S2 15V

L1 L5 L9 L13 L17

1H5 680mH 100mH 47mH 10mH

L2 L6 L10 L14 L18 C35 C36

1H 0Ω 68mH 0Ω 0Ω 100n 10µ

25V
K2
K1
IC2 = OP275 C3 C4 C7 C8 C11 C12 C15 C16 C37 C38 S
S
2µ2 470n 470n 120n 150n 33n 680p 10n
R11
* * C2
2k43 R2 R4 R6 R8 R21
C28 C33
2µ2
6
*
IC1 R17 1µ
R23 8 1k21
7 3 7
IC2b 2k43
5 R18
5 6
31Hz 125Hz 500Hz 2kHz 8kHz OP27 1k21
2
C29 P2 P4 P6 P8 P10 C39
2µ2 4k7 4k7 4k7 4k7 4k7 4 22µ
R14 R10 P1 P3 P5 P7 P9
4k7 lin 4k7 lin 4k7 lin 4k7 lin 4k7 lin
lin lin lin lin lin
P11 62Hz 250Hz 1kHz 4kHz 16kHz
R25 R13 R19 R1
C31
2k74
R3 R5 R7 R9
S1
10k
S3 C19 C20 C21 C22 *
2µ2 2µ2 470n
* C1 C34
C5 C6 C9 C10 C13 C14 C17 C18
15V +15V C23 C24 R20
100n 10µ
C26 C25
1µ 220n 150n 150n 47n 33n 18n
* 25V * not used
820n 47n
100n 10µ L4 L8 L12 L16 * niet gebruikt
8 25V 3

IC2
R22
IC2a
1
330mH 0Ω 0Ω 0Ω 15V * nicht gebraucht
4
2
* inutilisé
C27 C30 L3 L9 L11 L15

100n 10µ 1H 330mH 82mH 22mH

25V
–15V 984118 - 11
15V

The input level can be in the output amplifiers. OP27 or NE5534; and for IC 2, ered by a regulated, symmetri-
adjusted with P1, which may be Several types of op amp can AD712, LM833 and NE5532. If cal 15 V supply. It draws a cur-
necessary for adjusting the bal- be used:in the prototype, IC1 is an NE5534 is used for IC1, C2 is rent of not more than about
ance between the channels or an LT1007, and IC2, an OP275. needed; in all other cases, not. 1 0m A .
when a loudness control is used Other suitable types for IC1 are The circuit needs to be pow- [984118]

lead-acid-battery regulator
for solar panel systems
The design of solar panel sys-
tems with a (lead-acid) buffer
battery is normally such that the
battery is charged even when
there is not much sunshine. This
means, however, that when there
is plenty of sunshine, a regulator
is needed to prevent the battery
from being overcharged. Such
controls usually arrange for the
superfluous energy to be dissi-
pated in a shunt resistance or
simply for the solar panels to be
short-circuited. It is, of course,
an unsatisfactory situation when
the energy derived from a very
expensive system can, after all ,
not be used to the full.
The circuit presented diverts
the energy from the solar panel
when the battery is fully charged
to another user, for instance, a
12 V ice box with Peltier ele-
ments, a pump for drawing water
from a rain butt, or a 12 V ven-
tilator. It is, of course, also pos-
sible to arrange for a second bat-
tery to be charged by the super-
fluous energy. In this case,
however, care must be taken to
ensure that when the second
battery is also fully charged,
there is also a control to divert
the superfluous energy.
The shunt resistance needed
to dissipate the superfluous
energy must be capable of
absorbing the total power of the
panel, that is, in case of a
100 W panel, its rating must be
also 100 W. This means a cur-
rent of some 6–8 A when the
operating voltage is 12 V. When
the voltage drops below the
maximum charging voltage of
14.4 V owing to reduced sun-
shine, the shunt resistance is
disconnected by an n-channel
mains pulser
Design: G. Kleine
The pulser is intended to switch
the mains voltage on and off at
intervals between just under a
second and up to 10 minutes.
This is useful, for instance,
when a mains-operated equip-
ment is to be tested for long
periods, or for periodic switch-
ing of machinery.
Transformer Tr1, the bridge
power field effect transistor
(FET), T1. The disconnect point
is not affected by large temper-
ature fluctuations because of a
reference voltage provided by
IC1. The necessary comparator
is IC2, which owing to R9 has a
small hysteresis voltage of 0.5 V.
Capacitor C5 ensures a rela-
tively slow switching process,
although the FET is already
reacting slowly owing to C4. The
gradual switching prevents spu-
rious radiation caused by steep
edges of the switched voltage
and also limits the starting cur-
rent of a motor (of a possible
ventilator). Finally, it prevents
switching losses in the FET that
rectifier, and regulator IC1 pro-
vide a stable 12 V supply rail for
IC2 and the relay. The timer is
arranged so that the period-
determining capacitor can be
charged and discharged inde-
pendently. Four time ranges can
be selected by selecting capac-
itors with the aid of jumpers.
Short-circuiting positions 1 and
2 gives the longest time, and
short-circuiting none the short-
might reach 25 W, which would
make a heat sink unavoidable.
Setting up of the circuit is
fairly simple. Start by turning P1
so that its wiper is connected to
R5. When the battery reaches
the voltage at which it will be
switched off, that is,
13.8–14.4 V, adjust P1 slowly
until the output of comparator
IC2 changes from low to high,
which causes the load across T1
to be switched in.
Potentiometer P1 is best a
10-turn model. When the con-
trol is switched on for the first
time, it takes about 2 seconds
for the electrolytic capacitors to
be charged. During this time,
est. In the latter case, the 10 µF
capacitor at pins 2 and 6 of the
timer IC determines the time
with the relevant resistors. The
value of this capacitor may be
chosen slightly lower.
The two preset potentiome-
ters enable the on and off peri-
ods to be set. The 1 kΩ resistor
in series with one of the presets
determines the minimum dis-
charge time.
the output of the comparator is
high, so that the load across T1
is briefly switched in.
In case T1 has to switch in
low-resistance loads, the BUZ11
may be replaced by an IRF44,
which can handle twice as much
power (150 W) and has an on-
resistance of only 24 mΩ.
Because of the very high
currents if the battery were
short-circuited, it is advisable to
insert a suitable fuse in the line
to the regulator.
The circuit draws a current
of only 2 mA in the quiescent
state and not more than 10 mA
when T1 is on.
[Zeiller – 984072]
The timer IC switches a
relay whose double-pole con-
tacts switch the mains voltage.
The LEDs indicate whether
the mains voltage is switched
through (red) or not (green).
The 100 mA slow fuse pro-
tects the mains transformer and
low-voltage circuit. The 4 A
medium slow fuse protects the
relay against overload.
[984122]