Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijfatigue
Received 16 January 2003; received in revised form 10 June 2003; accepted 28 July 2003
Abstract
The paper presents approximate expressions suitable for describing the elastic distribution of the maximum principal stress in
plates and round bars subjected to uniaxial loads. The closed form expressions are valid over the entire ligament width and represent
an extension of an analytical frame recently reported in the literature and valid only for the highly stressed zone surrounding the
notch tip. Such an extension is obtained by simply imposing global equilibrium conditions, both to notched plates and axi-symmetric
rounded bars. Existing analogies between the stress distributions induced by elliptic, slim parabolic and V-shaped notches are
discussed on the basis of theoretical and numerical evidence. Finally, the accuracy of the new expressions has been examined
against finite element results showing a good agreement.
2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Elasticity; Stress distribution; U-notch; V-notch; Elliptic notch; Circular notch; Finite size
0142-1123/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2003.06.001
378 S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391
Among these solutions, the best known is Creager– The aim of the present work is to present some new
Paris’ formulation [15], which in the common practice formulas suitable for describing the maximum principal
can be utilised not only for “blunt cracks” but also for stress distribution along the entire ligament of plates or
describing local stress fields in parabolic, elliptic, U and rounded bars weakened by central or symmetric lateral
narrow V-shaped notches, in particular when the elastic notches. The starting point is a recent analytical frame
peak stress is localised at the notch tip. This is because [27] proposed to describe the local stress distributions
stress distributions in the close neighbourhood of the tip in the close neighbourhood of V-shaped notches with
radius r mainly depend on the notch tip radius and only varying opening angles.
“slightly” depend on the global geometry of the notch The expression of the maximum principal stress along
[22]. Otherwise, in the presence of mixed-load con- the notch bisector is modified in order to take into
ditions, Creager–Paris’ solution should be applied only account the global equilibrium condition. The stress field
to slim parabolic notches, as highlighted by Radaj and predictions over the whole ligament width are obtained
Sonsino [28]. only on the basis of analytical conditions, avoiding best
In the past several researchers suggested different for- fitting operations of numerical data. One only needs to
mulas for the local stress fields often combining an ana- know the transverse net section of specimens and the
lytical frame and a best fitting of numerical data. relevant Kt value.
Approximate equations valid for notches with high A check of stress distributions due to V-notches and
values of Kt were developed by Weiss [14] on the basis those induced by elliptic (semi-elliptic), circular (semi-
of Neuber’s solution [29], subsequently also modified by circular) and U-notches will allow us to define an equiv-
Chen [16]. In the case of low values of Kt, Usami [17] alent V-notch, and to extend the method also to compo-
presented an extension of Airy’s expressions, while nents weakened by notches of different types.
Kujawski [19] was the first to re-arrange the Creager–
Paris formulation by introducing a correction factor f,
this factor being dependent on the value of the theoreti-
cal stress concentration factor Kt. 2. Some analytical preliminaries
Glinka [30] strongly contributed to the diffusion of
Creager–Paris’ formulas for Mode I loading, by giving
a proper definition of the generalised stress intensity fac- A set of closed form equations valid for V-shaped
tor for “blunt cracks” (K⬘I = smax√pr / 2) and by using notches in plates subjected to Modes I or II loads has
it to formalise the Equivalent Strain Energy density cri- been recently reported in the literature [27] improving
terion. Subsequently, Glinka and Newport [18] sug- the accuracy of previous solutions [23,26]. The new
gested two polynomial expressions, different for blunt equations have been obtained by using Kolosoff-Mush-
and sharp notches, in order to promote their adoption in kelishvili’s complex potential function approach [32]
engineering calculations. They also suggested a correc- and the conform mapping on a semi-infinite plane due
tion useful for bending problems. Most of these formu- to Neuber [29].
lations were carefully checked by Shin et al. [20] and With reference to the polar coordinate system shown
Shin [21] on the basis of numerical analyses, with the in Fig. 1, Mode I stress fields in the vicinity of the notch
aim to clarify their accuracy and range of validity. More tip are [27]:
recently, Kujawski and Shin [24] combined two previous
冦冧 冤冦 冧
solutions due to Chen [16] and Kujawski [19] into a sq (1 ⫹ l1)cos(1⫺l1)q
unique formulation able to yield a better approximation
for notches having a very different degree of acuity. sr ⫽ l 1r l1⫺1
a1 (3⫺l1)cos(1⫺l1)q
Worthy of attention are also the formulas for the trq (1⫺l1)sin(1⫺l1)q
maximum principal stress due to Xu et al. [22], who
were able to give compact expressions for the maximum
冦 冧
principal stress by combining theoretical results valid for cos(1 ⫹ l1)q
a half-plane bounded by a semi-infinite parabola [31]
and features of the stress fields in finite size components ⫹ cb1(1⫺l1) ⫺cos(1 ⫹ l1)q (1)
under Mode I loading. Xu et al. [22] adopted the stress sin(1 ⫹ l1)q
concentration factor Kt and the root radius r as the main
parameters for infinite bodies, and then introduced the
冢冦 冧
notch depth to ligament width ratio as an additional para- (1 ⫹ m1)cos(1⫺m1)q
meter suitable for analysing the finite size effect. The
influence of the different parameters on the maximum
principal stress distribution was determined by a best fit-
⫹
q r
4(q⫺1) r0 冉冊 m1⫺l1
cd1 (3⫺m1)cos(1⫺m1)q
(1⫺m1)sin(1⫺m1)q
ting of finite element data.
S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391 379
冦 冧冣冥
cos(1 ⫹ m1)q 3. Principal stress distribution in finite size plates
⫹ cc1 ⫺cos(1 ⫹ m1)q and bars
sin(1 ⫹ m1)q
In the present work, only the tensile stress sq|q = 0 =
sy along the notch bisector (Fig. 1) is considered because
where coefficient l1 is Williams’ eigenvalue valid for this is the most important stress component in fatigue
sharp V-notches [33], while m1 is an additional exponent, analysis. The stress field can be simplified as follows:
essential to describe the stress field in the vicinity of the
blunt notch tip. In Eq. (1) cb1, cd1 and cc1 are linearly
dependent terms, whose expressions were derived by sy ⫽
smax
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
4(q⫺1)冋r
r0 冉冊 l1⫺1
(4)
冉冊 册
applying the local boundary conditions on the notch free
m1⫺1
edge [27]. Table 1 summarises the values of all para- r
⫹ qw1
meters for different values of the opening angle 2a. It r0
Table 1
Parameters for the stress distributions given by Eqs. (1) and (7)
a
Values of the opening angle used for elliptic and circular notches.
380 S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391
where
cd1(1 ⫹ m1) ⫹ cc1
w1 ⫽ (5)
1 ⫹ l1 ⫹ cb1(1⫺l1)
(see Table 1). Eq. (4) has been found to be in satisfactory
agreement with finite element results in the high stress
region around the notch tip [27], while, due to its nature,
it cannot be used in the zones far away from the notch
tip, where the influence of the nominal stress becomes
predominant.
In order to improve the accuracy of the maximum
principal stress distribution along the entire ligament
width, we introduce here the auxiliary function f(r)
defined as
f(r) ⫽ r0 ⫹ { arc tan[(r⫺r0)m] } / m (6) Fig. 3. Influence of m on the theoretical stress distributions.
and suggest substituting the radial distance r in the first
term between square brackets of Eq. (4) with f(r). Conse-
quently therefore stress distributions provided by relations (4)
再 再
and (7) are practically coincident in the vicinity of the
smax
sy ⫽ 4(q⫺1) 1 (7) notch tip.
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1 As shown in Fig. 2, Eq. (6) also exhibits a strong
⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m]
r0m 冎 l1⫺1
⫹ qw1 冉冊 冎
r
r0
m1⫺1 dependence on the m variable:
limm→0+r0 ⫹ { arctan[(r⫺r0)m] } / m ⫽ r (9)
Figs. 2 and 3 show the influence of the parameter m on limm→⬁r0 ⫹ { arctan[(r⫺r0)m] } / m ⫽ r0 (10)
Eqs. (6) and (7). It is essential to note that Eqs. (4) and
Generally speaking, relation (6) shows an asymptotic
(7) are equivalent at the tip, since
behaviour as r tends to infinity and m is different from
∂f(r) ∂2f(r) zero; as a consequence Eq. (7) tends towards a finite
f(r)|r=r0 ⫽ r0
∂r | r=r0
⫽1
∂r2 | r=r0
⫽0 (8) value as the distance from the notch tip increases. In
particular
A proper evaluation of the parameter m will allow us to
describe the stress distribution along the entire weakened
section of the components.
limr→⬁sy ⫽
smax
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
4(q⫺1) 1 ⫹
p
2r0m 冉 冊l1⫺1
Eq. (8) shows that Eq. (6) coincides with the function (11)
distance r in r0, as well as its first and second derivative;
Therefore a rapid evaluation of the m parameter for infi-
nite bodies can be achieved by simply imposing
sn om ⫽
smax
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
4(q⫺1) 1 ⫹
p
2r0m 冉 冊l1⫺1
(12)
so that
冋冉 冊 冉 冊 册
1/(l1⫺1) 1/(l1⫺1) ⫺1
p 1 qw1
minf ⫽ 1⫹ ⫺1
2r0 Kt 4(q⫺1)
(13)
In the previous formulation, Eq. (6) was introduced only
in the terms linked to exponent l1, while the expression
including m1 was left unmodified. As noted above, m1-
related terms are meaningful only in the close neigh-
bourhood of the tip, thus they are not expected to give
substantial contribution to the representation of the finite
dimension effect. A more complex formulation with
Fig. 2. Influence of the parameter m. respect to Eq. (6) would be necessary only if Kt values
S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391 381
are very low. Note that when m tends to infinite Eq. (12) The right-hand term of Eq. (18) can directly be determ-
leads to ined, while a trial value for the parameter m can be
qw1 obtained by introducing Kt net in Eq. (13).
Kt min ⫽ 1 ⫹ (14) Condition (16) is fully analytical and does not require
4(q⫺1)
best fitting techniques. Moreover the global error aver-
Then, the value of Kt min ranges from 2 to 1.3 when the aged along the entire ligament width
opening angle 2a ranges from 0° to 150°. However,
numerical evidence demonstrated that in the case of
blunt notches (typically circular and semi-circular
notches, see later), it is convenient to substitute Eq. (6)
⌬tot ⫽ 冕 h/2
0
[sy, exact(x)⫺sy, predicted(x)] dx (19)
with Eq. (15), which also satisfies Eqs. (8)–(10). is evidently null. Thus, it can be expected that the final
description of sy given by Eqs. (7) and (17) is in satis-
f(r) ⫽ r0 ⫹ {tanh[(r⫺r0)m] } / m (15)
factory agreement with the exact stress distribution not
When r tends to infinity, the function “tanh” tends to 1.0 only in the highly stressed zone but over the entire net
while “arctang” tended to p / 2. Consequently, Eq. (15) section of the component.
is able to describe a more rapid transition between the
stress concentration zone and the nominal stress zone. 3.2. Finite size axi-symmetric bars
The results of numerical analyses on blunt notches sup-
ported this choice. In axi-symmetric components, the global equilibrium
3.1. Finite width plates condition (16) becomes:
In the previous paragraph, a simple correction was
suggested for infinite bodies. In that case, a proper defi-
nition of the m parameter can be achieved by taking
sn om, net ⫽
4
pd2 冕d/2
0
sy(R)2pR dR (20)
advantage of the equivalence between the remote applied where d is the diameter of the net section and R is the
stress and the limiting value expressed in Eq. (11). On distance from the longitudinal axis, correlated to the dis-
the other hand, the correction for finite width elements tance r of the previous local coordinate system by the
can be obtained by involving global equilibrium con- expression
ditions. d
The longitudinal tensile distribution needs to satisfy R⫽ ⫹ r0⫺r (21)
the following condition: 2
sn om, net ⫽
2
冕 h/2 By using Eqs. (7) and (21), Eq. (20) becomes:
冕 再 再
sy(x) dx (16)
h 0 8 r0 ⫹ d / 2
R
smax 4(q⫺1) 1
where h is the net width of the plate and x is the distance d2 r0 4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
冎 冉冊 冎
from the notch tip. Taking advantage of Eq. (7), Eq.
l1⫺1 m1⫺1
(16) becomes: arc tan[(r⫺r0)m] r
⫹ ⫹ qw1
冕 再 再
dr (22)
2 r0 ⫹ h / 2
smax r0m r0
4(q⫺1) 1
h r0 4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1 ⫽ sn om, net
⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m]
r0m 冎 l1⫺1
⫹ qw1 冉冊 冎
r
r0
m1⫺1
dr (17)
A more convenient form of Eq. (22), to be used in
numeric calculations, is:
⫽ sn om, net
Eq. (17) does not have an analytical solution and the
冕 再
r0 ⫹ d / 2
r0
1⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m]
r0m 冎
l1⫺1
R dr
evaluation of the parameter m needs a numeric routine. sn om, net d2 4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
In order to make calculations easier, we re-write Eq. (17) ⫽ (23)
smax 8 4(q⫺1)
in the following form
冕 再 r0 ⫹ h / 2
r0
1⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m]
r0m 冎 l1⫺1
dr ⫹
qw1
4(1 ⫹ m1)(q⫺1) 冋
(r0 ⫹ d / 2)m1+1
rm0 1⫺1
⫺r20 册
⫽
sn om, net h 4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
smax 2 4(q⫺1)
(18) ⫺
qw1
8m1(q⫺1)
(d ⫹ 2r0)
rm0 1⫺1 冋
(r0 ⫹ d / 2)m1
⫺r0 册
⫺
qw1r0
4m1(q⫺1) 冋冉 1⫹
h
2r0冊 册m1
⫺1 Eq. (23) can be solved by a numeric routine, to obtain
the optimal m parameter.
382 S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391
Once the maximum principal stress distribution in the It is obvious that the accuracy of the sqq distribution
entire weakened section is known, it might be of interest strictly depends on the degree of correctness of the sx
to estimate the hoop stress distribution due to the axial and sy distributions.
symmetry.
In a cylindrical coordinate system, the following
expressions are valid: 4. Elliptic and U-shaped notches
sRR ⫽
E duR
1⫺n2 dR冉⫹n
uR
R
⫹ sLL
n
冊
1⫺n
(24) The extension of the frame given by Eq. (1) to cases
冉 冊
where the opening angle is not clearly defined (as it hap-
E uR duR n pens, for example, in elliptic and semi-elliptic notches)
sqq ⫽ ⫹n ⫹ sLL (25)
1⫺n2 R dR 1⫺n or the notch depth tends to the root radius value (as in
where now sLL, sRR and sqq are the longitudinal, radial an semi-circular notch), it is possible but it needs some
and hoop stress components, respectively, while uR is additional information.
the radial displacement, E is the Young modulus and n The aim of the following part is just to extend the
is the Poisson ratio. formulation valid for V-shaped notches to other type of
Even if the two coordinate systems are different, in notches, providing the useful data in order to decrease
the errors to document the degree of accuracy. In parti-
the weakest transversal section of the bar, the sRR stress
component coincides with sr|q = 0 = sx, while sLL cular, the following notches will be explicitly con-
coincides with sy. Therefore, by introducing Eq. (7) and sidered:
the radial stress distribution given by Eq. (1) into Eq.
(24), the displacement uR can be related to known para- – elliptic notches centred in a plate and symmetric semi-
meters: elliptic notches;
冉冊
– circular notches centred in a plate and symmetric
l1⫺1
r semi-circular notches;
sr|q=0 ⫽ sx ⫽ smax (26)
r0 – U-shaped notches, both lateral and central (two
冉冊
notches linked in such a way to define a buttonhole)
冦 冧
q r m1⫺l1
3⫺l1⫺cb1(1⫺l1) ⫹ [cd1(3⫺m1)⫺cc1]
4(q⫺1) r0 A first analysis, useful for elliptic defects, can be made
q on the basis of the exact solution developed by Inglis
1 ⫹ l1 ⫹ cb1(1⫺l1) ⫹ [c (1 ⫹ m1) ⫹ cc1]
4(q⫺1) d1 [3]. Limiting the comparison to the close neighbourhood
of the tip, we shall use as an accuracy index the para-
⫽ 冉
E duR
⫹n
uR
⫹ 冊
smax meter ⌬, defined as follows
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
冕 冤 |
2
1⫺n2 dR
| 冥
R 1 0.4r
再 再 冎 冉冊 冎
l1⫺1 m1⫺1
⌬⫽ sbb ⫺sq dr (28)
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m] r n 0.4r
4(q⫺1) 1 ⫹ ⫹ qw1 0
a=a(r) a=a(r)
r0m r0 1⫺n b=0 b=0
Finally, by substituting Eq. (21) into (26), a non-linear where the distance 0.4r delimitates the zone where stress
differential equation is derived. It can be easily solved distribution depends only on the notch radius [7]. In Eq.
by using some commercial codes. (28), sbb is the normal stress calculated by means of
It is worth noting that the homogeneous solution of Inglis’ formulas for Mode I loading (b = 0 in the elliptic
Eq. (26) can be formulated in the general form K·R⫺n, auxiliary coordinate system), while sq is the stress
K being a constant. This term is singular at the axis component of an “equivalent” V-notch, given by the first
(R = 0), so that K is equal to zero and only the particular expression of Eq. (1), and evaluated along the notch
solution has to be taken into account. bisector. For different elliptic notches, Fig. 4 shows the
Once uR is numerically determined, Eq. (25) can be dependence of Eq. (28) on the equivalent opening angle.
used to predict the distribution of the hoop stress compo- By interpolating the numerical data shown in Fig. 4,
nents sqq: it is possible to derive the following interpolating law
冉 冊
where the angle 2aeq is in degrees:
E uR duR
冉 冊
sqq ⫽ ⫹n ⫺0.916
1⫺n2 R dR a
2aeq ⫽ 192.64 1 ⫹ 2 (29)
再 再
b
smax 4n(q⫺1)
⫹ 1 (27)
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1 1⫺n Note that in the case of a circular hole, 2aeq is about
冎 冉冊 冎
equal to 70°. Eq. (29) can be justified also on the basis
l1⫺1 m1⫺1
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m] nqw1 r of some other theoretical considerations related to the
⫹ ⫹
r0m 1⫺n r0 free edge effects.
S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391 383
冦冧 冦冧
sv sr
su ⫽ [T] sq (32)
tuv trq
冤 冥
cos2g sin2g 2singcosg
Fig. 4. Normalised index ⌬ versus the angle 2aeq of a V-notch equiv- [T] ⫽ sin2g cos2g ⫺2singcosg (33)
alent to an elliptic notch in a infinite plate.
⫺singcosg singcosg cos2g⫺sin2g
In an ellipse, at the neighbourhood of the tip, the non- and the angle g is shown in Fig. 5.
zero sv stress component along the free edge (see Fig. Polar coordinates can be linked to the elliptic coordi-
5) can be described on the basis of Inglis’ relation: nates as follows:
sinh(2a0) ⫹ e2a0 cos(2b)⫺1 r(b) ⫽ (34a)
sv ⫽ sbb|a=a0 ⫽ (30)
c冑sinh(a0)2sin(b)2 ⫹ (cosh(a0)cos(b)⫺a / c ⫹ r0 / c)2
cosh(2a0)⫺cos(2b)
冉 冊
where a0 is a characteristic parameter in the elliptic
coordinates, which is related to the ellipse semi-axes a sinh(a0)sin(b)
q(b) ⫽ arc tan (34b)
and b by means of: cosh(a0)cos(b)⫺a / c ⫹ r0 / c
Finally
sv(b) ⫽ sr[r(b),q(b)]cos2[g(b)]
⫹ sq[r(b),q(b)]sin2[g(b)] (35)
⫹ 2trqsin[g(b)]cos[g(b)]
Fig. 5. Local stress indexes for Neuber’ hyperbola (u, v)and Inglis’ Fig. 6. Angle 2aeq versus the major axis/minor axis ratio; notch in a
ellipse (a, b). infinite plate.
Table 2 384
Geometry of the notches on finite size plates and parameters of the stress distributions
Model no. Type of notch Notch depth a Tip radius r (mm) Ligament width h Kt gross Kt net 2aeq (deg) a1 (MPa mm1⫺l1) m (mm⫺1)
(opening angle) (mm) (mm) (∗) (∗)
Model no. Type of notch (opening Notch depth a Tip radius r (mm) Inner diameter d (mm) Kt gross Kt net aeq (deg) a1 (MPa mm1⫺l1) m (mm⫺1)
angle) (mm) (∗) (∗)
Now, the “equivalence” between ellipse and V-notch can provided by Eq. (1) showed that the best agreement is
be discussed on the basis of an analytical condition: achieved by imposing 2aeq = 30° for lateral U-notches
since the peak value is already coincident and the first and 2aeq = 45° for double U central notches. The results
derivative is clearly null, the second derivative of the sv will be documented in the next paragraph.
stress component becomes the parameter of interest. The observed equivalency between U and narrow V-
More precisely, the following equation has to be solved notches can be justified also on the basis of the stress
concentration factor Kt which, as well known, is seen to
∂2sv ∂2sv(sr,sq,trq)
∂b2 | a=a0
⫽
∂b2 |
a=a0
(36) be not dependent on the notch opening angle when the
angle is close to zero [35]. Distinct opening angles 2aeq
b=0 b=0 are suggested for lateral and internal U-notchs in order
where the term on the left-hand side is evaluated by Eq. to correctly reproduce the slightly different slopes of
(30) and the right-hand term is derived by Eq. (35). their stress distributions.
Fig. 6 shows the roots of Eq. (36) as a function of the
major axis to minor axis ratio a/b. The plot differs from
that related to the minimum scatter provided by Eq. (28).
More precisely, the disagreement increases as b tends to 5. Estimations of stress concentration factors
a, while, on the contrary, the data substantially coincide
for high a/b ratios. In both cases, the opening angle 2aeq
of an “equivalent” V-notch tends, as expected, asymp- The formulas previously reported establish the shape
totically towards zero as a/b increases. This result con- of the stress distribution and require only the maximum
firms the possibility to adopt the Creager–Paris solution peak stress to derive parameter m by simply using an
also for elliptic notches when Kt is sufficiently high. The equilibrium condition. It is worth noting that, by fixing
disagreement between the two criteria plotted in Fig. 6 all parameters present in Eq. (7) on the basis of the notch
can be clarified by observing that, in general, the con- type and geometry, parameter m exhibits a weak varia-
dition of equilibrium on the free edge involves not only bility also in the presence of great variations of the notch
the sv component, but also the su and tuv stresses [27]. tip radius (and then of the stress concentration factor).
In the U-notch case, because an exact solution does Therefore, it is possible to determine the value m∗ for
not exist, the equivalence with V-notches can be dis- a given value of the notch tip radius r∗, and sub-
cussed only on the basis of FE results. Taking into sequently, to introduce the m∗ parameter in Eq. (16) in
account finite size components, a comparison between a order to calculate the peak stress for different values of
number of finite element analyses and theoretical trends r. The convenient expressions for plates and bars are
Table 4
Error d% for elliptic (semi-elliptic) and circular (semi-circular) notches, with reference to different formulations
d%
Model no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
r⫺r0 = 0.1r a
⫺1.1 ⫺1.0 ⫺2.1 ⫺1.8 ⫺4.3 ⫺3.3 ⫺3.1 ⫺0.6 ⫺0.6 ⫺1.1 ⫺1.2 ⫺1.6 ⫺2.1 ⫺2.3
b
0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 ⫺1.5 ⫺1.0 ⫺0.2 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.2 0.8
c
4.4 4.5 3.5 3.7 ⫺1.3 2.3 2.6 4.9 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.2
Eq. (4) ⫺0.1 0.1 ⫺0.1 0.7 ⫺1.3 ⫺0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.7
r⫺r0 = 0.3r a
⫺2.8 ⫺2.5 ⫺4.9 ⫺4.3 ⫺9.0 ⫺6.6 ⫺5.9 ⫺1.5 ⫺1.5 ⫺2.5 ⫺2.9 ⫺2.6 ⫺4.1 ⫺4.4
b
0.5 ⫺0.2 ⫺0.3 ⫺0.4 ⫺2.5 ⫺1.7 ⫺1.7 1.7 0.5 2.1 0.9 2.2 1.2 2.9
c
4.9 5.1 2.4 3.2 ⫺2.1 0.3 0.9 6 6.1 4.6 4.5 3.6 2.6 2.6
Eq. (4) ⫺0.2 ⫺0.1 ⫺0.8 ⫺0.3 ⫺3.1 ⫺0.8 ⫺0.7 1.0 0.9 1.6 1.2 3.1 1.7 1.3
r⫺r0 = 0.7r a
⫺4.4 ⫺4.0 ⫺6.4 ⫺5.2 d d d
⫺2.3 ⫺2.4 ⫺2.6 ⫺3.5 d d d
b
0.2 ⫺0.7 0.4 0.2 d d d
2.2 0.5 2.9 1.8 d d d
c
1.2 2.1 ⫺2.7 ⫺0.6 d d d
3.1 3.7 0.6 1.2 d d d
r⫺r0 = r a
⫺4.7 ⫺4.2 ⫺5.2 ⫺3.9 d d d
⫺2.4 ⫺2.5 ⫺1.2 ⫺2.4 d d d
b
0.4 ⫺0.7 ⫺3.2 1.8 d d d
2.6 0.7 ⫺0.9 3.3 d d d
c
⫺1.2 0.1 ⫺4.9 ⫺2.0 d d d
1.0 1.9 ⫺1.8 ⫺0.3 d d d
a
Refs. [15,30].
b
Ref. [22].
c
Ref. [24].
d
Nominal stress zone.
S. Filippi, P. Lazzarin / International Journal of Fatigue 26 (2004) 377–391 387
smax ⫽ (37)
h 4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
sn om, net
2 4(q⫺1)
qw1r0
4m1(q⫺1)
1⫹
h
2r0 冋冉 冊 册 冕 再
m1
⫺1 ⫹
r0 ⫹ h / 2
r0
1⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m∗]
m∗r0 冎
l1⫺1
dr
smax ⫽ (38)
4(q⫺1) ⫹ qw1
sn om, net d2
4qw1
8(q⫺1)
qw1
⫹ 冕 再
r ⫹ d/2
r
0
0
1⫹
arc tan[(r⫺r0)m∗]
m ∗r 0 冎 冉
l ⫺1
1 d
2
⫹ r0⫺r dr ⫹冊dr0 ⫹ 2r20
m1(1 ⫹ m1) 冋冉 1⫹
d
2r0 冊 册
m
1
⫺1 ⫺
m1 dr0
(1 ⫹ m1)
Table 5 Table 6
Error index for the plane models of Table 2 Error index for the axi-symmetric models of Table 3
Model d% Model d%
no. no.
r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0= r⫺r0=
0.1r 0.3r r 3r 10r 0.1r 0.3r r 3r 10r
Table 7
Exact and predicted peak values for the hoop stress sqq; the error in
percentage, d%, is referred to finite element values
7. Conclusions
Table 8
Values of Kt net for plates with symmetric lateral U-notches
Table 9
Values of Kt net for rounded bars with a U-notch
FE data Eq. (38) FE data Eq. (38) FE data Eq. (38) FE data Eq. (38)
cal data, but only a simple condition of global equilib- tifying the finite size effect, a simple method was
rium. An extensive comparison between the theoretical presented, able to estimate the variations of the stress
distribution of the maximum principal stress and numeri- concentration factors in components having the same net
cal data was made, taking into account 60 different notch and gross sections, weakened by the same type of notch
models. The agreement was found to be very satisfac- but in the presence of a notch tip radius largely variable.
tory.
In the axi-symmetric cases, a formulation capable of
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