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MDB 2013 FLUID MECHANIC I

LABORATORY

SEMESTER MAY
2017

SECTION A (To be filled by students)

MON 5PM – 7PM FRI 3PM –

5PM

3.00-15.00 3.00-
15.00
TUE 8AM – 10AM
SESSION
DATE

3.00-15.00
THU 5PM – 7PM

3.00-15.00

EXP TITLE
GROUP

SECTION C
SECTION B (To be filled by students)

(by Examiner)

TIME TIME Discipline Quiz

NAME ID
SIGN

IN OUT (5%) (5%)

 SECTION D (by Examiner)

MARKS
ITEM
SCORE REMARKS
ALLOCATED
Abstract 10

Objectives 10

Theory & Procedure 10

Data collection 20

Results 20

Conclusions & Discussion 20

Report Format / Style 10

TOTAL 100

* This form is to be attached in front of the In-Lab report.

** This form is to be attached in front of the raw data and to be submitted to
Lab Personnel at the end of the lab
session

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ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

FLUID MECHANIC 1 LAB - MDB 2013

SEMESTER MAY 2017

Universiti Teknologi Petronas

32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar
Perak Darul Ridzuan

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PREFACE

This manual comprises of four sets of laboratory experiments. They

provide relevant but brief
information on the principles, set-up procedures, theories, and instructions that
act as guidelines for
students to carry out the experiments properly.

Each experiment will be carried out in the groups assigned. Students must record
the relevant data and
findings, which will be compiled into a lab report to be submitted prior to the
next experiment.

Read the manual thoroughly prior to attending the lab. Upon entering the lab,
students are expected to
fully observe the laboratory Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) regulations.
Complete literature
of the HSE regulations is given in the following pages. Students will
also be briefed by the lab
demonstrator on the HSE aspects at the beginning of the coursework.

CONTENTS

Preface ...........................................................................
......................................................................... ii

Course
Outline ...........................................................................
............................................................ iii

Report
Format ............................................................................
............................................................. v

Tables and Plotting Graphs for Lab

Reports ...........................................................................
.............. vi

Health, Safety, and Environment Regulations in the Mechanics

Laboratory ........................................ vi

Sample Title
Page .............................................................................
.................................................... ix

Air Flow Bench (Bernoulli’s Principle)………………… ……………………………………………...1

Flowmeter……………………………………………………………………………………………....9

Impact of Jet………………….………………………………………………………………………..14

Air Flow Rig…………………...………………………………………………………………………17

ii

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COURSE OUTLINE
Subject : MCB 20 13 – FLUIDS MECHANICS LAB (2
credit hours)

Lecturer :
Dr Jundika Candra Kurnia
Tel : 368 7157 (Block 17)

Technologist : Mr Mohd Kamarul Azlan

Tel : 368 7076 (Block 20)

Learning Mode : Laboratory Experiments (2 hrs/slot)

Lab Sessions : Session : 4 Sessions

Learning Outcomes: :

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

 gain experience in data collecting, analysis and engineering
report writing
 integrate practice and theory into the course curriculum
 enhance the understanding of these topics through the practical
session

Assessment : The lab works carry 15% of the total

course mark. It further breakdowns
into report and individual viva assessment
as follows :

PRACTICAL + LAB REPORTS

70 %

INDIVIDUAL VIVA
30%

Note

Students will be divided into pre-assigned groups of 5 students. Each group will
consist of the same
members for the rest of the semester. The experiments for each session are
assigned as per the lab
scheduling, thus each group is responsible to check the schedule and make
preparation accordingly.
Lab experiments will start at the third week of the semester. The laboratory
sessions for the 3th week
will consist of briefings related to the course.
 iii

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TOPICS

The 4 experiments to be conducted:

NO EXPERIMENT
1 EXP 1 : AIR FLOW BENCH(Bernoulli’s )

2 EXP 2 : FLOWMETER

3 EXP 3 : IMPACT OF JET

4 EXP 4 : AIR FLOW RIG

ALLOCATION OF MARKS

For group lab report, the breakdown of the total marks as follows :

INTRODUCTION : 5 points
THEORY : 5 points
PROCEDURE : 5 points
RESULTS : 15 points
DISCUSSIONS : 15 points
FORMAT : 5 points

TOTAL: 50 points = 100

%

PENALTIES

Lab Attendance : deduct 15 point for every 15 minutes

late (31 minutes late  -25
Late reports
deduct 10 points per day late
Conduct / Safety Violations
points)
: deadline is 1 week after the session;
: deduct 5 points

HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN THIS SUBJECT

 Attend and be punctual for the lab sessions.

 Prepare in advance by reading the lab manual and bring the textbook as
reference.
 As you read, ask yourself questions, and try to determine the answers on your
own.
 Pay close attention to any briefings or instructions given by the demonstrator
or lab staff.
 Do all the required lab work carefully and efficiently, and record all notes
and data precisely.
 Prepare lab reports promptly and follow the given format.

GROUND RULES

• Students who are absent without a valid MC will be scored a zero for the
respective lab report.
• Non-emergency or non-medical leaves must be pre-approved by the lecturer.
• No "make-up" labs will be allowed.
• Tardiness or lack of discipline during lab will be penalized.
• Lab reports are due 1 week after the attended lab session. Late reports will be
penalized.
• Observe all the HSE guidelines, in addition to other instructions from the lab
staff or demonstrator.

iv

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REPORT FORMAT

• The lab reports must be a group effort. The entire report (texts,
figures, graphs, equations, etc)
must be hand writing. These basic requirements apply to all reports:

• Each page must be numbered at the bottom center of the pages, and the report
must be stapled or
firmly bound by other means (no paper clips or strings).

• Lab reports should follow the generic format given below:

(a) COVER PAGE

▫ title of experiment, group name, group members, lab section etc.
(follow format of the
cover page for this manual)

(b) INTRODUCTION
▫ brief overview of experiment, objectives, applications

(c) THEORY
▫ discussion on theory / formula related to the experiment,
applicable test standards

(d) PROCEDURE
▫ In you own words, Write out the actual experimental procedure
followed (which might
differ slightly from the standard procedure mentioned in
the manual). List the
equipment/apparatus employed, test specimen details,
step by step summary of
procedure
 (e) RESULTS
▫ All tables, figures should include a brief description indicating
from where the data came,
what they show and how they compare to theoretical results. Also
to include comparison
to theory (% error).

(f) DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS

▫ In this section, the results presented are analyzed and
interpreted individually from the
context of strength of materials. (Try to explain WHY you get those
results!) The logic
should support the conclusion section. Also discuss the
implications of those results and
how do the results fit into a broader context. Pay
attention to the errors existed in the
experiment, both where they originated and what is their
significance in interpreting the
reliability of conclusion. The conclusion highlights the major
findings in the context of the
entire experiment; the objectives mentioned are revisited/examined
to determine whether
the experiment succeeded.

All results must be explained and discussed - this means you should
answer the
question "are these results what one expects or predicts?"
with a complete
answer.

Conclusion
v

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In this section you should write about the concepts that you learned in the
laboratory and how
they relate to other aspects of the course or digital design in general. If you
experienced
problems or obtained data that was incorrect, here is where you might elaborate on
the causes
and ideas for solutions.

(g) REFERENCES
▫ list of reference used.

• The texts of the report must be in your own words. Reproducing texts from the
lab manual or
other sources is not acceptable. Figures or other items reproduced
from other sources must be
properly cited. Lab report must not exceed twelve (12) pages in length
(including cover page and
references).

TABLE AND PLOTTING GRAPHS FOR LAB REPORTS

▫ Each Table and Figure should have an associated caption that provides a short
description of the
table and figure. In a figure each axis must be labeled together with the
symbol and the proper
units must be included, example length,  (cm). The independent
variable is always plotted
along the abscissa (x-axis), and the dependent variable on the ordinate (y-
axis). If more than
one curve is to be plotted or data of different observation is to be
included in the same figure,
use different symbols like squares, triangles etc to differentiate the
different sets of data. Do
provide legend for the symbols. Use symbols only for
experimental data. Theoretical
data/results should be presented with lines instead of symbols. Be sure to
include all figures,
equations, and tables necessary.

Other hints

Remember that you are reporting on what has already been done - the past tense
should be
used. Avoid using first person unless absolutely necessary.

Technical reports include only "figures" and "tables". Do not use terms
like "picture",
"appendix", or "code" to label illustrations or tables. All figures and tables must
be numbered
and titled immediately after the figure or table, centered on the page.
Include figures and
titles WITH the text as much as possible.

Number all pages, including appendices.

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT REGULATIONS IN THE MECHANICS

LABORATORY

1. Introduction vi

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The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 cover all persons at work except the
arm forces, and
workers aboard ships who are covered by different acts. The OSH Act
1994 puts the primary
responsibility of safety and health on employers and employees.

WHY? WHAT FOR? FOR WHOM?

To ensure the safety and health of individuals who may be exposed to
risks arising from work
activities.

HOW?
Through effective safety management systems suited to the nature of work activity
at the workplace.
This regulation is intended to draw the guidelines for students with regard to the
health, safety, and
environment in the Mechanics Laboratory. It is expected that students
will fully observe the
guidelines as a measure to prevent the risk of injuries, health hazards, and damage
to the properties in
the laboratory.

2. Major Potential Hazard In Fluids Mechanic Lab

Listed below are the major potential hazards occurs in Fluids Mechanic Lab:

 injury through misuse of equipment,

 injury from electrical shocks,

 injury from rotating components,

 injury from heavy components,

 injury from sharp objects or edges,

 injury from hot surfaces.

 injury from chemical usage.

FLUIDS MECHANIC LABORATORY GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS

i) SAFETY
a) A proper attire and dress code shall be worn at all times. This includes the
wearing of lab coat, lab
jacket, apron, safety shoes or whichever is
applicable. NO wearing of slippers / sandals
vii

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exposing the toes is allowed. (Please consult the laboratory personnel

for the requirements).
b) Eating, and storing food are strictly prohibited in the lab working area at all
times .
c) Gloves, safety goggles and other protective equipment MUST be worn as required.

(Please consult the laboratory personnel for the requirements) .

d) Handling of toxic, hazardous chemicals, solvent, and acids should only be done
in the
Fume hood.
e) Spilled chemicals and other substances should be cleaned up immediately and
disposed properly.
(Please consult the Lab personnel if you are not sure how to do so)

f) Waste chemicals should be disposed off into proper waste container at the
designated location.
NO chemicals should be discharged into the sink
g) All broken glass should be disposed separately into proper “sharp” bins

h) Ensure that all equipment, gasses, and power utilities are properly
off or shutdown upon
completion of work. .
i) Playful or prankish behavior will not be tolerated in the laboratory

ii) SECURITY

a) NO one is allowed to enter the lab without notification from the lab
personnel.
b) All activities have to be supervised by the lab personnel

c) NO Outsiders / Unauthorized personnel are allowed into the labs unless approved
or
on official matters. .
d) NO lab equipments or items should be transported out without notification and

approval from the Lab personnel

iii) HOUSEKEEPING

a) Work areas MUST be clean up following the completion of any operation .

b) All equipments MUST be cleaned and restored to its original condition as before
the
works started.
c) All containers and chemicals or materials or samples in use MUST be clearly
labeled
and stored properly; any unidentified / unlabelled containers and samples will
be
disposed off.
d) All personnel belongings should be placed at designated area.

iv) MATERIALS HANDLING

a) Use carts, hand trucks and mobile racks when moving materials. Use suitable
carrier when moving
chemicals.
b) Instead of carrying heavyweights, divide them into smaller lightweight
packages, containers or
trays.
c) Use lifting devices or lift-trucks for lifting heavy materials

viii

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---- SAMPLE TITLE PAGE ----

FLUIDS MECHANIC (MDB 2013)

Semester Jan, 2015

LAB REPORT

EXP 2 : FLOWMETER

GROUP 2 (Mon 11-1 pm)

Members : ____________________ ID: ______

 ___________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

____________________ ID: ______

Lab Session : Monday 11-1pm, 17 Jan, 2011

Submission Date : Wednesday, 24 Jan, 2011

ix

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FLUID MECHANICS I
MDB 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL SHEET

EXP 1 :AIR FLOW BENCH

(BERNOULLI’S)

JAN 2017

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2

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6
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Measurement Length of the duct Height of water

Height of water
section from top L (mm) column in pitot tube
column in pitot tube
y (mm) measuring total
measuring static
pressure
pressure
y1 (mm)
y2 (mm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150
 160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

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1. What are the conditions and assumptions required for Bernoulli equation to
remain
valid?
2. Tabulate the velocity and mass flow rate for each run.
3. In one figure, plot the velocity and the mass flow rate vs. y
4. In one figure, plot the total pressure, the static pressure and the dynamic
pressure
vs. h
5. Discuss the trends and relationships among the properties that you have
observed
in Question 4. Does this comply with the Bernoulli’s equation?
 8

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FLUID MECHANICS I
MDB 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL SHEET

EXP 2: FLOWMETER
MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

JAN 2017
 9

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10

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11

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4. RESULTS
1. When calculating (p - p ) for the venturi meter, why is the reading for p is
taken at the
1 2
2

venturi throat and not at the tapping after the throat?

2. How does the variable area meter work?
3. How to calculate the volume flow rate using stop watch?
4. What sort of losses do you think would occur on the venturi meter and the
orifice plate?
5. Why are the velocities at P and P different?
2 7

6. Include error analysis (Please refer to your tabulated data in Tables 2.2-2.4)

Hint: Get the following manometer readings for the respective flow rates
of the
variable area meter.
Table 2.1 Data of the experimental readings
Variable
 meter flow Manometer readings (mm H O)

2
rate (lit/m)
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8
2

10

12

15

18

20

22

12

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• From the readings obtained on the Venturi meter and orifice plate calculate the
volume flow
rate using the basic equation with relevant C factor.
d

• Calculate the actual flow rate using the volume and time measured.
• Compare these calculated values and the reading on the variable area meter with
the actual
flow rate. Use same units.
• Calculate the velocities at points 2 (venturi meter) and 7 (orifice plate) and
discuss.
• Also calculate the Reynolds number at these two points. Re  VD  , where μ =
absolute
viscosity = 8.937 x l0-4 Pa.s and D is the diameter of the pipe.

Table 2.2 Flow comparison table

Variable meter Conversion to Venturi flow
Orifice flow Flow rate using
3 3
3
flow rate (lit/m) [m /m] rate [m /s]
rate [m /s] stopwatch

[m /s]
2

5
 10

12

15

18

20

22

Table 2.3 Percentage difference relative to variable area meter

Variable meter Venturi [%] Orifice [%]
Stopwatch [%]
flow rate (lit/m)
2

10

12

15

18

20

22

Table 2.4 Velocity at p and p

2 7

Variable meter Velocity at V Velocity at V

Reynolds Reynolds
2 7

flow rate (lit/m) [m/s] [m/s]

number at p number at p
2 2

10

12

15

18

20

22

13

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FLUID MECHANICS I
MDB 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL SHEET

EXP 3: IMPACT OF JET

JAN 2017

14
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15

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1. What are the assumptions or approximations involved in the theoretical

calculations?
2. Determine the experimental and the corresponding theoretical forces.
Determine the
percentage error percentage. Which one should be considered to be more
accurate and
Why?
3. For each target, plot the variation of the measured and the computed force
against the

linear momentum flux into the control volume (mV ) , i.e., each
figure containing the
1

curve for experimental and theoretical data.

16

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FLUID MECHANICS I
MDB 2013

LABORATORY MANUAL SHEET

EXP 4: AIR FLOW RIG

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR AN
ORIFICE PLATE
 JAN 2017

17

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18

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5. RESULTS
1. Discuss the functions of the nozzle and orifice meters and the
difference
between the two meters.
2. What is a discharge coefficient and what effects does it take into account?

3. Calculate the C of both the orifice plate and the 50mm nozzle
for each damper
D

opening.
4. For each case, plot values of C obtained against corresponding values of
Reynolds
D

number (Re) and discuss the plots.

5. Plot the longitudinal pressure profile from the manometer
readings (mm of
manometer fluid SG=0.874 against tapping position) and discuss what happen
as the
air flow past through the orifice plate.
6. What happen to the C when you increase the damper opening?
D

7. What happen to the manometer reading when the damper opening changes?
Discuss.
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Hint: Use the following tables for your results

Table 4.1 Static pressure readings when using standard Nozzle (80mm)
Damper openings
0% 25% 50%
75% 100%
 Points mm of manometer fluid SG=0.874
Room

pressure
After nozzle

54mm

294mm

774mm

Before orifice

After orifice

1574mm

2534mm

Table 4.2 Static pressure readings when using small nozzle (50mm)
Damper openings
0% 25% 50%
75% 100%
Points mm of manometer fluid SG=0.874
Room

pressure
After nozzle

54mm

294mm

774mm

Before orifice

After orifice

1574mm
 2534mm

Then From Table 4.1 calculate the C for the orifice plate for each damper
opening
D

using the standard nozzle where its C is assumed to be 0.97.

D

And from Table 4.2 data calculate the C of the 50mm nozzle for each
damper
D

opening using the calculated C of the orifice plate.

D

20