Steps :

1] Goal
2] Circuit Simulation
3] PCB Design
A] Layout Making
B] Transferring Layout to Copper clad
C] Etching
D] Drilling
4] Component Mounting
5] Soldering

6 ] Final Circuit Testing

1] Goal
“To explain PULSE WIDTH MODULATION technique in brief.”

2] Circuit Simulation
We have used Proteus Design Suite For circuit simulation So that we
can observe the behavior of the circuit we have selected for the project and
check wether it working properly or not and then we was move towards
further process.
Electronic circuit simulation uses mathematical models to replicate
the behavior of an actual electronic device or circuit. Simulation software
allows for modeling of circuit operation and is an invaluable analysis tool.
Proteus is a simulation and design software tool developed
by Labcenter Electronics for Electrical and Electronic circuit design.

3] PCB Design
 A] Layout Making
Next step is layout making in this we are going to design the layout
of our circuit for making the pcb . For that purpose we have used a
software called PCB express Which allows us to design circuit traces for
current flowing.
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched
from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-
conductive substrate

B] Transferring Layout to Copper clad

After making the layout design next step is to transfer the traces on the copper
clad sheet for further processing .
It include following steps
STEP 1: Take a printout of circuit board layout. ...
STEP 2: Cut the Copper Plate for the Circuit Board. ...
STEP 3: Transfer the PCB Print onto the Copper Plate.
STEP 4: Iron the Circuit from the Paper onto the PCB Plate

C ] Etching
Etching a method of making prints from a metal plate, usually copper,
into which the design has been incised by acid. The copperplate is first coated
with an acid-resistant substance, called the etching ground, through which the
design is drawn with a sharp tool. The ground is usually a compound of
beeswax, bitumen, and resin. The plate is then exposed to nitric acid or dutch
mordant, which eats away those areas of the plate unprotected by the ground,
forming a pattern of recessed lines. These lines hold the ink, and, when the
plate is applied to moist paper, the design transfers to the paper, making a
finished print.

D] Drilling
The drilling machine is computer-controlled. The operator selects the right drill
program. This tells the machine which drill to use and the X Y co-ordinates of the holes.
 Our drills use air-driven spindles which can rotate up to 150,000 revolutions per minute.
High speed drilling ensures clean hole walls to provide a secure base for good plating
on the hole walls.

Drilling is a slow process as each hole must be drilled individually. So

depending on the drill size we drill a stack of one to three PCB panels together. We can
drill holes down to 100 microns in diameter. To give you an idea of the size, the
diameter of a human hair is about 150 microns. Drill change is fully automatic. The
machine selects the drill to use from the drill rack, checks that it is the correct size, and
then loads it into the drill head.

Once all the holes are drilled the operator unloads the panels from the drilling
machine and discards the entry and exit material.

4] Component Mounting
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic components or electrical components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or
more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are
generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and
mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic
products. They are also used in some electrical products, such as
passive switch boxes.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two

copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer
(outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate).
Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because
circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface
space between components.

5] Soldering
 Soldering is one of the most fundamental skills
needed to dabble in the world of electronics. The two go
together like peas and carrots. And, although it is
possible to learn about and build electronics without
needing to pick up a soldering iron, you’ll soon discover
that a whole new world is opened with this one simple
skill. Soldering is the only permanent way to ‘fix’
components to a circuit.
How to solder through-hole components on a PCB starts by
placing the part in its hole. Bend the leads of the part so that it stays in
its place.

Put the tip of the iron on the pad so that it heats both the lead of
the part and the pad of the circuit board. Heat them for a second or so
before you apply solder. Remove the iron and the solder wire and
inspect your solder joint to see if it looks okay.

6 ] Final Circuit Testing

The last stage is to give the supply to our circuit and check wether it is working properly or not
.
Finally we have given a supply to the circuit through adapter it is working properly.
When we rotate the potentiometer speed of the motor is gets controlled .