Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abiogenesis - life started her; it was in the works and things were in the right
place and right time and it started
Panspermia – life was brought here; didn’t start here; maybe started on Mars but
a piece of rock landed her and sprouted life
Charles Darwin – inferred that all life forms were connected to one another
Savannah Hypothesis
- 98% of scientists agree with this theory
- Less trees and more grass means we needed to stand
Origins of Bipedalism
- Long distances to walk called for walking on 2 feet
- Walking upright helped seeing over grass
- Can now use hands
WEEK 2:
Process of Evolution
1. Genetic Variation: differences of genes in a particular POPULATION
a. Plays a big role in special survival
b. Population: group of interbreeding individuals
2. Change in Environment
a. Environments are constantly changing
b. Leads to enviro stress (temp, water, nutrient/food)
c. Some animals adapt due to their genetic variations
3. Adaptation: inherited trait that increases an organism’s rate to survive and
reproduce
a. Occurs at INDIVIDUAL levels, populations DO NOT adapt as a whole
b. Water stress example: camels’ urine so concentrated and stools are
dry enough to start a fire (adaptation to their dry and hot climate)
c. Darwinian Fitness: individuals’ ability to survive and reproduce in a
given environments specific conditions
d. An adaptation IS a mutation
4. Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest”
a. Organisms are “selected” on the basis of their Darwinian fitness
b. Can be positively selected (ex. Immune to something others aren’t)
OR negatively selected
c. Descent with Modification: things that die can’t reproduce or pass on
their gene f=traits, therefore lost their adaptation (END OF
DARWIN’S IDEAS)
5. Evolution – generation to generation change in the population of different
inherited genes in a population
a. long term changes in allele frequency
b. allele: certain types of gene (various types of hair genes: color, curl,
growth patterns, etc.)
c. occurs only as the level of population
Mechanism of Change:
1. Mutation (null, lethal, beneficial)
a. A permanent change in DNA sequence
b. Spontaneous rate of mutation = 2.2 x 10^-9
c. The source of brand new alleles
2. Gene Flow
a. The movement of genes in and out of the population
3. Genetic Drift
a. Change of allele frequencies in a population due to change of events
4. Natural Selection (directional, stabilizing, disruptive)
5 Logical Fallacies
1. Ad Hominem: attacking the person, not their idea
2. False Dichotomy: you’re either with us or without us; 2 options
3. Hasty Generalization: making a claim on too small of evidence
4. Argument from Ignorance: assuming something right because it hasn’t
been proven wrong
5. Fallacy Fallacy: assuming that conclusion is false because argument is false
Ethos: authority
Logos: logic
Pathos: emotions
WEEK 3:
We need two recessive genes of genome because recessive genes are like broken
genes, paired with dominant genes they will be overshadowed, but with two
recessive genes it will appear.
Egg
Endosymbiosis
Form and Function
‘Most Recent Common Ancestor’
Mutation (null, lethal, beneficial)
Sperm (head vs. tail)
THE common ancestor
Inbreeding