CHAPTER - 2

STUDY A R E A A N D M E T H O D O L O G Y

Study area
The present study mainly concentrates on groyne type bunds at Varsoli creek
(Plate 2.1). The creek is located on west coast of Maharashtra, in Alibag Tahsil of
Raigad District. Village Varsoli is situated at sea shore to the North of Alibag (Figure
2.1). Varsoli, a small creeklet about 80m wide is situated in between villages Varsoli
and Chalmala. The area lies between 18°35" to 18°45' North latitude and 72°50' to
72°55" to East longitude.

Varsoli is a small rural settlement (Plate 2.6). It is situated just 2 km to the

north of Alibag. The backshore area is a wide dune area running north-south, all along
the beach. It is covered by casuarinas trees (Plate 2.7). The fore dunes are covered by
ipomoea and sphinifex grass (Plate 2.3, 2.4). The dune zone extends to a distance of
300 to 450 m inland (Figure 2.2). It is backed by a linear settlement of Varsoli to the
south and Lonare to the north. Area behind the dunes is a wide littoral terrace having
an altitude of 4 to 6 m ASL. Many small villages are scattered on the terrace.
The terrace is characterized by a thin cover of fine sand and silt. One often
notices small size depressions scattered on the terrace. The soil of the area sandy and
slightly acidic.
Varsoli tidal sector is a small creeklet controlled by tidal flow to a distance of
about 3 km upto Sangam (Figure 2.2). The tidal banks of the creeklet are 3 m high.
An elongated. 0.4 sq km swamps area is developed around the tidal channel in which
a small sand island is also developed.
The creeklet joins the sea through a small, narrow, 20 m wide mouth. The
creeklet can be crossed near a ferry points just inside the mouth. The beach between
Lonare and Nagadongri on the backshore is 3.3 km long and 150 to 170 m wide.
Seasonal variation in sea waves and daily variations in tidal waves, their
intensity and frequency, their approach, height and the persistence, are the main
factors that govern the coastal processes along the study area.

30
 Location of study area

DAHANU

Location of Varsoli inlet on Konkan coast

A
R
.A
SB
A
N

JT

Varsoli Creek

Figure 2.1

31
Coastal area at Varsoli

Figure 2.2

32
 Groynes type bunds at Varsoli creek

Varsoli creek covered by mangroves and swamps

Plate 2.2

33
Dunes with grass at Chalmala side

Plate 2.3

Dunes with grass at Varsoli side

Plate 2.4

34
Settlement of Chalmala

Settlement of Varsoli

35
 Casuarina trees at Varsoli

Coastal climate at Varsoli

The waves and the longshore current measured on Chalmala beach to the north
of tidal mouth and to on Varsoli beach to the south are given in the table 2.1 below.
It can be seen from the table that in fair weather season, the maximum wave
height to the north (on Chalmala beach) is around 88 cm which decreases to about 55
cm just north of northern groyne. The maximum wave height on Varsoli beach to the
south of groyne is also 85cm but near the southern groyne it is only 70 cm.
The wave period is to the tune of 9 to 10 seconds. The longshore currents are
very weak. There velocity is 35 to 40 cm/sec. The tidal velocity at high tide is around
55 cm/sec and the wave approach is North Westerly in April and October and
westerly in July.
In monsoon significant wave height increases to 3 to 3.5 m, wave period
decreases 4 to 6 seconds and tidal current velocity increases 70 to 90 cm/sec
(Karlekar 2009).
The highest high tide level in the area is 5.9 m and the lowest is 0.37 m. The
tidal limit in the creek is around 2.5 km from the confluence. The catchment area of
the creek is about 3150 hectors.

36
 Coastal climate at Varsoli in fair weather

Chalmala beach

Wave Height Wave Length

Location No. Latitude Longitude
(m) (m)
PI
18''40'147 72''51'753 0.85 13
P2
18''40'217 72''5r751 0.88 16.65
P3
18'*40'338 72''51'743 0.85 11.90
P4
18''40'405 72°51'720 0.75 9.10
P5
18^40'727 72°5r621 0.55 6.20
P6
18^40'851 72^5 r621 0.62 10.15

(a) Wave period - 9 to 10 sec.

Fair Weather (b) Longshore current velocity - 35cm/sec. to40cni/sec.
(a) Wave period - 4 to 6 sec.
Monsoon
(b) Longshore current velocity - 50cm/sec.

Varsoli beach

Wave Height Wave Length

Location No. Latitude Longitude
(m) (m)
PI
18''39'994 72^1'720 0.70 12
P2
18"39'916 72^5 r708 0.70 12
P3
18"39'840 72*^51'730 0.65 9.90
P4
18''39'766 72**5r712 0.70 14.60
P5
18''39'653 72°51'723 0.85 6.90

(Source: Author) Table 2.1

37
 Sea waves on Chalmala beach in fair weather

Sea waves on Varsoli beach in fair weather

38
 After the construction of bund in 2002 the accumulation of sediment into
creek was minimized and the boats of the fishermen could easily move to the bank of
the creek. Fishing activity flourished again and helped the local fishermen to survive.
The fishermen got protection because of the construction of bunds. The accumulation
of sand on the either sides of the bund resulted in formation of beaches.
Today due to the powerful sea waves most part of bund has been damaged and
has not been repaired till today. In course of the research work it was found that there
are definite changes in the erosional and depositional pattern due to the construction
of groyne type bund at the site.
The available hydrographic chart was used to prepare the DEM (Digital
elevation model) of the area and is shown in figure 2.3. It shows that near shore depth
is more than 1.5 m. A 2m depression just outside the creek mouth (Figure 2.4 and 2.5)
is a tidal scour. Elsewhere the depth gradually decreases in the offshore direction. The
representadve beach profiles obtained before the construction of groynes are shown in
figure 2.6.
DEM of Varsoli site

39
Bathymetry of Varsoli

Figure 2.4
Contour map of Varsoli

40
Suspected northward shift of the creek mouth
A detailed field and Google image study of the coastal stretch to the south of
the groynes indicated that the creek mouth has probably shifted to its present position
from the earlier position, roughly about 1 km to the south in last hundred years.
At this location (18.664''/72.863°, Figure 2.6) a very narrow inlet mouth filled
by heavy deposition of fine sand, a defiinct tidal flat and a remanent of an old tidal
channel could be identified in the field. A 600 m long old creeklet is now covered by
mangrove swamps (Plate 2.10, 2.11).
As per the information obtained from locals in the area, old creeklet got silted
in last hundred years or so and the field tidal channel which used to take a southerly
turn near village Varsoli, has progressively moved straight to the sea and has formed
the present day tidal mouth ( 18.668°/72.864^ Figure 2.6 and 2.7).
The shift however could not be confirmed due to definite morphological
evidences. It is only suggested from the configurational and sedimentary evidences.

Mangroves in old creeklet (2004)

N >:• " / - A tS Jf

41
 Mangroves in old creeklet (2012)

Plate 2.11

Present mouth of the creeklet (2011)

Plate 2.12

42
 Old creeklet

S Piesenl
mouth Of
E the cieeklet

Beach

Figure 2.6

43
 Northward shift of the creek mouth

Northward shift of the creek moi

Present mouth of me creek

SEA

H.6(4S72J(38

Eiriier moutli of tfte

Varsoli*

Figure 2.7

44
Socio-Economic profile of Varsoli
1) Total population of Varsoli
In the table 2.2 shows total population and distribution of males, females
population of village Varsoli. As per 1941 census the total population of village
Varsoli stands at 1767 including 844 (47.76 %) males and 923 (52.24 %) females.
According to 2001 census total population is 5564 with 2827 (50.81 %) males and
2737 (49.19 %) females. From the year of 1931 to 1971, female population increased
more than males population. After that in the year of 1981 to 2001 males population
increased more than females population.

Total population of Varsoli

(1941-2001)

CENSUS TOTAL
TOTAL MALES TOTAL FEMALES
YEAR POPULATION

NUMBERS % NUMBERS % NUMBERS %

1941 844 47.76 923 52.24 1767 100

1951 1012 48.44 1077 51.56 2089 100

1961 1049 47.51 1159 52.49 2208 100

1971 1199 48.60 1268 51.40 2467 100

1981 1720 50.54 1683 49.46 3403 100

1991 2154 50.08 2147 49.92 4301 100

2001 2827 50.81 2737 49.19 5564 100

Table 2.2

(Source: District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, District
Census Handbook, Raigad -1981,1991, 2001)

45
2) Decadal variation of population
From the year of 1941 to 2001 decadal variation of total population and males,
females population are shows in the table 2.3. In the decade 1941 to 1951 population
increase with 322 persons and in the decade 1991-to 2001 population increase with
1263 persons. Maximum population increase with 936 persons in the decade of 1971
to 1981 and minimum population increase with 119 persons in the decade of 1951 to
1961. Maximum males population increase with 673 in the decade of 1991 to 2001
and minimum males population increased with 37 persons in the decade of 1951 to
1961. Maximum females population increased with the number of 590 persons in the
decade of 1991 to 2001 and minimum females population increase with 82 persons in
thedecadeof 1941 to 1951.
Decadal variation of population
(1941-2001)

CENSUS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

YEAR MALES FEMALS POPULATION

Numbers Variation Numbers Variation Numbers Variation

1941 844 — 923 — 1767 —

1951 1012 + 168 1077 + 154 2089 + 322

1961 1049 + 37 1159 + 82 2208 + 119
1971 1199 + 150 1268 + 109 2467 + 259

1981 1720 + 521 1683 + 415 3403 + 936

1991 2154 + 434 2147 + 464 4301 + 898
2001 2827 + 673 2737 + 590 5564 + 1263

Table 2.3

(Source: District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, District
Census Handbook, Raigad - 1981, 1991, 2001)

46
 POPULATION OF VARSOLI
6000

i 1000

MLIIMII
1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
CENSUS YEAR
MALE D FEMALE • TOTAL

Figure 2.8

DECADAL VARIATION OF POPULATION

(1941-2001)

1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

CENSUS YEAR

1 MALES n FEMALES • TOTAL POPULATION

Figure 2.9

47
3) Population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
Table 2.4 shows Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes total population and
males, females population. In the last three decades, growth of Scheduled Tribes
population is higher than Scheduled Caste population. In the decade of 1981 to 1991
and 1991 to 2001, females population of Scheduled Tribes has increased from 607 to
819 than the proportion of males population. Scheduled Tribes population has
increased from 1209 in 1981 to 1627 in the 2001. In the Scheduled Castes population,
proportion of males is more in last three decades. They increased from 11 in 1981 to
60 in the census year 2001.

Population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

(1961-2001)
CENSUS POPULATION OF POPULATION OF
YEAR SCHEDULED CASTES SCHEDULED TRIBES
MALES FEMALES TOTAL MALES FEMALES TOTAL
1961 — — — 143 131 274
1971 — — — 14 14 28
1981 11 10 21 602 607 1209
1991 32 21 53 708 747 1455
2001 60 43 103 808 819 1627

Table 2.4

(Source : District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1961, 1971, District Census

Handbook, Raigad - 1981,1991, 2001)

4) Population in the age group 0-6

Table 2.5 indicates population of age group 0-6. In the census year, 1991 age
group 0-6 total population was 550. This was increased with 692 in the census year of
2001. In the age group of 0-6, number of females is higher from 279 to 347 than
males population.

48
 Population in the age group 0-6
(1991-2001)

CENSUS YEAR
POPULATION IN THE AGE GROUP 0-6
MALES FEMALES TOTAL
1991 271 279 550
2001 345 347 692

(Source : District Census Handbook, Raigad - 1991, 2001) Table 2.5

5) Occupied residential houses and households

In the census year, 1951 number of occupied residential houses was 378 and
number of households was 441. Number of houses increased with 384 tO 1638 and
number of houses increased with 478 to 1303 in the census year of 1971 to 2001. In
the decade 1991 to 2001. numbers of households become less than number of houses.
Occupied residential houses and households
(1951-2001)

NUMBER OF OCCUPIED NUMBER OF

CENSUS YEAR
RESIDENTIAL HOUSES HOUSEHOLDS
1951 378 441
1961 420 430
1971 384 478
1981 673 706
1991 935 935
2001 1638 1303

Table 2.6
(Source : District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1951, 1961, 1971, District
Census Handbook, Raigad - 1981,1991, 2001)

49
 OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
AND HOUSEHOLDS
(1951-2001)
2000

I « Q 1600
o o o
O I X
S ^ S 1200
°io
£LUX 800
m9 o
S « z
= ^*^ 400

1951
HJ]
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
CENSUS YEAR

I RESIDENTIAL HOUSES D HOUSEHOLDS

Figure 2.10

LAND UTILIZATION : 1971

2.13 % Forest
10.8 %
27.13 %
• Irrigated

Unirrigated

33.24 %
• Culturable
Waste

26.7 % • Not Available

For
Cultivation

Figure 2.11

50
6) Land utilization
Table 2.7 indicates land use pattern of village Varsoli. Total area is classified
in the land use pattern of forest, irrigated land, unirrigated land, culturable wasteland
(including gouchar and groves) and area not available for cultivation. In the census
year, 1971 total area of Varsoli is 281.6 hectares. In the census year of 1971 to 1981
and 1991 to 2001 area of Varsoli is increased upto the 361.61 hectares. In the census
year 1971 maximum area, i.e. 33.24 % covered by unirrigated land and minimum area
i.e. 2.13 % was under forest cover. In the census year 1991 irrigated land was coVer
33.20 % area and forestland was cover 1.69 % area. Area irrigated by the source of
wells. Area of Culturable wasteland was decreasing in the census year between 1971
to 1991 as 26.70 %, 25.55 %, 19.74 %.

Land utilization (1971-1991)

CENSUS YEARS
AREA 1971 1981 1991

HECTARES % HECTARES % HECTARES %

Forest
6 2.13 6.15 1.70 6.11 1.69
Irrigated — —
30.4 10.80 120.07 33.20
Unirrigated
93.6 33.24 221.34 61.21 101.27 28.01
Culturable
75.2 26.70 92.39 25.55 71.39 19.74
Waste
Not
Available
76.4 27.13 41.73 11.54 62.77 17.36
For
Cultivation
Total Area
281.6 100 361.61 100 361.61 100

Table 2.7
(Source : District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1971, District Census Handbook,
Raigad -1981,1991)

51
 LAND UTILIZATION : 1981

11.54% -"-^O^
• Forest

• irrigated

25.55 % 1
^^^^^Hr\ • Unirrigated

• Cuiturabie
F 61.21 % Waste

D Not Availabie
For
Cuitivation

Figure 2.12

LAND UTILIZATION : 1991

1.69% • Forest
17.36 % ^ — » - — - - ^ ^

• irrigated
^ ^ 1 \ 33.2 %

• Unirrigated
^ ^ )
19.74 % ^ V ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ /
• Cuiturabie
\ ^ ^ ^ ^ Waste

a Not Avaiiabie
28.01 % For
Cultivation

Figure 2.13

52
7) Literacy
A person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is
to be taken as Hterate according to Indian census. A person who can merely read but
cannot write is not a literate. Table 2.8 indicates the males- females share in total
literates. Share of males literates is higher than females in the census year from 1951
to 2001. In the census year, 1951 to 2001 percentages of males literates decreased
from 74.36 to 55.73 % and percentages of females literates are increased from 25.64
to 44.27 %.

Males-females share in total literates

(1951-2001)

CENSUS
MALES FEMALES TOTAL
YEAR
PERSONS % PERSONS % PERSONS %

1951 490 74.36 169 25.64 659 100

1961 570 69.43 251 30.57 821 100
1971 804 61.80 497 38.20 1301 100
1981 1188 61.21 753 38.79 1941 100
1991 1508 56.27 1172 43.73 2680 100
2001 2262 55.73 1797 44.27 4059 100

Table 2.8
(Source : District Census Handbook, kolaba - 1951, 1961, 1971, District Census
Handbook, Raigad - 1981, 1991, 2001)

8) Percentage of literacy for total population

In table 2.9 shows percentage of literacy for total population. In the total
population percentage of total literates increased from 31.55 to 72.95 % in between

53
the census year of 1951 to 2001. Males share of literates increased with 48.51 to 80.01
% and females share of literates are increased from 15.69 to 65.65 %.
Percentage of literacy for total population
(1951-2001)

CENSUS YEAR MALES FEMALES TOTAL

1951 48.41 15.69 31.55
1961 54.34 21.66 37.18
1971 67.06 39.19 52.74
1981 69.07 44.74 57.04
1991 70.00 54.59 62.31
2001 80.01 65.65 72.95

Table 2.9

(Source : District Census Handbook, kolaba -1951,1961,1971, District

Census Handbook, Raigad -1981,1991, 2001)

9) Working population
Table 2.10 shows distribution of total workers, males and females by nine
categories of economic activities. In the census year of 1961 to 2001 number of total
workers and non-workers are increased with increasing population. Number of total
main workers increased from 771 to 2032 and non-workers increased from 1437 to
3334. In the working population male workers participation was more than female
workers. In the 1951 to 1961 decade, number of cultivators was more. In the
categories of mining, quarrying, livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation,
orchards and allied activities number of engaged workers are increased as 260, 265,
324 in the decade of 1951 to 1961, 1961 to 1971, 1991 to 2001. In the decade of 1991
to 2001 number of marginal workers was highest (494) than other categories of
workers. In this categories females (356) participation was more than males (138).

54
 M A L E S - F E M A L E S SHARE IN T O T A L L I T E R A T E S
(1951-2001)

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

CENSUS YEAR

MALES FEMALES TOTAL LITERATES

Figure 2.14

PERCENTAGE OF LITERACY
FOR TOTAL POPULATION
(1951 - 2 0 0 1 )

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

C E N S U S YEARS
- - M A L E S -^'^ F E M A L E S - > ^ T O T A L L I T E R C Y

Figure 2.15

55
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Figure 2.16

NON-WORKERS POPULATION
(1961-2001)

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

CENSUS YEAR
MALE • FEMALE • TOTAL NON-WORKERS

Figure 2.17

57
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Aim and objectives
The main aim of this work is to assess the geomorphic impact of groyne type
bunds built at Varsoli on the coastal stretch near Varsoli.
To achieve this following objective were identified.

1) To study the coastal configuration before and after the construction of groynes
(prior to 2002 and after 2002).
2) To identify the patterns in cutting and filling of beach sectors.
3) To assess the change in longshore drift and its impact on erosion and
deposition.
4) To forecast the future trends in beach fill and beach erosion in the nearby
areas.

Methodology
The present study mainly concentrates on groyen type bund at Varsoli creek.
The methodology consists of actual beach survey, beach profiling, collection of
samples, mapping of erosional and depositional areas etc.
Methodology mainly consisted of the field appraisal of the problem at
Varsoli, the design of beach protection measure and its impact on the coastal
configuration at Varsoli.
The initial phase of methodology included the collection of data and
information regarding the problem of creeklet siltation and its effects on fishing at
Varsoli. Basic data were collected from CWPRS, (2001, 2010. 2011) Pune. The
details regarding the groyne type bunds were also procured from CWPRS. Pune.
The toposheet and hydrographic chart of the area was then procured and
mapping and DEM was generated using GIS software, to get the idea of submarine
relief near the mouth of Varsoli creek.
Repeated field visits were undertaken for sampling of beach sand,
measurement of longshore currents and littoral drift and wave heights.

59
 Google earth images were used to study and map the temporal changes in
coastline indicated as per the daily tidal phase. The images were also used to map the
changes within the creeklet and along the northern and southern shore of Varsoli.
Leveling surveys were also carried out on beach at Varsoli to understand the pattern
in the growth of beach to the north and south groynes.

60