BAB III

METODOLOGI

3.1.Desain Penelitian Penelitian

ini akan menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif. Qualitative design will be chosen to
explore and understand social phenomenon (Creswell, 2009: 22). The strategy applied will be
a case study because it explores in-depth activities on one or more individuals (Creswell,
2009: 30). In this study, the phenomena explored and understood is about the classroom
interaction in English speaking class in the eleventh grade students at SMKN 1 Kota
Bengkulu.

3.2.Population of the Research

The research will be conducted in the eleventh grade at SMKN 1 Kota Bengkulu. This
school was chosen because researcher have been studied there. The participants involved in
this research are student who are in majoring Office Administration. The eleventh grade
students consist of three classes, which are Office Administration 1, Office Administration 2
and Office Administration 3, but it will be chosen for Office Administrasion 1 since this this
research is an analysis classroom interaction.

3.3.Data Collecting Technique

Creswell (2009: 166) notes that “data collection procedures in qualitative research include
collecting information through un-structured or semi-structured observation and interviews,
documents and visual materials, as well as establishing the protocol for recording
information”.
In this study, data will be collected through naturalistic observation and document
analysis:

a. Naturalistic Observation
According to Fraenkel and Wallen (2009: 442), "Naturalistic observation
means observing individuals in their natural settings, just observing and recording
 what happens when something happens naturally." In this study, classroom interaction
will be observed through video recording.
Observations have a number of advantages which include: (1) researchers can
record information when it occurs, (2) researchers has a first-hand experience with
participants, (3) usual aspects can be considered during observation, and (4) useful in
exploring topics that might be uncomfortable for participants to discuss (Creswell,
2009: 167).

b. Document Analysis
Document analysis is defined as "a technique which enables a researcher to
study human behavior in indirect way through an analysis of their communication”
(Fraenkel and Wallen, 2009: 472). Document analysis has advantages, which are
useful as a means of analyzing observational data and researchers can study notes and
documents (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2009: 483).
In this study, the document analyzed will be a video transcription of the
teaching-learning process in the speaking for discussion class in the third semester of
English Department of the University of Bengkulu. To display the language used in
the classroom, the video will be transcribed.
Furthermore, to investigate classroom interaction that appeared between
teacher and students, this study will use the FLINT (Foreign Language Interaction)
analysis framework adopted from Moskowitz (1971 as quoted in Brown, 2010: 170).
While to investigate the types of classroom interaction in speaking for discussion
class, researcher will use the framework of Malamah-Thomas (1987, as quoted in
Mingzhi, 2005: 59) about the types of classroom interaction.
3.4.Data Analysis
After collecting all the data obtained, the data will be analyzed using the following steps
adapted from Suherdi (2008 as quoted in Sakina, 2013: 37-39).

Step 1. Transcribing the video

The basic data of this research were obtained from video of the eleventh grade student
at SMKN 1 Kota Bengkulu. The data gained were then transcribed to show the interaction
and language used by teacher and students during English speaking class.

Step 2. Coding the data

Having transcribed all interactions in the classroom, the transcripts will be coded by
using several categories of teacher talk and student talk as well as types of classroom
interaction. The coding process is an essential part caused by a number of reasons; including
enabling the researcher to identify phenomena, to conduct quantification of frequency, to
show the tendency of findings, and to categorize and subcategorize findings (Sakina, 2013:
38).
The steps to be taken in the procedure of this study are as follows:
1. Segmenting the transcript according to each exchange of interaction.
2. Coding and calculating the amount of each category of Teacher Talk and Student
Talk using Foreign Language Interaction (FLINT) system adapted from Moskowitz
(1971, as cited in Brown, 2001: 170)
3. Analyzing the amount of each category of teacher Talk and Student Talk in order to
discover the occurrence and dominant categories applied.
4. Coding and calculating the amount of each type of classroom interaction adapted
from Malamah-Thomas (1987, as cited in Mingzhi, 2005: 59).
5. Analyzing the amount of each category of classroom interaction types in order to
find out the occurrence and dominant category used.
Step 3. Interpreting the data
This stage presented the answer of research questions formulated in chapter I. The
quantification of the findings was displayed into several diagrams. Thus, the phenomena
occurred from the diagrams were described.
Step 4. Finishing
The findings through the several steps and discussion are presented in conclusions and
suggestions to illustrate the entire study.