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Biology Matters G.C.E.

'O' Level (2nd Edition): Textbook Answers Chapter 17

Chapter 17 Reproduction in Plants

Test Yourself 17.1 (page 316)

1. Reproduction is the production of new organisms to ensure the continuity of a species.

Test Yourself 17.2 (page 320)

1. Sepals – Enclose and protect the other parts of the flower in the bud stage.
Petals – Brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination and provide a
platform for insects to land.
Stamens – Pollen sacs in anther produce pollen grains which contain the male
gametes.
– Filament holds the anther in a suitable position to disperse the pollen.
Carpels – Ovary contains the ovule which produces the female gamete (ovum).
– Stigma receives the pollen grains and stimulates them to germinate.

2. (a) A – stigma
B – anther
C – petal
D – ovary
E – ovule
F – sepal
(b) B and E
(c) Any two of the following:
– Brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination.
– Provide a platform for insects to land.
– Nectar guides guide insects to the nectar deep inside the flower.

Test Yourself 17.3 (page 329)

1. Clitoria is a bisexual flower (possesses both stamens and pistils).

2. Advantages of cross-pollination are:


– Offspring produced may have inherited beneficial qualities from both parents.
– There is greater genetic variation. This increases the chance of the species surviving
changes in the environment.
– Increased probability of offspring being heterozygous.
– The likelihood of harmful recessive alleles being expressed in offspring is lower as
compared with self-pollination.
– More viable seeds are produced. Such seeds are capable of surviving longer before
germination.

Features favouring cross-pollination are:


– Dioecious plants bearing either male or female flowers.
– The anthers and the stigmas maturing at different times in bisexual flowers.
– The stigmas of plants with bisexual flowers may be situated some distance away from
the anthers so that self-pollination is unlikely.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited


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Biology Matters G.C.E. 'O' Level (2nd Edition): Textbook Answers Chapter 17

3. Pollination of a Clitoria flower.


– In its natural state, the flower is inverted with the standard petal at the bottom. When
an insect such as a bee visits the flower, it lands on the standard petal.
– The insect follows the nectar guide into the flower.
– The insect forces its way in between the two wing petals and moves in to collect the
nectar.
– The insect’s back forces the keel petal upwards to expose the stigma and the
anthers. The stigma and anthers brush against the hairy back of the insect. When this
happens, some pollen grains from the anther stick to the hairy back of the insect. At
the same time, pollen grains on the insect’s back (from another flower which the
insect has visited earlier) are transferred to the sticky stigma.
– When the insect leaves the flower, the keel petal springs back to its original position
to enclose the stamens and the stigma again.

Refer to Table 17.2 for the differences between an insect-pollinated flower and a wind-
pollinated flower.

Test Yourself 17.4 (page 330)

– After pollination, the pollen grains germinate in response to the sugary fluid secreted by
the mature stigma.
– A pollen tube grows out from each pollen grain.
– The cytoplasm and the two nuclei (pollen tube nucleus and generative nucleus) of each
pollen grain pass into the pollen tube. The growth of the pollen tube is controlled by the
pollen tube nucleus.
– As the pollen tube grows, it secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissue of the
stigma and style. Thus, the pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary.
– The pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle.
– Along the way, the generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes. The pollen
tube nucleus soon disintegrates.
– Within the ovule, the tip of the pollen tube absorbs sap and bursts, releasing the two
male gametes.
– One male gamete fuses with the ovum to form the zygote. This is fertilisation.

Get It Right (page 332)

(a) False
Sexual reproduction can occur when there is only one flower present.
(b) False
The nucleus in the pollen grain is the male gamete.
(c) True
(d) False
Offspring produced by self-pollination method are genetically dissimilar.
(e) True
(f) False
Wind pollinated flowers are flowering plants.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited


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Biology Matters G.C.E. 'O' Level (2nd Edition): Textbook Answers Chapter 17

Let’s Review (page 332)

Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions

1. C
2. C

Section B: Structured Questions

(a)

anther

stigma
filament

(b) By wind
(c)
Structure Adaptation
Stigma Large and feathery in order to provide a large surface area to trap
pollen.
Anther Large and produces an abundance of pollen to offset wastage.
Pollen grains produced are tiny and light to enable easy floating
in air.
Filament Long and protrude out of bracts to expose anther to wind.
Slender and pendulous in order to sway readily in wind to
dislodge pollen from the anther.

Section C: Free-Response Questions

1. Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical


offspring from one parent, without the fusion of gametes, while sexual reproduction is the
process involving the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote, resulting in the production
of genetically dissimilar offspring.

2. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma, while fertilisation
is the process by which the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the
female gamete to form a zygote.

* 3. – Offspring produced from asexual reproduction are genetically identical.


– Offspring produced by self-fertilisation and cross-pollination are genetically dissimilar.
– A plant species that reproduces by cross-pollination produces many more varieties of
offspring than a plant species that reproduces solely by self-pollination.
– When there are more variations in a species, the species is better adapted to
changes in the environment.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited


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