1, Maturationist Perspecitves

(Gessell)

predocatable biological

2. Psychodynamic Perspectives (Object Relations Theory)

Freud
how people understand and represent their relationship with other people

Constructivist/Integrationist

learning and development occur when young children interact with the environment
and people arounf the, (Hunt)
Context is important in child development
Varieties: Active Learning, discovery leaarning, knowledge building

4. Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Jean Piget
children think differently than adults
Chuldren play an active role in gaining knowledge of the world.
- little scientist
4 stages: sensorimotor stage - girth to age 2
preoperational stage - 2 - 7
concerete operational stage - 7 to 11
formal operational stage 0 adolescence to adulthood

5. Behavioritst, Environmentalist Theories

No consideration to internal thoughts and feelings
How experience shapes who we are
Kindergartenness 0 age or stage when young children can respond appripritately to
the environment of the school ad the classroom

growth
development
children
age

6. Evolutionary Perspective
- Darwinian evolution
behaviors and cognitions are products of natural selection pressures operating over
the course of
evolution and are characteristics of children's
behaviors and minds
- behavior is reflected by the genetic will to survive

7. Information Processing Perspectives

1950s - human learning as the development of networkes memory
structures.
humans process the information they receive rather than
merely responding to stimuli
- 3 concepts: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memmory
-
8. Sociocultural Perspectives
Lev Vygotsky - parents caregivers, peers
responsible for the development
- first level: social level
individual level

how cultutal beliefs and attitudes impact hoe instruction and

learning take plance
zone of proximial development

distance between actual devpt level

as determined bu independent problem solving
and the level of potential development as
determined through problem solving under adult guidance
or in collaboration with more capable peers

9. Development Ecological System

Urie Bronfenbrenner
microsystem (FAMILY, SCHOOL, RELIGIOUS, PEERS
mesosyem (INTERCONNECTIONS)
Exosystem (LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL SETTING)
macrosystem.
chronosystem (divorCE_

10. Lifespan Perspectives

-period that extends from conception to death
Paul Baaltes
lifelong, multidimensonal, plastic

11. Humanist Perspective

free will
carl rogers and abraham maslow
self-actualization is a primary goal in life
it is a state of self-fulfillment in which
people achieve their highest potential in their
own unique way

12. Ethological Theory Perspectives

behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution
and is characterized by critical or sensitive peroids

13. Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardne
- too limited of intelligence
profile of intelligence
Verbal-linguistic
logical - mathrematical
spatia; - visual
bodily - kinesthethic
musical intelligence
interpersonal intelligence
naturalist intelligence
existential intelligence