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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Submitted by
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IN
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Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
It is certified that this project report "DESIGN OF PEDESTRIAN STEEL FOOT OVER BRIDGE" is
the bonafide work of “PRITHIVI KUMAR. V (211415103076), RAHUL.A(211415103079), SAMPATH
KUMAR. V (211415103087), SELVIN CASTRO. I (211415103094) and the project was carried out under
the supervision of the following professors.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. M. MAGESHWARI, M.E, PhD L. RANJITH KUMAR, M.E,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of civil engineering, Department of civil engineering,
Panimalar Engineering College, Panimalar Engineering College,
Poonamalle. Poonamalle.
Chennai – 600 123. Chennai – 600 123.
Submitted for the VIVA – VOICE examination held on 22nd OCTOBER 2018 at PANIMALAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 6000123.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A project of this magnitude and nature requires kind co-operation and support from many of the successful
completion. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who were involved in the completion of project.
Our sincere thanks to Honorable Founder and Chairman Dr. JEPPIAAR, M.A., Ph.D., for his sincere
endeavour in educating us in his premier institution.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our Beloved secretary and correspondent Dr.
CHINNADURAI, M.A., Ph.D., for his kind words and enthusiastic motivation which inspired us a lot in
completing the project.
We also express our sincere thanks to our dynamic directors Mrs. C. VIJAYA RAJESHWARI, and C.
SAKTHI KUMAR, M.E., for providing us with the necessary facilities for completion of the project.
We also express our appreciation and gratefulness to our Principal Dr. P. MANI, M.E., Ph.D., who help us
in the completion of the project. We wish to convey our thanks and gratitude to our head of the department, Dr.
M. MAGESHWARI, M.E., Ph.D., Department of Civil Engineering, for her support and by providing us ample
time to complete our project.
We also greatful to our project guide Mr. RANJITH KUMAR. L, M.E., Assistant professor, Civil
Engineering Department for his valuable guidance an constant encouragement in completing this project.
We also thank our parents and friends for providing their extensive moral support and encouragement
during the course of the project.
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Volume 4, Issue 2, February – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
ABSTRACT
Foot bridge are needed where a separate pathway has to be provided for the people to cross traffic
flows or some physical obstructions such as river. The loads they carry are in relation to high ways or
railway bridge quite modest are in most circumstances a fairly light structure is required. They are
however frequently used to give a long clear span, and stiffness and become an important consideration.
The bridges are often very clearly on view to the public and therefore the appearance merits careful
attention.
The project Design of pedestrian steel foot over bridge. The design includes the estimation of loads
and factor of safety taking care of all kinds of practical situations. The methodology used was limit state
method based on IS 456:2000, IS800:2007 and SP-16.
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TABLES OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 94
ABSTRACT 95
1 INTRODUCTION 98
1.1 General 98
1.2 Scope of project 98
2 LITERATURE OF REVIEW 99
3 BRIDGES 100
3.1 Introduction to bridges 100
3.2 Classification of bridges 100
3.2.1 Based on movement of structural parts 100
3.2.2 Based on resting 100
3.2.3 Based on material of construction 100
3.3 Steel bridge 101
3.3.1 Steel used in bridge 101
3.3.2 Classification of steel bridges 101
3.3.2.1 Classification according to type of structural arrangement 101
3.3.2.2 Classification according to structural action 102
3.3.2.3 Classification according to type of connection 103
3.3.3 Advantages of steel bridge 103
3.4 Foot over bridge 103
3.5 Deck slab 103
4 DESIGN 104
4.1 Design of deck slab 104
4.2 Design of cross girders 106
4.3 Design of arch 107
4.3.1 Members force 107
4.3.2 Design of tension members 113
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4.3.3 Design of compression members 114
4.3.4 Design of diagonal members 114
4.4 Design of beam column 115
4.4.1 Design of beam column (uniaxial bending) 115
4.4.2 Design of base plate 118
4.4.3 Design of foundation 118
4.5 Beam column under biaxial bending 120
4.5.1 Design of column 120
4.5.2 Design of base plate 125
4.5.3 Design of square footing 126
4.6 Middle column 126
4.6.1 Design of middle column 126
4.6.2 Design of base plate 127
4.6.3 Design of foundation 128
4.7 Stair case 129
4.7.1 Design 129
4.7.2 Design of beam supporting stair case 130
4.7.3 Staircase column 132
4.7.4 Base plate 132
4.7.5 Design of foundation 133
4.7.6 Design of beam 134
5 CONCLUSION 136
6 REFERENCES 137
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
Klinth the promise of extensive beam generation isolated segments of the landscape are being connected by
architecturally novel and challenging foot bridge. The challenges in foot bridge design lie him the fulfillment of
the architectural demands for long light and slender structure this project details design and analysis of
pedestrian steel foot over bridge. The design includes the estimation of loads and factor of safety taking care of
all kinds of practical situations the methodology used was limits state method based on IS 456-2000 IS 800-
2007 and sp-16.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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CHAPTER 3
BRIDGES
A. INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGES
A bridge is a structure built for carrying the road/railway traffic or other moving loads over a depression or
gap or obstacle such as river, channel, canyon, valley, road or railway. Depending on the purpose and the
obstacle the type of bridge is selected to meet the requirement if a bridge is constructed to carry a highway
traffic it is called highway bridge if it used to carry a railway traffic it is called as railway bridge the bridges that
are constructed exclusively to carry pedestrians, cycle and animals are known as foot bridges and bridges used
to carry canals and pipe lines are known as aqueduct bridge.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
BASED ON RESTING
A bridge may be either of deck type or through type. A deck type is the one in which the roadway/railway
floor rests on the top of the supporting structure while a through bridge is the one where the roadway/ railway
floor rests on the bottom of the main load supporting structure;
SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN BRIDGES: Such types are commonly used when the width of gap to be
bridged is large the whole width can be subdivided into a number of individual span each span being simply
supported.
CONTINOUS SPAN BRIDGE: When the width of the gap is quite large and where there are no chance of
uneven settlements bridge may be continuity, moments are developed at pier supports resulting in the
reduction of stresses at the inner spans.
CANTILEVER BRIDGE: In case of three span continuous bridge loaded with uniformly distributed load
over all the three spans it is observed that there are two points of contra flexure in the central span. Hence if
continuous beam of the middle span is cut at these two points of contra flexure and shear resisting joints are
made at these two points the resulting configuration will be a cantilever bridge with a central suspended
span between these two formed joints.
ARCH BRIDGE: For deep gorges arch bridge are generally used since they offer economical and aesthetic
solution however they require strong abutments to resist the thrust from the arches the arches may be consist
of girder section or trusses and may be (a) fixed arches (b) two hinged arches (c) three hinged arches the two
hinged arches being more common.
RIVETED BRIDGE: Great majority trends welding connection are used in the past are riveted bridges
WELDED BRIDGES: In the modern trends welded connections are used in steel bridges the behavior of
welded connections under impact and vibrations is not yet fully known hence except for the main joints
welded connection are now increasingly used for built up sections and bracing elements particularly in
highway bridges.
BOLTED BRIDGES: Some of the older were pin-connected but their constructed was abandoned because
they are less rigid and at the same time they require constant maintenance.
E. DECK SLAB
The design of steel pedestrian foot bridges differ depending on where they are to be situated show large
they have to be a simple beam bridge is usually required for longer span in this project the span of the beam is
more.
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
DEPTH OF SLAB
As the loading class exceeds the value of 3 N/mm2 adopt span/depth ratio as 25.
Depth=span/depth ratio=3000/25=120mm
D=120mm
D=150mm
Effective span =clear span+ effective depth
=3+0.12=3.12m
LOADS
Self-weight of the slab=0.15 x 25=3.75KN/m2
Live load =5KN/m2
Floor finish =1.25KN/m2
Total load =10KN/m2
Factored load =1.5 x 10=15Kn/m2
Ultimate design moments and shear force
Referring table 26 of IS 456
Αy = 0.056 αx = 0.072
Mux = αyWuLx2 = 0.072 x 15 x 3.12sq = 10.51KNm
Vux = 0.5WuLx2 = 0.5 x 15 x 3.12sq = 23.4kN
LL=5KN/m2=5x3=15KN/m
Floor finish = 1KN/m2=1x3=3KN/m
DL=11.25KN/m
Total load = 29.25KN/m
Total factored load=45KN?mreaction R1=65KN
C. DESIGN OF ARCH
MEMBER FORCES
Method of joints
Ra+Rg=325KN
EM@A=0
Rg=162.5
Ra=162.5KN
EMJ=0
H=243.75KN
Joint A
EFv=0
162.5+Fahsin33.74=0
Fah=-295.45KN
Fab=245.68KN
Joint h
Joint B
EFh=0
Fbc=245.68KN
EFv=0
Fbi=-1.37KN
Joint iEfh=0Fu=-246KN
Fcd=245.68kN
EFv=0
Fbh-65+Fbisin46.88=0
Fbi=-1.37KN
JOINT I
EFh=0
Fijcos7.5-Fincos21.8-Fincos46.88=0
Fij=-246KN
EFv=0
-Fic+Fusin7.5-Finsin46.88-Finsin21.8=0
Fic=67KN
JOINT C
EFh=0
-Fcb+Fcd+Fcjcos50.2=0
Fcd=Fcb=245.68KN
EFv=0
-65+67=-Fcjsin50.2
Fcj=-2.6KN
TENSION MEMBERS
A tension member is the one which is intended to resist axial tension. Tension members are also called ties
or hangers. In contrast to compression member the disposition of material in atie has no effect on its structural
efficiency so that compact section such as roads may be used without reduction in allowable stress for tensile
force to be axial it is necessary that the load is applied through the centroid of the section of the member.
The design is iterative involving a choice of atrial section and an analysis of its capacity the various steps
are as follows.
The net area required An to carry the design load T is obtained by the equation
An=Tu/(fu/ᵟm1)
From the required net area the gross area may be computed by increasing the net area about 25%to 40%.
The required gross area may be also be checked against that required from the yield strength of the gross section
as follows.
Ag=Tu/(fu/ᵟm0)
The number of bolts or welding required for the connection is calculated. They are arranged in a suitable
pattern and the net area of the chosen section is calculated the design strength of the trial section is evaluated
using eqns in the case of plates and threaded bars and additionally using eqns in the case of angles.
The design strength is either small or too large compared to the design force a new section is chosen and
step 3 is repeated until a satisfactory design is obtained as slenderness ratio of the member is checked.
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
Number of bolt required=T/strength of one bolt
T=factored tensile load in the member
T=245.68KN
Pshear=0.462fux0.78xπd2/4
Here the grade of bolt is 4.6
RUPTURE CRITERIA
Anc=(50-5/2-15)x5=162.5mm2
Ago=(50-5/2)x5=237.5mm2
Fu=410MPa
ᵟm1=1.1
Bs=shear lag width
=50+25-5=70mm
ᵝ=1.4-0.0769(50/5) x (250/410)(70/100) ≤ 1.44
=1.07 ≤ 1.44
Tdbn=0.9x410x162.5/1.25+1.70x237.5x250/1.1
=106KN
Avg=Lvgx t
=130x5=650mm2
Atg=30x5=150mm2
WEB
d=450-2tf-2R
=450-2x13.7-2x15
d=392.6mm
tw=11.3mm
d/tw = 34.74<42
Hence the crossection is compact.
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Interior column
axial load = 162.5KN
moment = 1100KNm
SBC of soil = P/A + M/I x y
=(162.5 x 1)/L x B + 1100/LxB/12 x L/2
SBC of soil is 250KPa
250BL = 162.5 x 0.167Lx + 1100/ 0.167L
41.75BL2 – 27.14L – 1100 = 0
If B = 1m, L = 5.5m
If B = 2m, L = 3.8m
Section YY:
Mlong = P/LB x B x L-a/2 x L-a/4
= 162.5[(L-a)2 / 8L]
=57.5KNm
SECTION XX:
Mshort = P((B-b)2/8B)
=26KNm
Reinforcement required:
Longitudinal direction
M/bd2 = 57.5 x 1000 x 1000 / 2000 x 430 x 430
DESIGN OF COLUMN
LL = 5KN/m2 = 5x5x3 =45 KN
Floor Finish = 1KN/m2 = 1x3x3 = 9KN
DL = unit weight x volume = 25x3x3x0.15 = 33.75 KN
Total load = 87.75 KN
Take 90 KN acts over the slab of 3m x3m
Load acting over the slab = 22.5 KN
P1 = 22.5KN
Mz = 22.5 x 0.75 = 16.875KNm
My = 16.875KNm
Sectional properties:
H = 200 mm
bf = 200 mm
tf = 9 mm
A = 4750 mm2
rz = 87.1 mm
ry = 45.1 mm
Iz = 3608.4 x 10 4 mm4
Iy = 967.1 x 10 4 mm4
WEB
d = H-2tf – 2R = 200 – 2x9 – 2x9 = 164mm
d/tw = 164/6.1 = 26.88 < 42 E
hence the web is class 3 , semi compact
Hence the bending resistance is fine along major Z-Z axis and minor Y-Y axis
SHEAR BUCKLING:
d / tw = 200/6.1 = 33 <67E
hence no shear buckling check is required.
Reinforcement
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-fyAst/fck x bd]
Ast = 1209mm2
Therefore provide 8 nos of 16mm dia bars of 160mm C/C
F. MIDDLE COLUMN
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Axial load = 325KN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250KN/m2
Assume fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2
Area = 325/250 = 1.3m2
Adopt 1.2m x 1.2m square base of constant depth
Reaction = 325/1.2 x 1.2 = 225.69KN/m2
Reinforcement required
M/bd2 = 0.72
From Sp 16 steel percentage = 0.21 [>min 0.15%]
Ast = 534mm2
Provide 10mm dia bar 130mm C/C spacing.
Total depth of footing = 300mm.
G. STAIR CASE
DESIGN
DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
Floor height =4.5m
Width of stairs = 3m
Rise = 0.15m
Tread = 0.3m
Landing = 3m
Length of each flight = 15 x 0.5 = 4.5m
Effective span = 15 x 0.3 +0.3 = 4.8m
Depth = span / 20 = 4800 / 20 = 240mm
Adopt depth, d = 220mm
LOAD
Dead load of slab on slope = 0.24 x 1 x 25 = 6KN/m
Dead load on horizontal span, W = 6.7 KN/m
Dead load on one step = 0.5 x 0.15 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.56 KN/m
Load on steps per meter length = 1.86KN/m
Floor finish = 1.44 KN/m
Total load = 6+6.7+1.86+1.44 = 16KN/m
REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 0.87 fyAst d [1-(fy x Ast) / (fck x bd)]
Ast = 935mm2
Hence provide 12 mm dia bar at 120mm C/C
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
0.12% of cross section area
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 240
=288mm2
Hence provide 8mm dia bar at 170 mm C/C
BASE PLATE
Axial load = 100KN
Bearing strength of concrete = 0.45fck = 0.45 x 25 = 11.25N/mm2
Size of the base pate = 250 x 200 = 50000mm2
W = 3.32 MPa
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Axial load = 100KN
SBC of soil = 250KPa
fy = 415 MPa
fca = 25N/mm2
Area = 100/250 = 0.4m2
= 0.7 x 0.7m
Reaction = 100 / 7x7 = 204KN
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Factored load = 20KN/m
Assume width of beam = 250mm
Overall depth of beam = 400mm
Effective cover = 50mm
Effective depth = 350nm
Ultimate moment and shear force = 0.125wu l2
=22.5KNm
Vu = 0.5wu l
=30KN
Reinforcements
Mu limit = 0.138 Fck bd2
=0.138 x 25 x 250 x 350 x 350 = 106KNm
Since Mu <Mu limit the section is singly rein forced and under reinforcement section
Ast = 170mm2
Provide 4 number of 8 mm dia bars as tension reinforcement ans 2 bars of 10mm diameter as hanger bars on
compression side,
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Thus the arch type pedestrian foot over bridge is designed as per IS codes of practice. It is the most
economical one as we designed as per the code. It can withstand heavy pedestrian loads greater than the normal
traffic loads.
REFERENCES