℎ𝑜
Appendix B