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“Reaching the sun with rooftop solar”, TERI, 2015
2. Explaining grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems
A grid-connected rooftop solar PV system includes different components that are selected
depending on the system type, site location and application. In the Indian context, system
components generally comprise of the following components: PV modules, mounting structures,
inverter and BOS (meters, junction box, cables, etc.). Batteries and tracking mechanisms are usually
not seen in grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems in India, mostly because of the high costs of
these components.
PV Modules – The PV modules are the devices that actually convert solar energy to
electricity. PV modules are made from PV cells, which are most commonly manufactured
using silicon; other materials used include cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium
selenide/sulfide (CIGS). Generally, silicon-based solar cells provide higher efficiency (15% -
20%) but are relatively costly to manufacture, whereas thin film cells are cheaper but less
efficient (5% - 10%). Since different types of PV modules have different characteristics (in
terms of efficiency, cost, performance in low irradiation levels, degradation rate), no single
type is preferable for all projects. Good quality PV modules generally have a useful life of 25
to 30 years, although the performance steadily degrades by about 20% over life time.
It is important to assess the quality of PV modules for use in projects. There exist a number
of quality standards developed by international and national organisations for the testing
and certification of PV modules and their performance. These are described later in this
section.
Inverter – Because the PV modules produce DC
power and electrical appliances (and the distribution
grid) predominantly require AC power, the inverter
in the system converts the DC power into AC power.
Inverters for solar PV power projects come in various
sizes and specifications; for grid-connected rooftop
solar applications, inverters come in standard sizes
ranging from a few hundred watts to a few hundred
kilowatts, depending on system size. There are many
different types of inverters in the market; selection
of an inverter for a project depends on a number of
factors, including application, size, cost, function,
usage, etc. Some inverters also perform energy monitoring functions. In the Indian market,
there is a deficit of availability of indigenous inverters, with the market being captured by
foreign inverter manufacturers. From the technology perspective, inverters have matured to
a large degree and opportunities of cost reduction through technology innovation are not
expected in the market. Top-of-the-line inverters offer efficiencies in the range of 95% - 98%.
Product standards for inverters are discussed later in this manual.
Balance of System – These consist of cables, switchboards, junction boxes, meters, etc.
Electricity meters record the amount of electricity consumed and/or produced (in kWh and
kVAh) by a customer within a premises. In addition to the metering of the net energy
consumption/production of a grid-connected rooftop solar PV system, most regulations in
India on metering also stipulate the location of an energy meter for measuring the
generation of the PV array.
A schematic of the general
working of a grid-connected
rooftop solar PV system is given
in Figure 1. Grid-connected
rooftop solar PV systems are
generally characterized by:
Electricity generation in
daytime
Low maintenance
requirement
Simple installation
Easy scalability
Robustness
High upfront investment
Due to the nature of the technology, the electricity generated varies by day, season,
year and is also dependent on geographical location. Typically, a small 200 kWp
grid-connected rooftop solar PV system will:
Mandatory Advisory
Solar PV Modules/Panels
IEC 61215/ IS 14286 Design Qualification and Type Approval Yes
for Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial
Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
IEC 61646/ IS 16077 Design Qualification and Type Approval Yes
for Thin-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic
(PV) Modules
IEC 62108 Design Qualification and Type Approval Yes
for Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV)
Modules and Assemblies
IEC 61701 Salt Mist Corrosion Testing of Yes
Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
IEC 61853- Part 1/ IS Photovoltaic (PV) module performance Yes
16170 : Part 1 testing and energy rating –: Irradiance
and temperature performance
measurements, and power rating
IEC 62716 Photovoltaic (PV) Modules – Ammonia Yes (As per
(NH3) Corrosion Testing site condition
like dairies,
toilets)
IEC 61730-1,2 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Yes
Qualification – Part 1: Requirements for
Construction, Part 2: Requirements for
Testing
IEC 62804 (Draft Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Test methods Yes (PID-
Specifications) for the detection of potential-induced resistant
degradation. IEC TS 62804-1: Part 1: modules)
Crystalline silicon
IEC 62759-1 Photovoltaic (PV) modules – Yes
Transportation testing, Part 1:
Transportation and shipping of module
Mandatory Advisory
package units
Solar PV String Inverters/PCUs
IEC 62109-1, IEC Safety of power converters for use in Yes
62109-2 photovoltaic power systems - Part 1:
General requirements, and Safety of
power converters for use in photovoltaic
power systems - Part 2: Particular
requirements for inverters. Safety
compliance (Protection degree IP 65 for
outdoor mounting, IP 54 for indoor
mounting)
IEC/IS 61683 Photovoltaic Systems – Power Yes
(For Standalone conditioners: Procedure for Measuring
System) Efficiency (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 90-
100% Loading Conditions)
BS EN 50530 Overall efficiency of grid-connected Yes
photovoltaic inverters:
(Will become IEC This European Standard provides a
62891) procedure for the measurement of the
(For Grid-connected accuracy of the maximum power point
System) tracking (MPPT) of inverters, which are
used in grid-connected photovoltaic
systems. In that case the inverter
energizes a low voltage grid of stable AC
voltage and constant frequency. Both the
static and dynamic MPPT efficiency is
considered.
IEC 62116/ UL 1741/ Utility-interconnected Photovoltaic Yes
IEEE 1547 Inverters - Test Procedure of Islanding
Prevention Measures
IEC 60255-27 Measuring relays and protection Yes
equipment - Part 27: Product safety
requirements
IEC 60068-2 (1, 2, 14, Environmental Testing of PV System – Yes
27, 30 & 64) Power Conditioners and Inverters
(Already present a) IEC 60068-2-1:
except 27,64) Environmental testing - Part 2-1: Tests -
Test A: Cold
b) IEC 60068-2-2:
Environmental testing - Part 2-2: Tests -
Test B: Dry heat
c) IEC 60068-2-14:
Environmental testing - Part 2-14: Tests -
Test N: Change of temperature
d) IEC 60068-2-27:
Environmental testing - Part 2-27: Tests -
Test Ea and guidance: Shock
e) IEC 60068-2-30:
Environmental testing - Part 2-30: Tests -
Test Db: Damp heat, cyclic (12 h + 12 h
cycle)
f) IEC 60068-2-64:
Mandatory Advisory
Environmental testing - Part 2-64: Tests -
Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random
and guidance
IEC 61000 Series Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), and Yes
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
testing of PV Inverters (as applicable)
Fuses
IS/IEC 60947 (Part 1, 2 General safety requirements for Yes
& 3), EN 50521 connectors, switches, circuit breakers
(Already present) (AC/DC):
a) Low-voltage Switchgear and Control-
gear, Part 1: General rules
b) Low-Voltage Switchgear and Control-
gear, Part 2: Circuit Breakers
c) Low-voltage switchgear and Control-
gear, Part 3: Switches, disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-
combination units
d) EN 50521: Connectors for photovoltaic
systems – Safety requirements and tests
IEC 60269-6 Low-voltage fuses - Part 6: Yes
Supplementary requirements for fuse-
links for the protection of solar
photovoltaic energy systems
Surge Arrestors
IEC 60364-5-53/ IS Electrical installations of buildings - Part Yes
15086-5 (SPD) 5-53: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Isolation, switching and
control
Cables
IEC 60227/IS 694, IEC General test and measuring method for Yes
60502/IS 1554 (Part 1 PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) insulated cables
& 2) (for working voltages up to and including
1100 V, and UV resistant for outdoor
installation)
BS EN 50618 Electric cables for photovoltaic systems Yes
(BT(DE/NOT)258), mainly for DC cables
Earthing /Lightning
IEC 62561 Series IEC 62561-1 Yes
(Chemical earthing) Lightning protection system components
(LPSC) - Part 1: Requirements for
connection components
IEC 62561-2
Lightning protection system components
(LPSC) - Part 2: Requirements for
conductors and earth electrodes
IEC 62561-7
Lightning protection system components
(LPSC) - Part 7: Requirements for earthing
enhancing compounds
Mandatory Advisory
Junction Boxes
IEC 529 Junction boxes and solar panel terminal Yes
boxes shall be of the thermo plastic type
with IP 65 protection for outdoor use, and
IP 54 protection for indoor use
Energy Meter
IS 16444 or as specified a.c. Static direct connected watt-hour Yes
by the DISCOMs Smart Meter Class 1 and 2 — Specification
(with Import & Export/Net energy
measurements)
Battery/Electrical Storage
IEC 61427-1 Secondary cells and batteries for Yes
renewable energy storage - General
requirements and methods of test - Part 1:
Photovoltaic off-grid application
IS 13369 Stationary lead acid batteries (with
tubular positive plates) in mono-bloc
containers
IEC 61427-2 Secondary cells and batteries for
renewable energy storage - General
requirements and methods of test - Part 2:
On-grid applications
Solar PV Roof Mounting Structure
IS 2062/IS 4759 Material for the structure mounting
DIN EN 1991-1-4 Actions on structures, Part 1-4: General Yes
actions – Wind actions
iii. What are the guidelines for designing a grid-connected rooftop solar
PV system?
The design of a PV plant aims at achieving the lowest possible levelized cost of electricity. It
comprises identification of load, sizing of system, selection of suitable technologies/products, which
requires assessment cost, power output, benefits / drawbacks of technology type, quality, spectral
response, performance in low light, nominal power tolerance levels, degradation rate and warranty
terms.
Selection of inverter includes assessment of compatibility with module technology, compliance with
grid code and other applicable regulations, inverter-based layout, reliability, system availability,
serviceability, modularity, telemetry requirements, inverter locations, quality and cost.
Choosing row spacing to reduce inter-row shading and associated shading losses
Choosing the layout to minimise cable runs and associated electrical losses
Allowing sufficient distance between rows to allow access for maintenance purposes
Choosing a tilt angle that optimises the annual energy yield according to the latitude of the
site and the annual distribution of solar resource
Orientating the modules to face a direction that yields the maximum annual revenue from
power production; as India is in the northern hemisphere, the modules will usually be south-
facing, although sometimes they are kept facing west in order to sync generation with
evening peak demand
The electrical design of a PV project can be split into the DC and AC systems. The DC system
comprises the following:
Automatic data acquisition and monitoring is important in the design of any grid-connected rooftop
solar system. It allows comparison of actual generation with design calculations during the system
operation, and helps in identification and analysis of faults.
In the design phase, it is also important to give due consideration to the surrounding structures, for
particular use in shading analysis.
For system design, one of the most commonly used software in India is the PVSYST, which has
become the industry standard. Table 1 lists some of the various PV system design software prevalent
in the sector, both in India and abroad.
Software Description
RETScreen Developed by: Canadian government, industry,
academia
Use: Evaluation of energy production, savings,
costs, emission reductions, financial viability, risk
HOMER Developed by: Originally developed by NREL;
Now licensed to HOMER Energy
Use: Design of distributed energy systems,
including technical and economic feasibility
analysis
NREL Solar Advisor Model (SAM) Developed by: NREL (National Renewable
Energy Laboratory)
Use: Estimation of energy production, peak and
annual system efficiency, LCOE, capital cost,
O&M costs
(used with TRNSYS)
SolarGIS – pvPlanner Developed by: SolarGIS
Use: Site prospecting, prefeasibility and pre-
design assessment, yield assessment
PV F-Chart Developed by: F-Chart Software
Use: Estimation of energy generation, efficiency,
load, economics, life cycle costs, equipment
costs
PVSYST Developed by: PVSYST Photovoltaic Software
Use: Study, sizing, simulation and data analysis
SolarPro Developed by: LaPlace Systems
Use: Estimation of power production, life cycle
analysis
With regard to PV design, IEC has released a standard, the IEC 62548 “PV arrays – Design
requirements”, which does not have an equivalent BIS standard at present. This standard sets the
design requirements for PV arrays, also including DC array wiring, electrical protection devices,
switching and earthing provisions.
Module cleaning (dust, bird dropping and other debris can cause 5-10% decrease in power
generation)
Checking module connection integrity
Checking junction / string combiner boxes
Thermographic detection of faults using Thermographic camera
Inverter servicing
Inspecting mechanical integrity of mounting structures
Vegetation control
Routine balance of plant servicing / inspection
Manufacturers and developers generally have set practices for PV system maintenance, with many
offering multi-year AMCs (Annual Maintenance Contracts); AMCs are mandatory for developers and
system integrators that are empanelled with MNRE as Channel Partners under the Ministry’s grid-
connected rooftop solar PV scheme. AMCs mandate that the contractor shall carry out the required
maintenance activity (including replacement of equipment) inside the guarantee period of the AMC
(usually 2-5 years), without any cost to the customer.
Performance monitoring
An important aspect of a complete grid-connected rooftop solar PV system is performance
monitoring. This is essential in the successful operation and maintenance of the system, since it
provides the relevant data for fault
detection and performance analysis.
At minimum, the data includes the
data logged in inverters, switches and
meters. This is the case in small-size PV
systems.
System operation and performance Figure 1: Typical energy generation curve in a day under clear-sky
conditions
The actual generation is very closely
related to the instantaneous solar
irradiance on the surface of the solar module, and follows a bell curve as solar radiation increases
and decreases from morning to evening. An example of a generation curve for a day under clear-sky
conditions is shown in Figure 2.
Energy generation of a solar PV system can be estimated using the system size (kW p or MWp), basic
solar resource data, and system losses (Figure 3 shows a Sankey diagram depicting typical PV system
energy losses). In the preliminary project phase, generic estimations can be made using just these
parameters. For more accurate calculations, software products are available that use location-
specific weather data records, PV module configuration (angle, orientation, etc.), efficiency, losses,
array design, cell temperatures, inverter characteristics and so on. The generic estimations are
useful in preliminary project feasibility assessments, and are useful since they provide quick and easy
estimations. These estimations provide year-wise generation data in the project life; they cannot be
used for monthly/daily/hourly generation estimates. However, these are discarded for more
accurate estimations using specialized software products in the design phase of the project. These
detailed estimations require a lot more data for obtaining the desired generation estimates, but they
provide very detailed generation estimates as well, including month-wise, day-wise and hour-wise
generation.
Energy generation calculation examples of both generic estimations and software-based simulations
are provided in this section for reference by lenders.
Generic estimation
Generic estimations use a small number of parameters to give a crude approximation of the
generation performance of a PV system. These can be made more realistic by accommodating more
parameters into the calculation. There are also different means of calculation, using different input
parameters. Generally, the following parameters are considered:
These estimates can also be used for project economic and financial analysis, such as payback, NPV,
etc. for the financial feasibility assessment of projects.
1,400
Yearly generation (kWh/yr)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400 Energy generation
200
-
2015201720192021202320252027202920312033203520372039
Year
Figure 5 shows a typical PVSYST report showing the estimate of normalized energy generation (in
kWh/kW/day) of a PV system for every month of a year.
Such energy generation estimates are produced during the design phase of the project, after the
initial phases of feasibility assessment, site selection, etc. have been carried out.
Figure 3: Illustrative PVSYST report for normalised energy generation for a PV system
v. Business models
There are primarily two business models for grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects: CAPEX and
OPEX. Both business models have their merits and demerits; choice of business model for a
particular project depends upon a number of factors, such as roof owner priorities, desirable
operating conditions, profitability, etc. Table 4 lists some of the key features of both business
models.
CAPEX OPEX*
Project owned by roof owner/consumer Project owned by project developer/supplier
Roof owner/consumer responsible for O&M of Roof owner/consumer not responsible for O&M;
system after initial 1-2 year period O&M is responsibility of project developer
Can’t be converted to OPEX model at a later date Can be converted into CAPEX at a pre-decided
date (option to buy back)
Power to be used for captive consumption; Power can be sold to roof owner;
surplus power can be sold to distribution utility Power can be sold to distribution utility;
Power can be sold to third party**
*project developer is usually a Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO)
**some state regulations do not permit this mode of operation; should be checked at the time of project
conception/planning
3. Central and State policies
In late 2014, the Government of India expanded the initial 20 GW target to 100 GW of grid-
connected solar capacity by 2022; comprising 40 GW through grid-connected rooftop solar and 60
GW through ground mounted installations. To achieve the planned ramp-up of solar capacity from
the existing 3 GW to 100 GW by 2022, many opportunities for investment have been created
through a variety of schemes launched by the Government. These schemes include provisions to
expedite the existing mechanism of project development, by reducing the amount of clearances
required and providing land to developers on a plug-and-play basis.
In 2011 by the amendment in the National Tariff Policy 2006, an increase in Solar Renewable
Purchase Obligation (Solar RPO) compliance has been prescribed from a minimum of 0.25% in 2012
to 3% in 2022. Under the revised target, the solar RPO compliance has increased to 10.5% by 2022
for all state utilities and other obligated entities. The central government is actively supporting the
development of solar projects by developing attractive schemes for developers and power
consumers installing solar PV projects. The incentives offered by the central government are
segment specific and aim to attract investment by providing suitable policies. Various other direct
and indirect incentives currently offered by the government to promote solar energy include:
ii. What are the project lifecycle costs of a grid-connected rooftop solar
PV system?
Solar PV systems have a high upfront cost and low operational costs, due to there being no fuel
requirement or usage. For grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems, operational costs are very low,
as there is no need for battery replacement. Generally, operational costs for grid-connected rooftop
solar PV systems include general up-keep and maintenance, inverter replacement, and replacement
of other BOS components (meters, junction box, cables, etc.).
Table 4: Typcial Capital Cost breakdown for a grid-connected rooftop solar PV system
PV system component %age of Capital CostTable 6 shows the general breakup of the
PV modules 45-55% capital cost for a small-medium sized
Inverter 20-30% grid-connected rooftop solar PV project.
Mounting structure 15-20% The average capital cost for grid-
Other BOS (Junction box, 5-10% connected rooftop solar PV systems is ~
cables, meters, etc.) Rs. 80/Wp. With increase in system size,
economies of scale may allow cost reduction, down to an average capital cost of Rs. 70-75/Wp.
Generally, annual operational costs are assumed to be ~ 2% of the capital cost in most financial
analyses.
Table 7 gives the general assumptions used for the financial analysis of a grid-connected rooftop
solar PV system.
Table 5: General assumptions used in financial analysis of grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects
iii. What is the typical payback period for grid-connected rooftop solar
PV projects?
A grid-connected rooftop solar PV system generally has a payback period of 6-8 years. However, this
is highly dependent on the business model of the project. Since there is not a lot of variation in the
cost structure of well-designed and implemented grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects, the
revenue model becomes very important in ascertaining the project’s financial health. For instance,
states in India have their own policies and regulations for grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects,
such as Feed-in Tariff (FiT) and Net Metering. The FiT as well as the tariff structure can vary as
decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), which can lead to big differences in
the financial viability of grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects in different states. Also, other
business models such as those based on Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) or roof leasing can have
widely different mechanisms for determining the financial viability.
It may be noted that most grid-connected rooftop solar PV project financing in India relies on the
financial health of the balance sheet of the project developer as this reduces the risk exposure of the
lending institutions.
Technology risks
Since the grid-connected rooftop solar PV industry and the solar PV power industry itself, is
relatively new and yet to mature, there is some risk in the selection of PV system components. PV
modules have a product life of 25 years, but the industry itself does not have that much experience
with 25 years operating life of PV systems, including the lifecycle performance of PV modules and
other system components with respect to module failure, performance degradation, etc. This
contributes to some uncertainty in the project’s financial viability over the project life. Also, like in
any industry, there are a number of low-quality products available in the market, which may hold
the attraction of initial cost reduction opportunities. Use of such components adds to the technology
risk in a project.
Technology risks can be mitigated to a large extent with a few measures early on in a project. These
can be:
It may be helpful to develop a list of preferred suppliers for reference in evaluation of loan
applications.
In the absence of site-specific reliable solar resource data, it is generally best to get the required
data from different sources and conduct separate analysis of energy generation. The solar resource
data used can be substantiated with site-specific solar resource risk assessment study by a
consultancy organization, if required.
In projects based on PPAs also, the credibility of the power purchaser should be carefully assessed
before signing of the PPA. This includes risk associated with roof owners; the credit profile of the
roof owner should also be carefully assessed.
Poor financial health of distribution utilities and poor enforcement of regulations put the financial
viability of the project at risk. Ideally, lenders can avoid this risk by focussing lending operations in
states with a proven track record of payment by distribution utilities.
In PPA-based projects, apart from an in-depth evaluation of the power purchaser’s credibility, the
specific terms and conditions of the contract are also very important.
Policy & regulatory uncertainty
The Indian solar PV market has seen a number of different policies and schemes so far. Despite the
major focus given to the solar PV power sector by the Government of India, there has been a
notable lack of consistency in policy. However, in the grid-connected rooftop solar PV segment,
there has been comparatively greater policy stability and consistency, apart from the capital subsidy
disbursement on 30% of project cost till late last year due to deficit of funds. Currently, that issue
stands resolved and the terms for disbursal of subsidy have been clarified by MNRE.
Developer/Promoter risk
The grid-connected rooftop solar PV market in India is still in its nascent phase; so, there are a large
number of developers and promoters without sufficient experience. Thus, it is of utmost importance
to do an in-depth evaluation of the technical and financial capability of the developer and/or
promoter of the project. Ideally, a developer should have prior full project development experience
from start to finish for multiple projects as well as a team of sufficient experienced manpower to
carry out the tasks of the project. The experience of the developer also matters in obtaining the
requisite clearances and approvals for the project to move forward, which can otherwise cause
unnecessary delays in project development.
Also, it is found that a majority have insufficient free business cash flows with which to service their
debt schedule.
Lastly, inadequacy of KYC (Know Your Customer) details of the potential borrowers increase the risk
assessment of lenders.
Security coverage
Grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems by themselves have low and untested resale value in the
market, which makes it difficult to use the PV system as security for the project debt. There is also
the uncertainty regarding continued availability of the roof space over the 25-year project life with
no security interest. In addition to that, many potential borrowers will have inadequate business
assets for holding as collateral on the loan.
Annexure 1: General project development process for grid-connected
rooftop solar PV projects in India
The project development process for grid-connected rooftop solar PV projects in India does not
follow any established protocols/procedures, since the market is yet to mature so not enough
project development has taken place, and there are a number of government schemes/programs
and implementation models which have different modes of implementation. However, there is a
general set of stages that most project development processes follow, which includes (i) Project
Planning/Preparation, (ii) System Design, (iii) Implementation, and (iv) Operation & Maintenance.
This set of steps has been illustrated to show the common aspects of grid-connected rooftop solar
PV project development in India. It is to be noted that the project development process described
here is for the purpose of understanding only, and may differ from state-to-state.
Annexure 2: List of State Nodal Agencies (SNAs)
Andhra Pradesh http://nedcap.gov.in/Home.aspx
Andaman & Nicobar Islands http://electricity.and.nic.in/
Arunachal Pradesh http://www.apeda.org.in/
Assam http://www.assamrenewable.org/
Bihar http://breda.in/abour_us.html
Chhattisgarh http://www.creda.in/
Delhi http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_eerem/EEREM/Home/
Goa http://geda.goa.gov.in/
Gujarat http://geda.gujarat.gov.in/
Haryana http://hareda.gov.in/
Himachal Pradesh http://himurja.nic.in/
http://jakeda.nic.in/
Jammu & Kashmir
http://ladakhenergy.org/
Jharkhand http://www.jreda.com/
Karnataka http://kredlinfo.in/
Kerala http://anert.gov.in/
Lakshadweep Islands http://www.lakpower.nic.in/
Madhya Pradesh http://www.mpnred.com/Home/Index.aspx
Maharashtra http://www.mahaurja.com/
Manipur http://manireda.com/
Meghalaya http://mnreda.gov.in/
Mizoram https://zeda.mizoram.gov.in/
Nagaland http://www.nrengl.nic.in/
Odisha http://www.oredaodisha.com/
Punjab http://peda.gov.in/main/
Rajasthan http://www.rrecl.com/Index.aspx
Sikkim http://sreda.gov.in/
Tamil Nadu http://teda.in/
Telangana http://tg.nedcap.gov.in/
Tripura http://treda.nic.in/
Uttarakhand http://ureda.uk.gov.in/
Uttar Pradesh http://neda.up.nic.in/
West Bengal http://www.wbreda.org/