1-CHA 3-PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES LECTURE Revision PDF

CHAPTER 3-PROPERTIES OF
PURE SUBSTANCES
ENGR WILLIAM R. SALAZAR, PME
INSTRUCTOR
§ Saturated vapor
q INTRODUCTION § Wet vapor
This lesson deals with the § Saturated or dry and saturated vapor
properties of pure substances, § Superheated vapor
particularly that of water. Included in
§ Tv. pv, Ts, hs, pT and ph diagram
the discussion are definition of terms
discussion
and useful information regarding
phases of matter and the manner of § Sample problems and supplementary
changing the phases of a pure problems to enhance the knowledge
substance. of the students
To be discussed:
§ Change of phase of water at constant
pressure
§ Subcooled or compressed liquid
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
q lESSON OBjECTIvES
q DEFINITIONS AND USEFUl INFORmATION

§ Pure Substance - is a substance that is homogeneous in composition and homogeneous and
invariable in chemical aggregation.
§ It is a pure substance if its chemical composition does not change even in solid, liquid, or
gaseous phase. (example ; water
§ Phase is a quantity of substance that is homogeneous throughout.
q ADDITIONAl ThERmODyNAmIC PROPERTIES
1. Enthalpy - is a thermodynamic property , § For Open System
defined as follows: Enthalpy - is the sum of internal energy
§ For Closed System and the flow energy or flow work
-It is the sum of internal energy H = U + Ef eq. 3.2
and the product of pressure and where:
specific volume. H = total enternal energy, kJ, kW,
Btu, Btu/min
h = u + pv eq. 3.1
U = total intrnal energy ,kJ, kW,
Where: Btu, Btu/min
h = enthalpy, kJ/kg, Btu/lb Ef = flow energy of flow work, kJ, kW,
p = pressure, kPaa, psia Btu, Btu/min
v = specific volume, m3/ kg, ft³/lb

2. Entropy - is a thermodynamic property, first q ChANgE OF ENTROPy FOR REvERSIBlE
introduced by Clausius in 1865, defined PROCESS
as: Given by following relations:
- Is the measure of the microscopic eq. 3.3

disorder of the molecules of a substance,
it remains constant in an adiabatic
reversible process.
- In an irreversssible process, entropy is
the measure of the unavailable energy. Details of entropy will be discussed in Lesson 5: Second
- Entropy is also defined as the measure Law of Thermodynamics
of the irreversibility of the system or q ThREE PhASES OF mATTER OR PURE
SUBSTANCE
substance.
1. Solid Phase
2. Liquid Phase
3. Vapor or Gaseous Phase
q mANNERS OF ChANgINg PhASES q ChANgE OF PhASE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
v Melting or fusion - The change of phase § Change of phase at constant pressure is when a
from solid to liquid. pure substance changes its phase from solid to
gaseous phase without changing the applied or
v Freezing or solidifying - The change of exixting pressure.
phase from liquid to § Typical example: Water that changes its phases
solid. from solid to vapor at an existing pressure.
v Vaporization - The change of phase from Consider 1 kg of water at 101.325 kPa
liquid to gaseous phase.
v Condensation - The change of phase from
vapor to liquid;during
the process, it is also
called as condensing.
v Sublimation - The change of phase from
solid to vapor or vice versa.
Explanation for Change of Phase:
§ At state 1, water is at solid state, -20 °C at atmospheric

pressure. Heat is added and undergo the process from state 1
to state 2 with out melting. The process is heating and
increasing the temperature fro -20 °C to 0 °C. This heat is
called Sensible Heat.
§ At state 2, water is still in solid phase at 0 °C. Heat is
continuously added but the temperature remains at 0 °C.
Melting is about to start. This heat added to at process 2 to 3
that melts the solid water to liquid water is called Latent Heat
of Fusion.
§ State 3, melting ends but the temperature remains at 0°C. as
heat is continously added. Water at this point is in liquid
phase.
§ State 4, water is called subcooled liquid and the temperature
is called subcooled liquid temperature. Heating continues at
this stage and temperature continue to rise. The heat added to
raise the temperature from 0 °C. to 100°C is called Sensible
Heat.
§ At state 5, water is called saturated liquid, and at

§ At state 7, boiling or evaporation process ends with
this point evaporation or boiling process is about
temperature still at 100 °C. All liquids are converted into
to start at 100 °C. As the heat is continously
vapor or steam at this point and is called saturated vapor
added, process 5 to 6 is performed without
or steam or dry saturated vapor or steam. At process 7 to
changing the temperature.
8, as heat is continously added, the temperature rises.
§ At state 6, water is a mixture of of liquid and This heat added is called Sensible Heat.
vapor and is called wet vapor or wet steam. At § Temperature for process 5 to 6 and 6 to 7 is called
this point the temperature remains the at 100 °C. boiling temperature or boiling point. In Thermodynamics,
The proportion of the liquid and vapor it is technically termed saturation temperature and the
component depends on time being considered existing pressure called the Saturation Pressure.
from state 5 to state 6. The amount of vapor § At state 8, the condition of water is called superheated
content maybe determined if the quality of vapor vapor or steam and the temperature is called superheated
of vapor or steam is given. With continual vapor temperature, say at 150 °C. The temperature at this
addition of heat, evaporation process is point is higher than the saturated temperature. The
performed from state 6 to state 7 with the same difference between superheated temperature and the
temperature at 100°C. This heat added is saturated temperature is called Degree of Superheat
called Latent Heat of Evaporation. (°SH)
q DEFINITIONS
Degree Subcooled, (°SC) - difference of saturation
temperature and the subcooled temperature.
q DIAgRAm
§ Diagrams - are graphical representation of the relation
of thermodynamic properties for the change of phase
at constant pressure.
§ pV, Tv, Ts, pT, and ph diagrams
q qUAlITy OF vAPOR/STEAm
§ Quality of vapor/Steam or Dryness Factor is the
ratio of the mass of cvapor content in the mixture to
that of the mass of the mixture of vapor and liquid.
...eq. 3.4
where:
mf = mass of saturated liquid content, kg, lb
mg = mass of saturated vapor content, kg , lb
x = quality of vapor or steam, or dryness factor %
y = moisture content, %
Saturated Steam Table

Superheated Steam Table

SAmPlE PROBlEm
q SAmPlE PROBlEm
Example No. 3.4. An 100 liter tank containing a
mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated steam at
370 ℃ .
a) Find the mass of each phase if their volumes are
equal .
b) Find the volume occupied by each phase if their
masses are equal .
Given: 100 -liter tank with saturated water and steam.
t = 370 ℃
Required :
a) mf and mg if Vf = Vg
b) Vf and Vg if mf = mg
q SAmPlE PROBlEm
Example 3.7] A piston cylinder arrangement
contains 100 liters of saturated water and 900 liters
of saturated steam in equilibrium at 1 MPaa. Heat
is added at constant pressure until the temperature
becomes 300 ℃. Determine
a) the initial temperature
b) the total mass;
c) the quality of vapor at initial condition;
d) the final volume; and
e) the work done during the process
Given:
A piston-cylinder device
Vf1 = 100 liters = 0.10 m3
p1 = p2 =1 MPaa
vg1 = 900 liters = 0.90 m3
t2 = 300 ℃
Required:
a) Initial temperature
b) Total mass
c) Quality of steam at initial condition
d) Final volume
e) Work done during the process
Thank You
Kingsoft Office
published by www.ksosoft.com
@Kingsoft_Office

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CHAPTER 3-PROPERTIES OF

q DEFINITIONS AND USEFUl INFORmATION

v = specific volume, m3/ kg, ft³/lb

- Is the measure of the microscopic eq. 3.3

§ At state 1, water is at solid state, -20 °C at atmospheric

§ At state 5, water is called saturated liquid, and at

Saturated Steam Table

Superheated Steam Table

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