1st Part:

Statement: If 𝑛𝑝 is a numberjof P-Sylow’s subgroupsjof Gjthen 𝑛𝑝 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑃) wherejP is a

Prime number.

Proof: let K be a group of Order 𝑃𝑎 𝑚 where P ℸ m & a ≥ 1

i.e |𝐾| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

LetjXjbe a set of alljP-Sylow’s subgroupsjof K,

Let S be a P-Sylow’s subgroup which acts on X by conjugation

I.e

𝜑 ∶ 𝑆 ⟶ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚(𝑋)

defined by

𝜑𝑠 (𝑄) = 𝑠 (𝑄) 𝑠 −1 ∴ 𝑄∈𝑋

Where S is a P-group which acts on X

Therefore |𝑋| = |𝐹𝑖𝑥(𝑠)|𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑃

𝑛𝑝 = |𝐹𝑖𝑥(𝑠)|𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑃

Now we find the numberjof fixedjpoints one of the elementjof fix (s) is S.

We suppose another fixed point let call it ‘T’

𝜑𝑠 (𝑇) = 𝑇 ∀ 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆j

j𝑠 (𝑇) 𝑠 −1 = T j∀ 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆
We know that every two P-Sylow’s

Sylow’s is subgroups are conjugates of each other

 S = s(T)s-1

 S=T

There is only one fixed point

 |𝐹𝑖𝑥(𝑠)| = 1

Putting the value of |fix(s)| in equation (1)

 𝑛𝑝 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑃)

Hence proved.

Example: Let A4 be a group of Order 3.22 where 3 ℸ 2 & a =1

i.e |𝐴4 | 3.22jj

X = {j𝑆′, j𝑆′1 , j𝑆′2 , j 𝑆′3 }

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝑆′ = { ( ),( ),( )}
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝑆′1 = { ( ),( ),( )}
1 2 3 4 3 2 4 1 4 2 1 3

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝑆′2 = { ( ),( ),( )}
1 2 3 4 2 4 3 1 4 1 3 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝑆′3 = { ( ),( ),( )}
1 2 3 4 1 3 4 2 1 4 2 3
 S acts on X

𝜑𝑠 (𝑄) = 𝑠 (𝑄) 𝑠 −1

𝑆′ 𝑆′1 𝑆′2 𝑆′3

𝜑 1 2 3 4 =( )
( ) 𝑆′ 𝑆′1 𝑆′2 𝑆′3
1 2 3 4

𝑆′ 𝑆′1 𝑆′2 𝑆′3

𝜑 1 2 3 4 =( )
( ) 𝑆′ 𝑆′3 𝑆′1 𝑆′2
2 3 1 4

𝑆′ 𝑆′1 𝑆′2 𝑆′3

𝜑 1 2 3 4 = ( ) ∴ 𝐹𝑖𝑥 (𝑆′) = {𝑆′}
( ) 𝑆′ 𝑆′2 𝑆′3 𝑆′1
3 1 2 4

|𝑋| ≡ |𝐹𝑖𝑥(𝑆′)| (𝑚𝑜𝑑 3)

 4 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 3)

2nd Part:

Statement: Let K is ajgroupjof Order 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

i.e |𝐾| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

Where a ≥ 1and Pjis ajprime number whichjdoesjnot divide mjthen 𝑛𝑝 ℸ 𝑚 where 𝑛𝑝 is the

Order of the set alljSylow’s P-jSubgroups.

Proof: since |𝐾| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚 where 𝑃 ℸ 𝑚 and

Suppose that the whole group K acts on S by conjugation

Such that
 𝜑 ∶ 𝐾 ⟶ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚(𝑆)

defined by

𝜑𝑘 (𝜌) = 𝑘 (𝜌) 𝑘 −1 ∀𝑘 ∈𝐾

According to 2nd theorem Sylow’s P-subgroups are conjugate to each other therefore there is

only one Orbit whose Order is equal to Order of ‘S’

Now we consider Orbit stabilizers theorem

|𝑂||𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏| = |𝐺|

|𝑂𝑟𝑏(𝜌)||𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏(𝜌)| = |𝐾| … (3.8)

Putting |𝑂𝑟𝑏(𝜌)| = 𝑛𝑝 = |𝑆|

∴ Eq (1) becomes

𝑛𝑝 |𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏(𝜌)| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

𝑛𝑝
=> ⁄𝑃𝑎 𝑚 … (3.9)

Where 𝑛𝑝 ℸ 𝑃𝑎 … (3.10)

∴ 𝑛𝑝 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑃) 𝑛𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒

4 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 3)

From (3.9) & (3.10)

There are only one possibility and

𝑛𝑝
i.e ⁄𝑚 Hence proved.