Conclusion

From the experiment, the objective is to determine the molarity of a solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with standardization of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution.

To obtain the equivalence point for the first experiment, a graph of pH value versus
volume of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was plotted for each titration. The equivalence point
was used for the calculation in order to determine the average molarity value of sodium
hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2 which is 0.5887M. The resulting sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) was used to calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar. The percentage error
calculated is 1.883%.

The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for each titration have been identified which is
0.6181M .Meanwhile, the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar obtained is 3.712%.

Recommendation

From the experiment, we have determined the percentage error which is 1.883%. There
are several improvement that can be made to obtain accurate results. Firstly, the apparatus
should be clean and well maintained to ensure the precision of the result. To avoid error
while reading the value obtained, make sure the eye is at the same level of meniscus and
read the centre of the meniscus or the bottom of the U-shape. Check the the burette before
using it to avoid random errors and lead to poor precision data obtained due to presence of
bubbles.Last but not least, make sure to wear proper personal protective equipment while
handling chemicals in the laboratory to prevent any accident occurs.
References