ABSORBER-STRIPPER SYSTEM DESIGN FOR BIOGAS PURIFICATION

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the subject of

Separation Processes

By
Benito, Angelica Joyce Z.
Cauilan, Keicee
Mamauag, Alberto Jr. M.
Maquera, Kricel Mae
Pasicolan, Chrisitian D.
Singson, Mariella B.

Engr. Leonard Agana

Instructor

June 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..................................................................... 2
A. HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN BIOGAS....................................................................................... 2
B. SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE............................................................ 2
C. SELECTION OF SOLVENT .................................................................................................. 3
D. TYPES OF ABSORBERS ...................................................................................................... 4
E. REGENERATION OF SOLVENT USING STRIPPER ................................................................ 4
F. AIR AS A STRIPPING GAS ................................................................................................... 6
G. HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 6
III. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 7
A. GENERAL PROCEDURES ................................................................................................... 7
IV. DESIGN ......................................................................................................................... 8
A. DESIGN PROBLEM ............................................................................................................ 8
B. DESIGN INPUT .................................................................................................................. 9
C. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................... 9
D. DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................... 9
1. Number of Contacting Trays of the Absorber ............................................................. 9
2. Number of Contacting Trays of the Stripper ............................................................. 13
3. Heating Load for the Heater ...................................................................................... 14
4. Cooling Load for the Cooling Tower ........................................................................ 15
5. Makeup Water for the Cooling Tower ...................................................................... 16
V. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 17
VI. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 18
I. INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy derived from biomass sources has great potential for growth in
meeting future energy demands. Biogas is one of the most important renewable energy and
an indigenous source as it is widely available (Tippayawong &Thanompongchart, 2010).
It comprises of a flammable mixture of different gases that are produced by decomposition
of biodegradable organic matter by mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) process known
as anaerobic digestion (AD) (Chaundhary, 2008). The main gaseous products are methane
(CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of small amounts of other contaminants like
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (Hullu et al., 2008).

Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works, in a Combined Heat
and Power (CHP) gas engine, where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used
for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; water heating; and process heating. If
compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas used in vehicles, where it can fuel
an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon
dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants (Wikipedia, 2015). However, the
corrosive nature of H2S alone is enough to destroy the machines. The presence of H2S in
the biogas contributes to formation of highly corrosive acid that attacks metal parts upon
combustion and interaction with water vapor. This result to corrosion and fouling of
burners and lowers the calorific value (CV) of the gas as well. According to Bobek et al.
(2016), when H2S undergoes combustion, it is converted into SO2 which poses health
hazards and also causes acid rain and smoke.

In view of underlying problems, it is necessary to remove the H2S contaminant in the

absorption system to purify and improve the quality of the gas. It is also eliminated to
remove the toxic gas when water is regenerated or when it is discharged to the environment.
That being said, this study mainly focuses on the design of selective absorption of H2S in
biogas using water as a solvent as well as the regeneration of this solvent using desorption.

1
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas

Anaerobic microbial degradation of organic substances in biogas facilities produces
not only the principal components of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but also
hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Among other things, the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the
biogas is dependent on the substrates used, and can range from a few ppm in facilities
processing renewable resources to several thousand ppm when fermenting liquid
manure, biological waste and food remains (Entwicklungszentrum, 2004).

According to OSHA Standards, exposures to hydrogen sulfide at or above 100 ppm

are considered immediately dangerous to life and death. The health effects of hydrogen
sulfide depend on several factors such as how much hydrogen sulfide you are exposed
to and lengths of that exposure. Studies in workers, communities living near industrial
sources of hydrogen sulfide, and volunteers suggests that the respiratory tract and
nervous system are the most sensitive targets of hydrogen sulfide toxicity.

Managing hydrogen sulfide is a challenge at every stage of hydrocarbon production,

refining, and transportation. Hydrogen sulfide harms product value, compromises
environmental and safety compliance, damages infrastructure integrity from corrosion
attack, produces odors, and more. According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), the required measurement range for H2S in fuel gas is 0 - 3200 ppm. (Spectra
Sensors, n.d.). While based on the Philippine National Standard for fuel quality,
maximum amount of H2S is 6 mg/m3 (6000 ppm) (Philippine National Standard, n.d.).
.
B. Selective Absorption of Hydrogen Sulfide
Gas absorption is a unit operation in which soluble components of a gas mixture are
dissolved in a liquid. The inverse operation, called stripping or desorption, is employed
when it is desired to transfer volatile components from a liquid mixture into a gas. Both
absorption and stripping, make use of special equipment for bringing gas and liquid
phases into intimate contact. This section is concerned with the design of gas liquid
contacting equipment, as well as with the design of absorption and stripping processes
(Perry, 2008).

2
 There are several process presented in literature (Bland and Davidson, 1967; Kohl
and Riesenfeld, 1985; Horikawa, 2001) that deal with means of removing
H2S. Nowadays, among the most effective and economic acid gas removal is by using
package blended amine. However, most of these requires high cost since it utilizes
chemical solvents. Due to this, a physical solvent is employed in the design. The solvent
used will be further discussed in the Chapter IIB. Aside from that, it was assumed that
there is no methane and carbon dioxide losses in the system. A stripper is also integrated
to recover this solvent, and a heat exchanger to maintain the temperatures of the inlet
feed of both the absorber and the stripper.

C. Selection of Solvent
The choice of solvent for absorption is very significant in the process industries.
The solvent is specified by the nature of the product. If the principal purpose is to
remove some constituent from the gas, some factors are considered. The Gas Solubility,
Volatility, Corrosiveness, Cost, Viscosity and Others.

The gas solubility should be high, thus increasing the rate of absorption and
decreasing the quantity of solvent required. Generally solvent with a chemical nature
similar to the solute to be absorbed will provide good solubility. A chemical reaction
of the solvent with the solute will frequently result in very high gas solubility, but if the
solvent is to be recovered for re-use, the reaction must be reversible. In regards with
volatility the solvent should have a low vapor pressure to reduce loss of solvent in the
gas leaving an absorption column.

The materials of construction required for the equipment should not be unusual or
expensive. The solvent should be inexpensive, so that losses are not costly, and should
be readily available. Low viscosity is preferred for reasons of rapid absorption rates,
improved flooding characteristics in packed column, low pressure drops on pumping,
and good heat transfer characteristics. Further, the solvent should be non-toxic, non-
flammable and chemically stable.

In this design the water is utilized as a solvent for H2S removal in biogas. This
removes a significant proportion of the acid gas contaminants including carbon dioxide,
which can be released from the wash water in an air- or steam stripping tower. The
resulting regenerated water can be recirculated for further use or just used one time.
3
 The H2S solubility in water is not as high as in other liquids, but it has the advantages
of availability and low cost. H2S has a slightly higher solubility than CO2, nevertheless
cost associated with selective removal of H2S.

D. Types of Absorbers
Packed column absorbers and tray column absorbers have very high efficiencies for
the removal of an unwanted solute in the gas stream. However, the advantages inherent
to trayed columns become clear when one needs the solvent to have a high
concentration of the component to be removed from the gas stream. This is most
important in the case where there is a very low concentration of the component in the
gas stream. The specification states the major disadvantage of a trayed column is when
compared to a packed column is the pressure drop. The pressure drop in a packed
column is generally very low, whereas in between each tray of a trayed column pressure
drop can be quite large, solvent must contain a high concentration of that component.
In this case the flow rate of the solvent may not be high enough for a packed column,
however in a trayed column the solvent flow rate can be near zero for operation
(Schmidt, 2012). In addition, it is difficult to estimate the packed tower efficiency.
Plate columns can be designed to handle a wider range of liquid and gas flow rates than
packed columns. Plate columns can be designed with more assurance than packed
columns. There is always some doubt that good liquid distribution can be maintained
throughout a packed column under all operating conditions, particularly in large
columns.

Trays are much better for handling solids and fouling applications, offer greater
residence time for slow absorption reactions, can better handle high L/G ratios and
intermediate cooling, give better liquid turndown, and are more robust and less prone
to reliability issues such as those resulting from poor distribution. As a rule of thumb,
plates are always used in columns of large diameters and towers that have more than
20 to 30 stages.

E. Regeneration of Solvent Using Stripper

Stripping is essentially a distillation process where the heavy product is water/liquid
and the lighter product is generally mixture of organic volatile materials. Generally,
steam/air is used for heating purpose in the column.

4
 It also has variety of applications in the industry. If sufficient attention is paid to
pre-purification, stripping is a robust technique that can be easily implemented in a wide
variety if sectors and in a wide volume range.

Stripping is cheaper and more reliable and provides relatively good substance
transfer. If the established condition for the Henry coefficient is met, air stripping can
be used to realize high removal yield per placed unit. If necessary, multiple units can
be placed in a series to further increase total performance (VITO, 2015).

Stripping is used when you want to minimize the expenses of your industry,
absorbent liquid is regenerated as many times as possible, instead of using a completely
fresh batch of absorbent liquid for every run. Regeneration is done by removing the
H2S dissolved in water, and then reuse the water for subsequent feeds. Stripping is
mainly removing dissolved gases from a liquid (Quora, 2016).

The main set-up types are the stripping tower or stripping column and the plate
stripper. The stripping tower is based on the counter-flow principle, where a vertical
column is filled with packing material. The plate stripper is based on the cross-flow
principle, where the liquid flow is intensively aerated via a perforated plate.

Depending on the application, these trays and packing are the same as those used in
distillation and absorption columns. Tray types include sieve, valve and bubble cap.
The geometry of the trays affects the extent and type of contact between the vapor and
liquid streams. Down comers channel the liquid flowing from one tray down to the tray
below. The air strippers of environmental systems are used in a groundwater treatment
plant. These units purify the incoming water through the use of trays rather than packing
(ChE University of Michigan, 2015).

The advantage of tray/plate column over the packed column are significant. Tray
column favor variable liquid and vapor load rather than packed column. It is also
reliable for low liquid rates and significant on large number of stages. It has high liquid
residence time and plate columns are easier to clean. The presence of thermal or
mechanical stress due to large temperature changes might lead to cracked packings
which gives another advantage for tray columns.

5
F. Air as a stripping gas
Desorption involves the removal of solutes component from a liquid stream into a
gas stream when in contact with an inert gas or steam but since steam condense, it is
preferred in solute recovery than inert gas. In an exceptional case, air is used besides
steam or inert gas to desorb certain amount of compound such as organic solvents or
ammonia gas from water and it cost less to provide air especially when the need for the
recovery of concentrated solute is unnecessary. The height of the column is also
reduced in the use of air stripping. Desorption, alternatively called stripping due to the
nature of its operation requires certain factors for operational efficiency which includes
reduction, in total pressure or temperature increase or otherwise. If absorption is carried
out under high pressure, a large fraction of the solute can sometimes be removed simply
by flashing to atmospheric pressure (McCabe et al. 2005, 590.)

G. Heating and Cooling System

When the feed gas is sufficiently dilute, as in the case of H2S in biogas, the exact
design solution is approximated by the isothermal one over the broad range of L/G
ratios, since heat effects are generally less important when washing dilute-gas mixtures.
The problem, however, is one of defining the term sufficiently dilute for each specific
case. For a new absorption duty, the assumption of isothermal operation must be
subjected to verification by the use of a rigorous design procedure.

When heat-exchange surface is being provided in the design of an absorber, the

isothermal design procedure can be rendered valid by virtue of the exchanger design
specification. With ample surface area and a close approach, isothermal operation can
be guaranteed. At the same time, because solubility of solution also depends on
temperature, a heater and a cooler is integrated in the design. Note that the solubility of
a gas in water tends to decrease with increasing temperature. With this in mind, a
cooling tower is employed mainly due to high flow rates, so that the exothermic heat
of reaction can be also removed continuously as it is released into a liquid (water) film.
At the same time, a heater is also integrated in the design to heat the solvent with the
absorbed H2S before undergoing desorption. This is to make the H2S gas dissolved in
water become less soluble hence, making the desorption process possible.

6
III. METHODOLOGY

A. General Procedures

The design engineer usually is required to determine:

(1) the best solvent;
(2) the best gas velocity through the absorber, or, equivalently, the vessel diameter;
(3) the height of the vessel and its internal members, which is the height and type
of packing or the number of contacting trays;
(4) the optimum solvent circulation rate through the absorber and stripper;
(5) temperatures of streams entering and leaving the absorber and stripper, and the
quantity of heat to be removed to account for the heat of solution and other
thermal effects;
(6) pressures at which the absorber and stripper will operate; and
(7) mechanical design of the absorber and stripper vessels (predominantly columns
or towers), including flow distributors and packing supports.

The problem presented to the designer of a gas absorption system usually specifies the
following quantities:
(1) gas flow rate;
(2) gas composition of the component or components to be absorbed;
(3) operating pressure and allowable pressure drop across the absorber;
(4) minimum recovery of one or more of the solutes; and, possibly;
(5) the solvent to be employed.

7
IV. DESIGN

A. Design Problem
A floating-drum type biodigester produces a biogas with a composition of 5 kmol%
H2S, 60 kmol% CH4 and 35 kmol% CO2 is to be purified of its H2S content by scrubbing
with water as an absorbent (Bujoczek et al.,2010). Design an absorber-stripper system
that will reduce the concentration of H2S in the biogas to 0.2 mol% to meet fuel
specifications.

Note: 1 mol% H2S = 10,000 ppm

Absorber:
The average production rate of the biogas is determined to be 40 kmol/h and the
water recovered by stripping with air contains 1104 kmol% H2S. The
absorption process operates at 1.5 times the minimum L/G and will be constant
at 25 ⁰C and 1 atm pressure.

Stripper:
The water with H2S from the absorber and stripping air is to be heated at 60 ⁰C
and will enter the stripper at 1 atm pressure. The treated water containing 1104
kmol% H2S is to be cooled to 25 ⁰C and returned to the absorber.

Heater:
The target heating temperature will be from 25 0C to 60 0C before entering the
stripper.

Cooler:
The target cooling temperature will be from 600C to 250C before entering the
absorber.

8
 B. Design Input
G1 LO G’1 L’O
Y1 = 0.002 XO = 1 x 10-6 Y’1 X’O

S
A
T
B
R
S
I
O
P
R
COOLER P
B
E
E
R
R

GN+1 = 40 kmol/h LN L’N G’N+1

YN+1 = 0.05 XN X’N Y’N+1

HEATER

C. Design Requirements

1. Number of Contacting Trays for the Absorber

2. Number of Contacting Trays for the Stripper
3. Heating Load for the Heater
4. Cooling Load for the Cooling Tower
5. Make-up Water for the Cooling Tower

D. Design Calculations

1. Number of Contacting Trays for the Absorber

Assumption:

 No CH4 and CO2 losses

9
 Inert Balance:
Inert  (1  y 1 )G 1
38  (1  0.002)G 1
kmol
G 1  38.0761523
hr
Overall Mass Balance:
L o  G N 1  L N  G 1
40  L o  L N  G 1
L N  40  L 0  38.0761523
L N  L 0  1.9238477

H2S Balance:
L o x o  G N 1 y N 1  L N x N  G 1 y1
(40)(0.05)  L 0 (110 6 )  L N x N  (38.076)(0.002)
2  0.002(38.0761523)  1  106
xN 
LN

Substituting eq. for LN from OMB to H2S Balance,

1.9238477  1 106 L0
xN 
L0  1.92338477

i. Equilibrium Equation

For dilute solutions, Henry’s Law is applicable

From Table 2-133 of Perry’s Handbook (2008)

At T = 25 ⁰C,
H P = 545 atm
545 atm
HC =  545
1 atm

Equilibrium Equation:
y  HC x
y  545x

10
ii. Minimum Liquid-to-Gas Ratio

At y  Yn 1  0.05 ,
0.05
x
545
 9.174  10  5

Solving for minimum L/G,

L y  y1
   2
 G  min x 2  x 1
0.05  0.002

9.174  10 6
 528.9657

Since the absorption process operates at 1.5 times the minimum L/G,
L L
   1.5 
 G  actual  G  min
 1.5528.9657 
 793.4486

iii. Solvent Inlet Flow Rate, LO

L y  y1
   n 1
 G  actual x n  x o
y y
793.4486  N 1 1
x N  x0
0.05  0.002
793.4486 
1.9238477  1  10 6 L0
 1  10 6
L0  1.92338477
kmol
L 0  31798.80266
hr

iv. Solvent Outlet Flow Rate and Concentration, LN & xN

LN  31798.80266  1.9238477
kmol
L N  31800.72651
hr
1.9238477  1  10 6 (31798.80266)
xN 
31798.80266  1.9238477
x n  6.1502573  10 5

11
v. Number of Contacting Trays

N

ln (1  A 1 )(Y1  Y2 )/(Y 2  Y2 )  A 1
o o

ln(A)
Where,
L m1, ave
A
mG m1ave

Solving for Lm,ave

L1  L 2
L m, ave 
2
31798.80266  31800.2651
L m, ave 
2
 31799.76459

Solving for Gm,ave

40  38.076
G m, ave 
2
 39.038

Solving for A
31799.76459
A
39.038(545)
 1.49465

Solving for y2⁰

y 2  545(1  10 6 )
o

y 2  5.45 10 3
o

Hence, the number of contacting trays will be

N

ln (1  A 1 )(Y1  Y2 )/(Y 2  Y2 )  A 1
o o

ln(A)

N

ln (1  1.49465 1 )(0.0051  5.45 10  4 )/(0.002  5.45 10  4 )  1.49465 1 
ln(1.49465 )
N  6.1578611stages

12
2. Number of Contacting Trays for the Stripper

Assumption:

 No air is dissolved in water

Component Balance:
L o x o  G n 1 y n  1  G1 y1  L n x n
 
31800.72651(6.1562573  10  5 ) - 31798.80206 1  10- 6  G1 y1
G1 y1  1.925936
1.925936
G1   3851.8715 kmol
0.00005 h

Overall Material Balance:

L o  G n 1  G 1  L n
31800.7265 1  G n 1  3851.8715  31798.8026 6
kmol
G n  1  3849.94765
hr
Using Table 2-133 at Perry (2008),
@ 60oC : Hp = 10.3
10.3
Hc   10.3
1

Hence, y  10.3x where m = 10.3.

Getting the number of stages,

ln 

 1  A x 2  x1o

 
A
 x1  x1o 
N
ln A 1  (1)

Solving for A using Equation 14-40 in Perry (2008),

Lm , ave
A (2)
mG m , ave

in which
L1  L2
Lm,ave 
2
31800 .72651  31798 .80266
Lm,ave 
2
Lm,ave  31799 .76459 mol
k
hr

and

13
 G1  G 2
G m,ave 
2
3851 .8715  3849 .94765
G m,ave 
2
G m,ave  3850 .909575 k mol
hr

Substituting it to Equation (2);

31799 .76459
A  0.80172
10.33850 .909575 

In getting xo,
y1
x1o  0
m

Finally, calculating the number of stages N using Equation (1),

 1  0.801726.1502573  10-5  0

ln  
 (1  10 6  0) 
N 1
ln(0.80172 )
N  11.60514 stages

3. Heating Load for the Heater

The flowrate of the water from the absorber to be heated,
 kmol
m  31800.72651
h
The specific heat capacity of water at T = 250C (Perry, 2008),
J
Cp@25o C  75280
kmol  K
Targeting heating temperature from 250C to 600C before entering the stripper,

T1  25o C  298K
T2  60o C  333K

Therefore, the heating load for the heater will be

14
 QH  m
 Cp(T2  T1 )
kmol  
333K  298K 
J
 31800.72651  75280
h  kmol  K 
J 1h
 8.3790  1010 
h 3600s
J
 2.3274  107
s
Q H  23274.598 kW

4. Cooling Load for the Cooling Tower

The flowrate of the water recovered from the stripper to be cooled,
 kmol
m  31798.80266
h
The specific heat capacity of water at T = 250C (Perry, 2008),
J
Cp@25o C  75280
kmol  K
Targeting cooling temperature from 600C to 250C before entering the absorber,

T1  25o C  298K
T2  60o C  333K

Therefore, the cooling load for the cooling tower will be

QC  m
 Cp(T2  T1 )

 333K  298K 
kmol J
 31798.80266  75280
h kmol  K
J 1h 1kJ
 8.378  1010  
h 3600s 1000 J
QC  23273.190 kW

15
5. Makeup Water for the Cooling Tower
From Perry 2008, M = E + D + B
Where,
M = makeup water
E = evaporatio n loss
D = drift loss
B = blowdown loss
Since the cooling load and the change in temperature is given
kmol 18 kg 1 m3 m3
ṁ = 31798.80266 x x = 574.1 ,
h kmol 997 kg h
∆T = 350 C
Evaporation Loss
E = (0.00085)ṁ(1.8)∆T
m3 ⁰F
E = (0.00085) (574.1 ) (1.8 ) (350 C)
h ⁰C
3
m
E = 30.743
h

Drift Loss
D = 0.0002ṁ
m3
D = 0.0002 x 574.1
h
m3
D = 0.11482
h

Blowdown Loss
For better quality of our fluid, cycles of concentration, CoC was set to 4
E − (CoC − 1)D
B=
CoC − 1
m3 m3
30.743 − (4 − 1)0.11482
B= h h
4−1
m3
B = 10.1328
h

Makeup Water
M= E+D+B
m3 m3 m3
M = 30.743 + 0.11482 + 10.1328
h h h
3
m
M = 40.99062
h
𝐤𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝐌 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟗
𝐡

16
 V. CONCLUSION

G1 = 38. 076 kmol/h LO = 31798.80 kmol/h G’1 = 3851.87 kmol/h

Y1 = 0.002 XO = 1 x 10-6 Y’1 = 0.00005
L’O = LN
X’O = XN

A S
B T
S R
O I
R P
B P
COOLER
E E
R R

GN+1 = 40 kmol/h L’N = LO

YN+1 = 0.05 X’N = XO

LN = 31800.73 kmol/h HEATER

XN = 6.15 x 10-6
G’N+1 = 3849.95 kmol/h
Y’N+1 = 0

An absorber-stripper system for biogas purification was designed to meet fuel

specifications, regenerate the solvent and discharge H2S in the environment under
allowable levels.
In this paper a biogas with a composition of 5 kmol% H2S, 60 kmol% CH4 and 35
kmol% CO2 undergoes a selective absorption of H2S using water as a solvent to reduce its
H2S content to 0.2 kmol% (2000 ppm) and meet fuel specifications. Based on the design
inputs given, it was concluded that the biogas will enter a 7-staged tray tower absorber
operating at 25 ⁰C and 1 atm. In addition, the contaminated water will be regenerated using
desorption and will be heated to 60 ⁰C using a heater with a heating load of 23274.698 kW
before entering the stripper. The tray tower stripper which is calculated to be 12 stages will
use air as stripping gas to reduce the H2S content of the water to 1 x 10-4 kmol%. The water
from the stripper will then be cooled to 25 ⁰C in order to return the water to the absorber.
Furthermore, to aim the target temperature, the cooling tower will have a cooling load of

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 23273.19 kW and a make-up water of 2270. 42 kmol/h. Lastly, the stripper will have an air
discharge containing only 0.005 kmol% H2S (50 ppm) which is considered safe to humans
and can be discharged to the environment.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] Bobek, J., & al, e. (2016). SELECTIVE HYDROGEN SULPHIDE REMOVAL FROM
ACID GAS BY ALKALI CHEMISORPTION IN A JET REACTOR. HUNGARIAN
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY AND CHEMISTRY, 51-54.
[2] ChE University of Michigan. (2015). Retrieved from Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical
Engineering:
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsChemical/Strippers/Stripp
ers.html
[3] Perry, R. H. (2008). Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. New York, Chicago, San
Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul,
Singapore, Sydney, Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
[4] Quora. (2016). Retrieved from Quora website: https://www.quora.com/What-is-
difference-between-distillation-and-stripping-columns
[5] VITO. (2015). Retrieved from emis: https://emis.vito.be/en/techniekfiche/air-stripping
[6] Wikipedia. (2015, May 15). Biogas CHP – Alfagy – Profitable Greener Energy via
CHP, Cogen and Biomass Boiler using Wood, Biogas, Natural Gas, Biodiesel,
Vegetable Oil, Syngas and Straw. Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas#Applications

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