3 Chapter 2 (13-21)

SACRED HEART ACADEMY, INC.
Jalandoni St., Zarraga,Iloilo

Tel. (033) 3330647; sha1947_zarraga@yahoo.com
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Related Legal Basis
Republic Act number 9003 known as the “Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” makes provision for the
efficient solid waste management, for the volume reduction
of the waste, its environment friendly disposal,
composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal
process; for the collection, treatment and disposal in
environmentally sound solid waste management facilities
whereas it shall be possible to correctly dispose the
proper segregation, collection, transport, storage,
treatment and disposal of solid waste.(Environmental
Management Bureau, 2015)
The foregoing legal basis is related to the present
study since the materials used in this study which are the
rice hull and used cooking oil are waste products.
Therefore, the researchers decided to utilize these
materials in order to help lessen the waste in the
environment by converting these solid wastes into a useful
product.
13
Related Literature
Whiteboard Marker Ink
Whiteboard markers were made for non-absorbent
surfaces, the reason why, they work well on mirrors, metals
and glass. The ink in whiteboard markers is very similar to
the ink in permanent markers and it can stain absorbent
surfaces just as easily, if you are not careful. The ink is
made of color pigments, a chemical solvent and a polymer or
“release agent.” The difference between whiteboard markers
and permanent markers is the kind of polymer used.
Permanent markers use an acrylic polymer that helps the
pigment stick to surfaces, while dry erase markers use an
oily silicone polymer.
The silicone polymer makes dry erase marker ink
slippery and prevents the colored pigment of the marker to
come in direct contact with the surface. This is why dry
erase markers can be wiped off of non-absorbent surfaces so
easily. Also, the solvent in the marker (usually an
alcohol) helps the ink dry quickly, which attaches the ink
to the surface, not absorb it. Dry ink is easiest to wipe
off, since the ink is in place. (Clarus Glassboards, 2013)

14
Rice Hull
The rice hull, also called rice husk is the coating on
a seed or grain of rice. It is formed from hard materials,
including silica and lignin, to protect the seed during the
growing season. Each kg of milled white rice results in
roughly 0.28 kg of rice husk as a by-product of rice
production during milling.
Rice hull in its loose form is mostly used for energy
production, such as combustion and gasification. Combustion
is the process of burning carbon in the rice hull, which
emits CO2 and generates heat energy for further use. One of
the most efficient uses of this by-product is its direct
combustion without the need for a heat exchanger with a
proper furnace to generate heat for drying paddy.
Gasification is the process of converting rice hull to
synthesis gas (syngas) in a gasifier reactor with a
controlled amount of air. Syngas can be used as fuel for
drying and cooking or in a cogeneration system to produce
electricity.
Rice hull ash is the remaining by-product after
combustion is done. The amount of carbon remaining in ash
depends on the combustion performance (i.e., complete or
15
incomplete combustion). Rice hull ash can be used as a soil
amendment and as additive in cement and steel, among
others. However, only small amounts compared to the total
rice husk production are used for such purposes. (IRRI Rice
Knowledge Bank, 2016)
Used Cooking Oil (UCO)
UCO, obtained from waste water treatment plants is
also considered non‐hazardous materials. UCO contains
impurities, such as Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and water, which
have to be removed before the transesterification process.
UCO requires more severe transesterification conditions
than new oils due to its high FFA content. So-called clear
oils, of industrial origin and little deteriorated in use,
which can easily be regenerated through a simple
purification process (filtering and/or centrifugation)
So-called dark oils, mainly originating from
automotive lubrication, which have been subject to severe
thermal and mechanical conditions, under which they have
been loaded with metals and combustion residues and
oxidized.
Neither of these oils should be confused with
used soluble oils and other aqueous machining fluids, or

16
vegetable frying oils, or water-hydrocarbon mixtures for
which entirely different methods for collection and
disposal are used. (European Biomass Industry Association,
2017).
Related Studies
According to the study of John Paul C. Antioquia
(2012) entitled “Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Bark as an
Alternative Ingredient of Ink instead of Petroleum and
Chemical Solvents” aimed to determine the effectiveness of
of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for
permanent ink and its acceptability in terms of writing
quality and odor. The narra ink was tested and evaluated by
30 respondents. The narra ink was compared to the standard
or commercial ink. Based on the results of this study, in
terms of odor and writing quality, the narra ink has been
rated “satisfactory”. The two inks are not significantly
different in terms of odor while there is a significant
difference between the writing qualities of the two inks.
The mentioned study was related to the present study
since the researchers wanted to determine if the ink they
are going to produce is also acceptable in terms of odor
and writing quality.
17
Moreover, in the recent study by Nwosibe PO, Nwafulugo
FU and Iliyasu N (2018) entitled “Erasable Ink Production
for White Board Marker Using Locally Sourced Dye” aimed to
produce erasable ink from locally sourced dye that can
compete favorably with available commercial brands. The ink
was produced by mixing gum Arabic, ethanol, dye, deionized
water and phenolphthalein thoroughly and heating the
mixture to 600 C. The ink was then cooled and strained using
a filter cloth. The ink has three different formulations A,
B and C. The different formulations produced were tested in
terms of its erasability. Based on the results, the
formulations A and B can be easily erased while formulation
C cannot be easily erased. The test result proved that the
concentrations of the various elements present in the ink
that affects the erasability of an ink is comparable with
that of the standard ink and shows that there is no
significant difference in terms of its erasability.
since the researchers wanted to determine if the ink they
are going to produce is also acceptable in terms of
erasability.
18
Furthermore, in the study by Co D.R., De Fiesta L.A.,
and Odivilas I. (2018) entitled “Substitute inedible ink
using Bixa Orellana L. (ANNATO) and Corcus Sativus L.
(KASUBHA) extract”. This study was conducted to find out
the feasibility of natural plant dyes from the market and
cartridge ink as an alternative inedible ink. There are
four different set ups. Set up A (25% ink, 25% kasubha, and
50% atsuete), B (30% ink, 30% kasubha, and 40% atsuete), C
(25% ink, 50% kasubha and 25% atsuete) and D (30% ink,
40%kasubha, and 30% atsuete). The inks produced were tested
in terms of adherence and consistency. Based on the
results, set up B has the most number of days of adherence.
In terms of consistency, the set up B and D got an
excellent in visual quality rating in terms of consistency.
since the researchers wanted to determine the consistency
of produced ink made from Rice Hull Ash and used cooking
oil.
19
Summary of the Related Studies
The following was the summary of the different studies
which was utilized as a guide and support of the present
study.
First, the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) ink made by
John Paul C. Antioquia (2012) when compared to commercial
ink revealed that there is no significant difference in
terms of odor, while there is a significant difference in
terms of writing quality.
Second, the erasable ink made by Nwosibe PO, Nwafulugo
FU, and Iliyasu N (2018) was tested for erasability. The
results revealed that the formulation A and B were rated as
“easily erased” and when compared to the standard ink,
there is no significant difference.
And lastly, the inedible ink made from Annato (Bixa
Orellana L.) and Kasubha (Corcus Sativus L.) made by Co
D.R., De Fiesta L.A., and Odivilas I. (2018) were tested in
terms of consistency. The results revealed that the set up
B and D got an “excellent” in visual quality test in terms
of consistency.
20
Thus, the present study entitled “THE ACCEPTABILITY OF
USED COOKING OIL AND RICE HULL ASH AS ALTERNATIVE
WHITEBOARD MARKER INK REFILL” was based on the above
mentioned studies since the researchers modified the
arbitrary scale of the various related studies in order to
come up with their own scale. The researchers also based
some of their procedures in making the alternative
whiteboard marker ink refill from the aforementioned
related studies. The mentioned studies were related to the
present studies since the researchers want to determine if
the ink they are going to produce are also acceptable in
terms of consistency, erasability, odor and writing
quality.
21

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SACRED HEART ACADEMY, INC.

Jalandoni St., Zarraga,Iloilo

Review of Related Literature

Related Legal Basis

Republic Act number 9003 known as the “Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” makes provision for the

efficient solid waste management, for the volume reduction

of the waste, its environment friendly disposal,

composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal

process; for the collection, treatment and disposal in

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities

whereas it shall be possible to correctly dispose the

proper segregation, collection, transport, storage,

treatment and disposal of solid waste.(Environmental

Management Bureau, 2015)

The foregoing legal basis is related to the present

rice hull and used cooking oil are waste products.

Therefore, the researchers decided to utilize these

materials in order to help lessen the waste in the

environment by converting these solid wastes into a useful

Whiteboard Marker Ink

Whiteboard markers were made for non-absorbent

surfaces, the reason why, they work well on mirrors, metals

and glass. The ink in whiteboard markers is very similar to

the ink in permanent markers and it can stain absorbent

surfaces just as easily, if you are not careful. The ink is

made of color pigments, a chemical solvent and a polymer or

“release agent.” The difference between whiteboard markers

and permanent markers is the kind of polymer used.

Permanent markers use an acrylic polymer that helps the

pigment stick to surfaces, while dry erase markers use an

oily silicone polymer.

The silicone polymer makes dry erase marker ink

slippery and prevents the colored pigment of the marker to

come in direct contact with the surface. This is why dry

erase markers can be wiped off of non-absorbent surfaces so

easily. Also, the solvent in the marker (usually an

to the surface, not absorb it. Dry ink is easiest to wipe

off, since the ink is in place. (Clarus Glassboards, 2013)

The rice hull, also called rice husk is the coating on

a seed or grain of rice. It is formed from hard materials,

including silica and lignin, to protect the seed during the

growing season. Each kg of milled white rice results in

roughly 0.28 kg of rice husk as a by-product of rice

production during milling.

Rice hull in its loose form is mostly used for energy

production, such as combustion and gasification. Combustion

is the process of burning carbon in the rice hull, which

the most efficient uses of this by-product is its direct

combustion without the need for a heat exchanger with a

proper furnace to generate heat for drying paddy.

Gasification is the process of converting rice hull to

synthesis gas (syngas) in a gasifier reactor with a

controlled amount of air. Syngas can be used as fuel for

drying and cooking or in a cogeneration system to produce

Rice hull ash is the remaining by-product after

combustion is done. The amount of carbon remaining in ash

depends on the combustion performance (i.e., complete or

incomplete combustion). Rice hull ash can be used as a soil

amendment and as additive in cement and steel, among

others. However, only small amounts compared to the total

Knowledge Bank, 2016)

Used Cooking Oil (UCO)