ဗုဒၶသာသနာ့သမုိင္းအမွန္

okw0gt&d,om0u 1
Ak'o
¨ moemhordik ;f trSef
(okawoepmwrf;)
okw0gt&d,om0u
(1379) ckESpf jymokdvjynfhaeY? (2018) ckESpf

Zefe0g&Dv (12)&uf we*FaEGaeY
2 Ak'o
¨ moemhordik ;f trSef (okawoepmwrf;)
t&d,"r®or*¾0ifrsm; zwf&Iavhvm odrf;qnf;&ef

twGufom ykHESdyfygonf/
þpmrlonf ]t&d,"r®or*¾} ykdif pmrljzpfygonf/
þpmrlukd rnfolrqkd ul;,lzwf&I avhvmEkdifygonf/
okw0gt&d,om0u 3
rmwdum
pOf/ taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
1/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ypädr0pepum;awmfrsm; 10
2/ yxro*Fg,emtaMumif; 12
3/ 'kwd,o*Fg,emtaMumif; 14
4/ 'kwd,o*Fg,em aemufydkif;tajctae 16
5/ Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfwdkY pmPuspum;tm; ckcH
umuG,f acszsufMujcif; 20
6/ pmPuspum;udk acszsufzkdY b0BuD;b0i,f
t,ltq? yg&rDt,ltq? av;oacFseJY
urÇmwpfodef;t,ltq 0ifa&mufvmjcif; 22
7/ yg&rD t,ltqrS Asm'dwfcH,ljcif; t,ltq
0ifa&mufvmjcif; 22
8/ yg&rDjynfhíbk&m;jzpf&ef apmifhqkdif;ae&jcif;
t,ltq 0ifa&mufvmjcif; 23
9/ b0ul;jyóemrS ½lyt½ly'óe tbd"r®mt,l
tq jyefvnftoufoGif;vmjcif; 24
10/ uydv&aohBuD;\ ½lyt½ly'óe(omcsF'óe)
wpfzefjyefvnf OD;armfvmjcif; 25
11/ ½lyt½ly'óe(omcsF'óe)onf y&rw¬opöm 26
12/ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömESifh ur®'óe
t&d,opöm 27
13/ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt& uHonf jyKvkyf
oifhonf[k ,lqjcif; 28
4 Ak'o
14/ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömtjrifESifh
Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOf 29
15/ vGefusL;wJh uH(tbdocFg&uH)ESifh uHowfwJh
uH(0docFg&uH) 31
16/ y&rw¬opöm\ y#dpo ö rkyÜm'foHo&mESifht&d,
opöm\ y#dpo ö rkyÜm'foHo&m 32
17/ y&rw¬opömESifh t,lrSm;rdpäm'd|d 33
18/ a&SUaemufb0 qufpyfzkdY ur®owådt,ltq
0ifa&mufvmjcif; 35
19/ ur®owådESifh ZD0twå(touf?0dnmOf?vdyfjym) 37
20/ Ak'¨\ tewåe,fy,f ESifh y&rw¬opöm\
tewåe,fy,f 40
21/ y&rw¬opömonf twåmewå0g'(ujym;0g') 42
22/ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm\ qifhyGm;wkd;
wufrt I ajctae 43
23/ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk tbd"r®m[k
emrnfwyfcMhJ ujcif; 50
24/ Ak'¨&[ef;awmfrsm; *dkPf;trsm;tjym;uGJ&jcif;&JU
w&m;cHtppf 54
25/ tbd"r®m&Sdaom *dkPf;uGJrsm; 55
26/ 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifNyD;aemufydkif; Ak'¨
bmom*dkPf; uGJrsm;taMumif; 56
27/ rnfonfh*dkPf;onf yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;
jzpfoenf; 57
okw0gt&d,om0u 5
28/ ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;taMumif; 58
29/ omoemESpf(200) aemufydkif; oD&d"r®m
taomurif; vufxuf tajctae 60
30/ taomurif; Ak'¨bmom jzpfvmykH 62
31/ wwd,o*Fg,em jzpfay:vmykH 64
32/ wwd,pifNyKdifo*Fg,em 69
33/ wwd,o*Fg,emaemufydkif; tajctae 69
34/ taomurif;aemufydkif; ok*Facwf
Ak'o
¨ moema&; tajctae 71
35/ oD[kdVfuRef;(oD&dvuFmEkdifiH)okdY Ak'ömoem
a&muf&v dS mykH 72
36/ pwkw¬o*Fg,em (ayxuftu©&m) 72
37/ rdvdEýO§musrf; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; 73
38/ pwkw¬pifNyKdif o*Fg,em(aMu;xuftu©&m) 74
39/ yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf; aysmufuG,foGm;rI
tajctae (Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqkH;t
romoemtppf aysmufuG,fcJhaom
tcsdefumv) 76
40/ ax&0g'*dkPf; trnfwyfrI jyóem 77
41/ r[m,me*dkPf; ay:aygufvmykH 78
42/ ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me?
0Zd&,me &Sif;vif;csuf 80
43/ ajrmufydkif; r[m,meESifh awmifydkif;
ax&0g' 81
6 Ak'o
44/ tdE´d,ü r[m,meAk'¨bmom uG,faysmuf
oGm;cJhjcif; 82
45/ pwkw¬o*Fg,mwifNyD; aemufydkif; oD[dkVfuRef;
Ak'o
46/ oD[dkVft|uxmusrf;rsm;ESifh 'Dy0ifusrf; 85
47/ ok0PÖblrdESifht|uxmq&m t&SifAk'äCmo
taMumif; 85
48/ t&SifAk'äCmo\ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;taMumif; 86
49/ t&SifAk'äCmorax&f\t|uxm
usrf;opfrsm;taMumif; 88
50/ t&SifAk'äCmoaemufydkif; oD[dkVfuRef;
Ak'o
51/ t&SifAk'äCmoaemufydkif; ok0PÖblrda'o
Ak'o
52/ q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ yd#uwfjrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;
ay:ayguf vmcJhjcif; 95
53/ yOöro*Fg,emtaMumif; 96
54/ q|ro*Fg,emtaMumif; 97
okw0gt&d,om0u 7
55/ jrefrmh 0dbZÆ0g'D *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'
*dkPf;BuD;taMumif; 97
56/ jrefrmh *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;&JU
*dP
k ;f tquftEG,t
f ppf 98
57/ jrefrmh *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;&JU
yd#uwfpmaytquftEG,t
f ppf 99
58/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t&d,opömomoem
acwftqufquf azsmufzsufcHcJh&jcif; 101
59/ ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHAk'ömoema&; tajctaerSef 104
8 Ak'o
okw0gt&d,om0u 9
(u) tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[m [kwfçr[kwf?

(c) ,aeY jrefrmh *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;
onf yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf; [kwfçr[kwf?
(*) ,aeY ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom&Sd yd#uwfygVdawmf
rsm;onf bk&m;a[mppfppf [kwfçr[kwf?
(C) ,aeY ax&0g*dkPf;omoemonf Ak'ömoem
tppftrSef [kwfçr[kwf -
qdkwmeJYywfoufNyD; omoemhordkif;aMumif; ½Iaxmifhu
ordkif;EG,ÓPfjzifh okawoe qefqef tenf;i,f okH;oyf
pdppfjyygr,f/ okawoe&JUoabm[m udk,fh&JU BuKdufçrBuKduf?
cHpm;csufudk ab;z,fxm;NyD; t&Sdtwkdif;odjrifatmif avhvmokH;
oyf qkH;jzwf&wJhoabmyJ jzpfw,f/
'Dawmh 'DokawoejyKcsufudk cHpm;csufrygbJç rw&m;
ojzifh racszsufMubJç "r®udk tmPmrpGufbJ rSefrSefuefuef
enf;vrf;wus w&m;ojzifo h m 'DxufreS u
f efwhJ okawoejyKcsuf
jzifh acszsufrnfqkdygu þokawoejyKcsufonf tvkdvkd
ysufp;D oGm;ygvdrrhf ,f/
1/ / Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;\ ypärd 0pepum;awmfrsm;

Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;vGeaf wmfrcl geD; rSmwrf;awmftaeeJY ]] a,m
10 Ak'o
a0g tmeE´m r,m "ar®m p 0dea,m p a'odawm
ynawåm? aom a0g rrpöa,e ow¬m = igbk&m; vGefawmfrl
NyD;aemuf "r®eJY 0de,udkyJ q&mtjzpfxm;Mu}} vdkY txl;
rSmawmfrlcJhygw,f/tbd"r®mudk q&mwifzdkY rnTefjycJhygbl;/
aemufNyD;awmh Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m "r®? t"r® qk;H jzwfzYkd
r[mya'oav;yg;taMumif; a[mMum;wJhtcg ]] tebdeE´dwGm
tyÜ#dauúmodwGm wmed y'AsOÆemed om"kuH O*¾a[wGm okawå
Mooma&wAÁmed 0dea, oEáówAÁmed/ wmed ap okawå
Moom&d,rmemedç 0dea, oE´ód,rmemed e ap0 okawå
Moo&EÅdç e p 0dea, oE´dóEÅdç ed|arw¬ *EÅAÁH ]t'¨g,
£'H e ap0 wó b*0awm 0peHç £ró p bdu©Kaem
'k*¾[dw}EÅd/ £wda[wH bdu©a0 qa×,smx/
wmed ap ok a wå Moom&d , rmemed 0d e a,
oE´ód,rmemed okawå ap0 Moo&EÅd 0dea, p oE´dóEÅdç
ed|arw¬ *EÅAÁH ]t'¨g, £'H wó b*0awm 0peHç £ró
p bdu©Kaem ok*¾[dw}EÅd}}
]] ,kHMunfzkdY tvGefckdifrmvSwJh yk*¾KdvfwpfpkHwpfOD;u
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;xHarSmufrS udk,fwkdif Mum;emcJh&w,f/ 'g[m
"r®ç 'g[m 0de,ç 'g[m Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tqkH;trvkdY
ajymMum;cJ&h if rESpo f ufrcs;D rTr;f raxmufcaH o;bJ rwm;rjrpfao;bJ
xkod &l UJ pum;wkYdukd oif,Nl yD;awmh okwx å rJ mS csMunf?h 0de,xJrmS
xnfhMunfhyg/ 'Dvkd csMunf h xnf h M unf h v k d Y ok w å x J r S m
rouf0ifbl;ç 0de,xJrSm ryg0ifbl;qkd&if ]] 'g[m Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;&JU pum;r[kwfbl;? 'Dol[mvnf; rSm;,Gif;NyD; ,laqmif
vmolyJ}}vkdY okH;oyfqkH;jzwfNyD; pGefYypf&rnf/
okw0gt&d,om0u 11
tu,fí 'Dvkd csMunfh xnfhMunfhvkdY okwåxJrSm
ouf0ifw,fç 0de,xJrSm yg0ifw,fqkd&if ]] 'g[m Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;&JUpum; jzpfw,f? 'Dol[mvnf; aumif;pGm ,laqmif
vmol y J } }vk d Y ok H ; oyf q k H ; jzwf N yD ; od r S w f a qmif , l & rnf}}
jzpfaMumif; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
aemufNyD; okwçå 0de,t& jyqkcd surf mS ]] uwro®ð okaw wå
Moom&,dwAÁmed¿ pwlok t&d,oapöok/ uwro®ð 0dea,
oE´ó,dwAÁmed¿ &m*0dea, a'go0dea, arm[0dea,
= okwåt& t&d,opömav;yg;wnf;[laom wrsOf;csnfBuKd;?
0de,t& &m*ça'goçarm[ wnf;[laom udavomw&m;rsm;
uif;aysmufjcif;udk ,l&rnfvkdY taotcsm jyqkdxm;ygw,f/
ok w åt& b,fokwåefç b,ftbd"r®mç b,fy&rw¬
opömudkr Q t&r,l&ygbl;/ t&d,opö m av;yg; oabm
w&m;eJY nDnGwfrSom Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[m "r®tjzpf vufcH
twnfjyK&rSm jzpfygw,f/ &m*ça'goçarm[
&m*ça'goçarm[awGukd trSew f u,f
uif;vGwfNidrf;aMumif; oufaojyEdkifrSom Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[m
"r®tjzpf vufcH&rSm jzpfygw,f/
tusOf;csKyfNyD;ajym&&if ]] t&d,opömav;yg;xJrSm
ouf0ifro S m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[mw&m; jzpfw,f/ usiBhf uHvu dk vf Ydk
trSew f u,f &m*ça'goçarm[ udavomawG uif;aysmufro S m
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mw&m; jzpfw,f}}vkdY txl;rSwf&ygr,f/
'Dae&mrSm qefYusifbuftm;jzifh y&rw¬ o pö m onf
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mw&m; r[kwf? tbd"r®monf Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;a[mw&m; r[kwf? &m*ça'goçarm[ uif;aysmufaMumif;
12 Ak'o
vufawGUoufao rjyEdkifaomoabmw&m;onf Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;a[m r[kwfvkdY ajym&ygr,f/
‘'ghaMumifh txufyg Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU aemufqkH;ypädr
0pepum;&yfawGudk csKyfNyD; 'Dvkd rSwfzdkY vdkygw,f/
igbk&m;vGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf -
1/ "r®ç0de,awGudk q&mtjzpf xm;&r,f/
(tbd"r®m[laom a0g[m& ryg/)
2/ bk&m;pum;vdkY b,fvkdyk*¾KdvfrsKd;u ajymajym?
tJ'Dpum;awG[m ok w åqkdwJh t&d,opömav;yg;xJrSm ouf0if
&r,f/ tJ'pD um;w&m;twkid ;f usi&hf if 0de,
,qkw
d hJ &m*ça'goçarm[
udavomuif;aysmufjcif;tusK;d jzpfay:&r,f - qdw k hJ tcsuaf wG
ygyJ/
(tbd"r®mü xnfh&rnf? y&rw¬opömü ouf0if&
rnf? ewfjynfa&mufjcif;tusKd; jzpf&rnf[k ryg/)
2/ / yxro*Fg,emtaMumif;
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ rSmwrf;awmfeJYtnD Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
vGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf 3 vESifh 4 &uftMumrSm tZmwowfrif;
vufxuf rm*"wkid ;f ? &mZN*K[ d jf ynf? a0bm&awmife&H &H dS owåygPd
vIid *f t
I eD;wGif ax&foCH m(500)jzifh yxro*Fg,emwifpOftcgu
t&Sifr[muóyrax&f OD;aqmifawmfrlNyD; 0d e nf ;udk t&S i f
Oygvdrax&fu pkpnf;wifjy ajzqkNd y;D wdik ;f Ny;D wkid ;f rSm useo
f *Fg,em
oHCmawmfwdkYu twnfjyKqkH;jzwf pkaygif;&GwfqkdawmfrlcJhMu
ygw,f/ "r®udk t&SiftmeE´rax&fu pkpnf;wifjy ajzqdkNyD;
okw0gt&d,om0u 13
wkid ;f NyD;wkid ;f rSm usefo*Fg,emoHCmawmfwYdk u twnfjyKqk;H jzwf
pkaygif; &Gwq f adk wmfrcl MhJ uygw,f/ yxro*Fg,emyGu J kd tZmwowf
rif;u axmufyHhulnDay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'DESpfudk omoemESpf 1
ESpf(bDpD 544)tjzpf owfrSwfcJhygw,f/
yxro*Fg,emwifpOfrmS "r®?0de, ,qkw d hJ tok;H tEIe;f om
awGU&ygw,f/ 0de,yd#uç okwåEÅyd#uç tbd"r®yd#uqkdwJh
tokH;tEIef; rawGY&wJhtjyif t&SiftmeE´majzqkdpOfrSm 'gu
okwåefydkif;? 'gu tbd"r®mydkif;vkdY txl;wvnf ajzqkdwmvnf;
rawGU&ygbl;/ ,aeY ax&0g'wdkY&JU q|ro*Fg,emrlt&
ck'úedum,xJrSmyg&SdwJh tbd"r®m[m usrf;tm;jzifh (7)usrf;?
pmtkyt f m;jzifh 12 tkyt f m;jzifh tvGeBf uD;us,rf sm;jym;vSaomfvnf;
ck'u´ edum,qkw d hJ tao;trTm; wkv d rD wk pf w&m;twdk txGmav;
awG pkpnf;xm;wJt h pkawGxrJ mS xnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif;[mvnf; tvGef
obm0rusvkdY oHo,0ifp&m tcsufwpfckyJ jzpfw,f/
tu,fí ,aeYax&0g'wkdY ,lqovkd tbd"r®m[m
"r®(okweå )f xuf omvGejf rifjh rwf xl;uJvyS gw,fq&dk if t&Sirf [m
uóyrax&fEiS hf t&Sit f meE´mrax&fwYd[ k m "r®vYdk omrefpum;vk;H
okH;NyD; o*Fg,emwifcJhMurnfr[kwfbJ 'gu ok w å " r®? 'gu
tbd"r®vYkd txl;xl;trTr;f wifNyD; wifcMhJ urSm trSeyf gyJ/ tckawmh
'Dvkd r[kwfbJ "r®?0de, ,vYdkom o*Fg,em wifcJhMuygw,f/
aemufwpfcsuftaeeJY tu,fí tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;[m wm0wðomewfjynfrmS tus,w f 0ifah [mNyD; t&Sio f m&d
ykw&å mrax&fukd pEú;l awmrSm tusO;f a[mcg t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å mu
wpfzefjyefvnfNy;D taEÅ0goduwynfh (500)udk rusO;f rus,yf Ykcd svYdk
14 Ak'o
wynfhtpOftquf aqmifvmcJhMuw,fqkd&if 'Dtbd"r®mudk
t&Sit f meE´mu b,foYlqu D aqmif,cl o hJ vJ/ t&Sio f m&dywk &å m\
wynfhawGxHrS aqmif,lcJhaMumif; taxmuftxm;rawGU&ovdk
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;qDrS emMum;aqmif,lcJhaMumif;udkvnf; xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; rawGU&ygbl;/ bmhaMumifv h q
J adk wmh Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m
vlYjynfrh mS t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å mwpfyg;wnf;udo k m a[mMum;w,fvYdk
,aeYax&0g'wkYd ,lqxm;MuvdYkygyJ/ usew f hJ okw"å r®awGuakd wmh
t&Sit f meE´m[m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;xHrS emMum;aqmif,cl &hJ aMumif;
rSwfwrf;awG &Sdygw,f/
pifNyKid o
f *Fg,emtaeeJYawmh r&Scd b hJ ;l / o*Fg,emwifrNyD;cif
t&Sifyk&mP mPrax&fEiS hf aemufygoHCm(500)wdYk a&muf&v dS maMumif;?
o*Fg,emwifyüJG yg0if&efzw d rf aH omfvnf; ] o*Fg,em wifjcif;
onf aumif;aomwifjcif; jzpfonf? odYkaomf rdro d nf Ak'j¨ rwfpmG
bk&m;xHrS Mum;emcJh&onfhtwkdif;om w&m;awmfudk qufvuf
aqmif&Gufrnf}} vdkY avQmufxm;NyD; zdwfrHrIudk vufrcHcJhyg/
3/ / 'kwd,o*Fg,emtaMumif;
'Dvedk YJ omoemESpf 100 (bDpD 444)rSm yg#vdyw k jf ynf&iS f
umVmaomurif;vufxuf 0ZÆDwkdif;? a0omvDjynf? 0gVKum½kH
ausmif;ü t&Sifr[m,orax&fOD;aqmifaom ax&foHCm
(700)wkYd "r®EiS 0dhf0de,
,udyk J 'kw,
d tBudrf o*Fg,em wifcMhJ ujyef
ygw,f/ 'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJudk umVmaomurif;u axmufyHh
ay;cJyh gw,f/
taMumif;uawmh a0omvDjynf 0ZÆw D ikd ;f om; &[ef;awmfwYkd
okw0gt&d,om0u 15
tao;pm; 0denf;ynwfcsuf (10)csuf jyifqifusifhokH;&mrS
0de,y#dyu©jzpfum jyifvkdwJhtkyfpkeYJ rjyifvkdwJhtkyfpk tzGUJ uG&J mrS
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&SdpOfu t&SiftmeE´mESifh t&SiftEk½k'¨gwkdY\
oufawmf(120)&Sd wynfBh uD;wdYkrS rjyifoifah Mumif; qk;H jzwfMu&mrS
'kwd,o*Fg,em ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; vGefawmfrlcgeD; rSmwrf;awmftaeeJY
]]tmucFrmaem tmeE´ oHaCm rrpöa,e ck'´gEkck'úmed
odu©my'ged orl[ae,s = igbk&m;vGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf
oHCmu tvkd&Sd&if ck'´gEkck'úodu©myk'fawGudk EIwfy,f
jyifqifEdkifw,f }}vkdY txl; rSmawmfrlcJhygw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u 0*FEÅykPÖm;\om; Oyaoerax&fudk
]]om"k om"k Oyaoe? tynwåH e ynaywAÁH? ynwåH 0g e
orkpädE´dwAÁH? ,xmynawåok odu©mya'ok orm'g, 0wådwAÁH
= igbk&m; rnwfwmudk rynwfeYJ ? igbk&m; ynwfwmudv k nf;
rEIwfy,feJY? ynwfonfhtwkdif; odu©myk'fawGukd aumif;pGm
usifhokH;&r,f }}vdkY rdefYMum;csufudk axmufqNyD; - t&Sifr[m
uóyrax&fu yxro*Fg,emwif oHCmawGukd 0denf;eJYpyfNyD;
b,f[m ck'g´ Ekc'k u ´ odum© yk'q
f w
dk m igwkYdawG rodb;l ? 'ghaMumifh
]] oaCFm tynwåH eyÜnaywd? ynwåH e orkpädE´wd?
,xmynawåok odu©mya'ok orm'g, 0wåwd = bk&m;
rynwfwmudk igwdkY rynwfbl;? bk&m;ynwfwmudk igwkdY
rEIwfy,fbl;? bk&m;ynwfwJhtwkdif; odu©myk'fawGudk aumif;pGm
usiBhf uHMur,f }}vkYd oHCmhqEáwmif;cHNyD; rjyifqifa&;rl0g'csrw S f
xm;&Scd yhJ gw,f/
16 Ak'o
'ghaMumifh rjyifwt k vnf; t&Sifr[muóyrax&f&UJ
hJ yk pf u
rjyif q if a &;rl 0 g't& rjyifcsifwm? jyifwJhtkyfpkuvnf;
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU txl;rSmwrf;awmft& EIwfy,fjyifqifwmrkdY
ESpfzufpvkH; rSefuefygw,f? ESpfzufpvkH; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
tvdkusvdkY owfrSwf&ygr,f/ 'gayr,fh ,aeY ax&0g'wkdY&JU
o*Fg,emrSwfwrf;rSmawmh EIwfy,fjyifqifwJh 0ZÆDykwåu&[ef;
awmfawGukd tvZÆD&[ef;awGç t"r®0g'D&[ef;awGvYdk csK;d csK;d ESrd Ef rdS f
rSwfwrf;wifxm;Muwmukd awGU&ygw,f/
'Dvedk YJ 0ZÆyD w
k u
å &[ef;awmfawG[m oabmwl&m&[ef;awmf
wpfaomif; &&SdwJhtcg aumoAÁDjyn ynfrSm pifNyKdifo*Fg,em
wifcJhMuygw,f/ tcsKdUaom NrKdUpm;? e,fpm;? bk&ifrsm;u
axmufyHhay;Muygw,f/
'kwd,o*Fg,emrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU om0uoHCmh
tkyfpk[m ax&0g'*dkPf;ESifh r[moHCdu(r[mo*Ðwd)*dkPf;
qkdNyD; ESpf*dkPf;uGJoGm;cJhygNyD/
4/ / 'kw,
d o*Fg,em aemufyikd ;f tajctae
'kwdo*Fg,emwifNyD;aemufydkif; omoemESpf 149(bDpD-
395)rSm yg#vdykwfjynf&Sif pE´*kwfrif; tkyfcsKyfygw,f/ olY&JU
ynm&St d rwfBuD;uawmh jA[®P0g'q&mBuD; trwfBuD;pmPus
(pmPuú) jzpfygw,f/ (ax&?|?2?85/ 0d?|?1?54)
pE´*wk rf if;[m *&drif;awGukd ppf½;HI cJzh ;l ygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf
rif;wkid yf if jA[®P0g'trwfBuD; pmPus&UJ ppfwu kd ef nf;AsL[meJY
tdE´d,wpfcGif(ouvZrÁL'Dy)vkH;udk tkyfpdk;vmEdkifcJhNyD; arm&d,
okw0gt&d,om0u 17
rif;qufudk wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ (om&w¬?#D?1?126)
'Dawmh trwfBuD;pmPus[m pE´*kwfrif; yxrppf½IH;
&jcif;[m Ak ' ¨ 0 g' g'aMumifh? tck ppfatmifEkdifNyD; tdE´d,wpfcGifh
tkypf ;kd vmEdik wf m[m jA[®P0g'0g'aMumifv h Ydk ok;H oyfjyvku d yf gw,f/
pE´*w k rf if;uvnf; ppfyaJG tmifEikd af tmifvyk af y;wJh jA[®PawGukd
txl;aus;Zl;wif cs;D jr§iahf jrmufpm;NyD; olY&UJ eef;f awmfrmS jA[®P0g'
ykPÖm;awGç y&dAkdZfawG (ajcmufaomif;cefYrQ) aeYpOfaeYwdkif;
qGrf;auR;vkdY qnf;uyfylaZmfxm;ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefupNyD;
yg#vdyw k ef ef;awmfBuD;[m Ak'&¨ [ef;awmfawG qdwo f Ok ;f vkYd jA[®P
0g'&SifawGeJY pnfpnfum;um;jzpfaecJhygNyD/ (om&w¬?#D?1?126)
'Dtcsdef omoemESpf 150(bDpD394) jA[®P0g'DwkdY&JU
txGwftxdyfq&mBuD;wpfqljzpfwJh pmPustrwfBuD;[m
Ak'¨0g'udkESdyfuGyfzdkY tvGefynmom;ygvSwJh xl;qef;tHhMo
zG,faumif;vSwJh pum;wpfcGef;udk a[majymykdYcs0g'jzefYcJhygw,f/
tJ ' guawmh ]] od ' ¨ w ¬ r if ; om; Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m bk & m;[m
AdoQEk0ifpm; t0wm&bk&m; jzpfw,f}} qdkwJh pum;ygyJ/
(ouúw-[dawmya'ousrf;)
'Dpum;udk 'Dae&mrS cPtomxm;NyD; Ak'¨0g'jzpfwJh
ax&0g'*dkPf;ESifh r[moHCdu*dkPf; taMumif;udk qufNyD;
avhvmMunfhr,f/
'kw, d o*Fg,emwifNyD;aemufyikd ;f omoemESp(f 200)twGi;f
ax&0g'*kdPf;rS aemufxyf *dkPf;uGJ(11)*dkPf;? r[moHCdu
*dkPf;rS aemufxyf*dkPf;uGJ (5)*dkPf;tm;jzifh yifrrlv*dkPf;awGeJY
tm;vkH;aygif; Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;(18)*dkPf; uGJjym;aeNyD jzpfygw,f/
18 Ak'o
('Dy0ifusr;f tvdk = omoemESpf 8 &mpkrS 9 &mpkMum; rSww f rf;jyK)
'Dawmh omoemESpf(100)rSm Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;(2)*dkPf;
uGwJ ,f/ aemufxyf ESp(f 100)rSm (18)*dP k ;f uGw
J ,fqakd wmh 'g[m
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh jzpf&yfygyJ/ aemufxyf ykdNyD;
pdwf0ifpm;csifp&maumif;wmu rjyifqifa&;rl0g'udk qkyfudkifNyD;
'kwd,o*Fg,emwifcJhMuwJh yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;[m
bmhaMumifh aemufxyf(11)*dP k ;f xyfuoJG mG ;&jyefovJ/ jyifqifa&;
rl0g'eJY vrf;cGJcJhwJh yifrrlv r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;uawmh
aemufxyf(5)*dP k ;f om uGjJ ym;oGm;ygw,f/ jyifqifcsio f al wGxuf
awmif rjyifqifcsifolawGu ESpf(100)twGif;rSm ydkNyD; *dkPf;awG
uGJjym;aewm awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[m tvGefpdwf0ifpm;csifp&m
aumif;wJhç taMumif;&if;rSef&SmazG&r,fh tcsufawGygyJ/ ,aeY
ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU rSww f rf;awGrmS awmh tmp&d,0g'aemufvu dk Nf yD;
uGJjym;oGm;&w,fvkdY omrefrQom qkdxm;wmawGU&ygw,f/
(om&w¬?#D?1? 116/ tbd?|?3? 106)
b,fvdk tmp&d,0g' aemufvu dk of vJqadk wmh 'Dy0ifusr;f
tvkd &[ef;awG[m &Sd&if;pGJ "r®eJY0de,rsm;udk uajymif;ujyef
xm;jcif;? y,fEIwfjcif;? jznfhpGufjcif;? vkd&mt"dyÜm,fzGifhjcif;awG
vkyfcJhMuvkdY tJ'D tiftm;BuD; oHCmhacgif;aqmifq&mawG
aemufvu dk Nf yD; *kP
d ;f awGuo JG mG ;&w,fvYkd rSww f rf;jyKxm;ygw,f/
('Dy0ifusrf;)
bmhaMumifh &[ef;awG[m "r®eJY0de,awGudk y,fEIwfjznfh
pGufNyD; vkd&mt"dyÜm,fawG zGifhMuovJqdkwJh t"dutaMumif;
&if;rSefudkawmh orkdif;q&mwdkY razmfxkwfjyEdkifMuygbl;/
taMumif;&if;rSeu f awmh omoemESpf 150(bDpD394) 94)rSm
okw0gt&d,om0u 19
pE´*kwfrif;&JUjA[®P0g'ynm&Sd trwfBuD;pmPus&JU txufyg
pum;wpfcGef;aMumifhygyJ/ pum;av;wpfcGef;u 'Davmufawmif
tiftm;BuD;ovm;vkYd ,krH mS ;zG,rf &Syd geJY/ pmPus[m wkid ;f jynf&UJ
jA[®P0g'ynm&SBd uD;vnf; jzpfjyef? {u&mZfb&k if pE´*w k rf if;BuD;&JU
rif;wkdifyiftrwfBuD;vnf; jzpfjyef? Ak'¨bmom0ifawGtaeeJY
ppf½IH;w&m;cHtcscH&vkdY acgif;razmf&JbJ rsufESmi,fae&csdefvnf;
jzpfjyef? wkdif;jynfrSm jA[®P0g'awG vTrf;rkd;aecsdefvnf;
jzpfjyefqkdawmh 'Dpum;udk b,folu wGef;vSefEdkifyghrvJ/
'Dvedk YJ Ak'0¨ g'jzpfwhJ ax&0g'*dkPf;ESihf r[moHCdu*dkPf;
0if&[ef;awmfawG[m trwfBuD;pmPus&JU pum;udk acszsufzdkY
tm;xkwfMuygawmhw,f/ jA[®P0g'rSm udk;uG,f&m okH;ql&Sdyg
w,fç jA[®mBuD;u avmuudk zefqif;w,f? AdoQEku avmuudk
apmifha&Smufw,fç od 0u avmuudk zsufqD;w,fvkdY ,lqxm;
ygw,f/ tJ'x D u
J avmuudak pmifah &SmufwhJ AdoQE[ k m avmuudk
apmifah &SmufzYdk&eftwGuf vltjzpf0ifpm;NyD; apmifah &Smufavh&w dS ,fvYdk
,lqxm;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd vltjzpf 0ifpm;vmwJh AdoQEk0ifpm;udk
t0wm&vl0ifpm;bk&m; m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'Dawmh trwfBuD;
pmPusu od'w ¨ r¬ if;om; Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m olwYkd u;kd uG,w f hJ
AdoQE0k ifpm; t0wm&vl0ifpm;bk&m; jzpfw,f? AdoQEu k avmuudk
apmufa&SmufzkdY vl0ifpm;vmw,fqkdwJh 0g'jzefYcsufudk Ak'¨0g'
jzpfMuwJh ax&0g'*dkPf;ESifh r[moHCdu*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfwkdY
taeeJY b,fvdk ckcu H muG,f acszsuMf urvJ/ trwfBu;D pmPus[m
jynfolvlxkawG udk;uG,faewJh Ak'¨bmom&JUbk&m;udk bk&m;
r[kwfbl;vkdY rjiif;ygbl;/ olYbk&m;udk ukd,fhbk&m;tjzpf
20 Ak'o
arG;pm;vkdufwmygyJ/ 'g[m tvGefaooyfvSyNyD; xda&mufwJh
vkyfuGufwpfckyJ jzpfw,f/
5/ / Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfwdkY pmPuspum;tm; ckcHumuG,f

acszsuMf ujcif;
Ak'0¨ g'D&[ef;awmfawGtaeeJY pE´*w k rf if;BuD;&JU ud;k uG,rf çI
tm;ay;ulnDrIudkvnf; rcH&ç jA[®P0g'DawG&JU zdESdyfrIudkvnf;
cHae&ç jynfov l xl &k UJ tay:rSmvnf; rsuEf mS r&qdak wmh 'Dpum;udk
acszsufzdkY enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; BuHpnfMuygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmf trsm;tjym;[m Ak'¨
bmom&[ef;awmf rjzpfcifu jA[®P0g'&Sdol jA[®PtEG,f
0ifawG jzpfcJhMuygw,f/ t&d,opömrodwJh jA[®P0g'rS
0ifa&mufvmwJh wpfcsKdUykxkZOf&[ef;awG[m Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
jA[®P0g'&JU b0ul;tjrifawGç (31)bkt H ,ltqawGç twåt,l
tqawGeJY EIdif;,SOfNyD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:MurSm taotcsmygyJ/
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m AdoQEk0ifpm;wmawmh rjzpfEikd ?f 'gqdk
b,folu jzpfvmwmvJ? od'¨w¬rif;om;rjzpfcif [dkbuf
t&ifb0u b,fvb kd 0rsK;d jzpfcw
hJ mvJ? (31)bku H b,fbXHk merSm
jzpfcJhwmvJ? tckaum b,fbkHXmerSm jzpfaewmvJ? rjzpfawmh
bl;vm;qkdNyD; tajz&SmMuygw,f/ &Sm&if;&Sm&if; bm&SmazGawGU
&Sv
d q
J adk wmh Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m w&m;a[mMum;wJt h cg Zmwfeyd gwf
0w¬KawGeYJ Zmwf0ifZmwfaqmifNyD; pdw0f ifpm;zG,f a[mavh&ydS gw,f/
]] oif &[ef;uawmh [kdwkef;u b,folvdkyJ? igbk&m;uawmh
tJ'Dolvkdaygh}} pojzifh Zmwf0ifZmwfaqmifNyD; a[mMum;xm;
okw0gt&d,om0u 21
csuaf wG trsm;tjym; &Syd gw,f/ 'Dawmh tJ'ZD mwf0if ZmwfaqmifNyD;
a[mwJah e&mawGrmS ]] 'g Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m twdwu f akd qmifNyD;
a[mwm jzpfr,f? Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; twdwfb0wkef;u tJ'Dol
wu,fjzpfcJhwm jzpfr,f }}vkdY &rf;qrSwf,lNyD; Ak'¨pum;
Ak'¨w&m;awGudk jyifqifajymif;vJNyD; aqmif,lvdkufMuygw,f/
b,fvdk jyifqifaqmif,v l u
dk of vJ qkad wmh ]] oif &[ef;uawmh
[dkwkef;u b,fol jzpfcJhw,f? igbk&m;uawmh tJ'Dol
jzpfcJhw,f}} vkdY jyifqifaqmif,l vkdufMuygw,f/
'guvnf; Ak'¨&[ef;awmfawG[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU "r®?0de,awGukd vufqifu h rf; EIwif aHk qmifNyD;
rS w f , l v mcJ h & wmyg/ pmayta&;tom; rS w f w rf ; rS w f & m
r&Sdao;ygbl;/ q&mhpum;udk wynfhu EIwfwkduf oif,l&wJh
tajctaeyg/ q&mh&JUaqmif,lrIu rSm;,Gif;oGm;&if wynfh&JU
aqmif,lrIuvnf; trSm;yJ jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí yxr
o*Fg,emwifpOfuwnf;u Ak'j̈rwfpmG bk&m;&JUpum; "r®?0de,awGukd
pmayjzifh wduscidk rf mpGm rSww f rf;jyKEidk cf MhJ ur,fq&dk if *dP
k ;f awGupJG &m
taMumif;r&Sdbl;/ jyifqifjyKjyifvkdYvnf; r&Ekdifygbl;/
6/ / pmPuspum;udk acszsuzf Ydk b0Bu;D b0i,ft,ltq?

yg&rDt,ltq? av;oacFseYJ urÇmwpfoed ;f t,ltq
0ifa&mufvmjcif;
'Dvkd Zmwf0ifZmwfaqmifNyD;a[mMum;wJh ae&mawGukd
avhvmMunfhwJhtcg edygwfawmf (22) ck? Zmwfawmfaygif;
(547)ck &Sw
d mudk awGU&w,f/ 'g[m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU twdwb
f 0
22 Ak'o
jzpfpOfawG jzpfw,fvYdk rSw,
f v
l u
dk Mf uygw,f/ 'Dvdk wpfb0aoNyD;
wpfb0jzpfvkdufeJY b0aygif;rsm;pGm bmawGvkyfzkdY jzpfae&
wmvJqkd&if bk&m;jzpfzkdY yg&rDawG rjynfhao;vkdY yg&rDawG
jznfhusifhae&wmvkdY tajzxkwfcJhMujyefygw,f/ b,favmuf
rsm;Mumatmif yg&rDawGjznfhusifhae&wmvJqkdawmh av;oacFseJY
urÇmwpfodef;Mumw,fvkdY tajzxkwfcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSmyJ
yg&rDtEkt&ifh b0Bu;D b0i,f t,ltqawGç yg&rDt,ltqawGç
av;oacsFeJY urÇmwpfodef;t,ltqawG ay:ayguf0ifa&muf
vmcJyh gw,f/
7/ /yg&rD t,ltqrS Asm'dwcf ,

H jl cif; t,ltq 0ifa&muf
vmjcif;
'DvkdeJY od'¨w¬rif;om; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m AdoQEkbk&m;
0ifpm;wmvnf; r[kw?f jA[®mBuD;&JU apckid ;f csuaf Mumifh bk&m;jzpf
vmwmvnf; r[kwfaMumif; jiif;qefzkdYtwGuf aemufxyf
taMumif;jycsuftaeeJY od'¨w¬rif;om;taeeJY t&ifb0awGrSm
bk&m;tavmif;awmftaeeJY yg&rDawGjznfhzkdY 'DyuF&mtrnf&Sd
Ak'b
¨ &k m;wpfqq l rD mS okar"m&Si&f aohtjzpfeYJ bk&m;qkyefc&hJ ygw,f/
'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; bk&m;jzpfvdrfhr,fvkdY Asm'dwfawmf
ay;cJhw,f/ tJ'Db0upNyD; omrefb0uaeY bk&m;tavmif;
awmfb0jzpfvmNyD; bk&m;tjzpf&zkdY yg&rDawG jznfhcJh&w,fvkdY
ajz&Sif;csuf xkwfcJhMujyefygw,f/ 'DvkdeJY a&S;a&S;bk&m;awG[m
'DurÇmrSm ig;qlt,ltq? ESpu f syd &f pS q
f t
l ,ltq? **FgVK0g oJprk u
yGifhawmfrlaMumif; t,ltqawG 0ifa&mufvmcJhjyefygw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 23
8/ /yg&rDjynfhíbk&m;jzpf&ef apmifhqkdif;ae&jcif; t,ltq
0ifa&mufvmjcif;
'gqkd yg&rDawG&ifhrmNyD; aemufqkH;taeeJY od'¨w¬rif;
om;b0udk a&muf&SdzdkY b,fb0uaeY apmifhqkdif;aervJqkdwmudk
tajz&SmcJMh ujyefygw,f/ bk&m;jzpfzYdk aemufq;Hk taeeJY omrefjzpfwhJ
tyg,fb0ç vlYb0ç ewfjynfatmufxyf bkb H 0awGu apmifq h idk ;f
aevkdYvnf; rjzpfbl;/ t&rf;BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfwJh jA[®mb0u
apmifq h idk ;f aevkYdvnf; rjzpfb;l / jA[®mb0uae od'w ¨ r¬ if;om;b0
jzpfvmw,fqkd&if AdoQEku vl0ifpm; od'¨w¬jzpfvmw,fqkdNyD;
trwfBuD; pmPus&JUpum;udk axmufcHovkd jzpfaejyefOD;r,f/
'Dawmh txufewfjynfxu J atmufq;Hk jzpfwhJ vlYbeHk YJvnf;eD;pyfwhJ
wkow d mewfjynfuae od'w ¨ r¬ if;om; jzpfvmw,fvYdk tajzxkwf
cJMh uygw,f/ rdrt d vku
d s rdrqd E´tavsmufjzpfvmwmvm;qkad wmh
wkow d mewfjynfrmS aowauwktrnf&dS ewfom;tjzpf pHaysmaf e
wkef; ewfjA[®mtaygif; canmif;awmif;yefvkdY owå0gtusKd;
ajr§mfudk;NyD; ewfoufa<uay;vdkuf&um od'¨w¬rif;om;b0
&vmw,fvkdY tajzxkwfcJhMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd ewfb0uae
vlYb0jzpfzkdYtwGuf Munfhjcif;BuD;ig;yg;vnf; MunfhcJh&aMumif;
*kPw f ifNyD;qkcd MhJ uygw,f/ 'Dvdk wpfb0uae wpfb0udk jzpfcsif
wkdif; jzpfvkdY&ovm;qkdawmh tbd"r®m t,ltqt& r&ygbl;/
r&ayr,fhvnf; 'DvkdyJ &ovkdvkd qkdcJhMuygw,f/ 'Dawmh
bk&m;tavmif; t,ltq qeJY tbd"r®mt,ltq q[m tay:zk;H awmh
atmufurvkçH atmufz;Hk awmh tay:rvkH qko d vkd OD;rEkid yf rhJ Ekid ef YJ
a&SUpum; aemufpum; rnDcJhMuygbl;/
24 Ak'o
9/ / b0ul;jyóemrS ½lyt½ly'óe tbd"r®mt,ltq
jyefvnftoufoiG ;f vmjcif;
b0awG wpfb0NyD; wpfb0 yg&rDawGjznfch &hJ w,fqadk wmh
wpfb0uae wpfb0udk b,fvkdul;ajymif; jzpfapovJqkdwJh
b0ul;jyóem ay:vmjyefygw,f/ 'Djyóemudk ajz&Sif;zdkY
&SmazGMuawmh Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m 0#fw&m;'kua© wG rjywfw&pyf
vnfywfjzpfyGm;aeaMumif; y#dpo ö rkyÜm'foabmw&m; a[mMum;
xm;csufawG trsm;tjym;&Sdwmudk awGU&SdMuygw,f/ 'Dawmh tJ'D
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU y#dpöorkyÜm'fa[muGufawGrSm jA[®P0g'&JU
b0ul;tjrifeJY okH;oyfMujyefygw,f/
ö rkymÜ 'fa[muGurf mS ]] ocFg&ypö,m
Ak'j̈rwfpmG bk&m;&JU y#dpo
0d n mPH }}vdkY a[mMum;xm;csuf udkawGUawmh 'g[m a&S;b0
twdwf taMumif;uHawGaMumifh ,ckb0rSm 0dnmPfçemrf½kyf
pwJh cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;awG jzpfvmwmyJvkdY tajzxkwf
vkdufw,f/ 'Dawmh a&S;b0twdwfuHawGaMumifh ,ckb0
cE¨mtusKd;awG &w,f? 'Db0ypöKyÜefuHaMumifh aoNyD;aemuf
b0tem*wfawGrmS cE¨mtusK;d awG &r,f? 'Dvedk YJ b0awG wpfb0
NyD;wpfb0jzpfNyD; b0oHo&mvnfwmyJ? 'Db0awGu b,frmS vnf
wmvJqadk wmh (31)bkrH mS vlvm;acgufwHk vnfywfjzpfymG ;aew,fvYdk
ajz&Sif;csufawG xkwfcJhMujyefw,f/ 'Db0awG[m b,fupNyD;
b,frSmqkH;r,fqkdwm rodEdkifbl;/ t0dZÆmw&m;u zkH;vTrf;xm;
w,fvkdY tajzxkwfcJhMujyefygw,f/
'Dawmh b0oHom&mqkH;csif&if yg&rDawG jznfhusifh&r,f/
'DavmufeYJNyD;NyDvm;qkad wmh rNyD;aobl;/ b0taMumif; em;vnfzYdk
okw0gt&d,om0u 25
cE¨mtaMumif;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmodzYdk tm;xkw&f r,f/ cE¨mud,
k Bf uD;udk
cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmMunfah wmh ½kyo
f abmeJY ½kyrf [kww
f hJ emrfoabmawGukd
awGU&w,f/ 'Dawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;wJh ½kyfemrfqkdwm
'gyJ? 'D½kyfemrfawGuvnf; wpfckNyD;wpfck jzpfysufaeMuw,fvkdY
tajzxkwfcJhMujyefw,f/ ½kyfawG&JU jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;oabmç
emrfawG&JU jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; oabmw&m;awGudk avhvmokH;
oyfMu&if; ½lyt½ly'óe 'óeawG 0ifa&mufvmcJhw,f/ 'g[m
,aeY tbd"r®m&JUt,ltqygyJ/ tbd"r®mudk tESpfcsKyf&if
½kyfemrfjzpfysufyJ &ygw,f/
10/ / uydv&aohBu;D \ ½lyt½ly'óe(omcs'F óe)

wpfzefjyefvnf OD;armfvmjcif;
tJ'D ½lyt½ly'óe
'óeawG[m Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; ryGifhay:rD
a&S;ya0oPDuwnf;u jA[®P0g'&JU txGwt f xdyq
f &mwpfql
jzpfwJh uydv&aohBuD; azmfxkwfa[majymydkYcscJhwJh a&S;a[mif;
a,m*usrf;jzpfwhJ ,aeYta&SUwkid ;f &JU omcsF'óe óeyJ jzpfygw,f/
uydvrkedac: uydv&aohBuD;[m a&S;a[mif;[dE´Lbmoma&;
tawG;tac: *dkPf;BuD;(6)*dkPf;xJu omcsF * d k P f ; BuD ; udk
wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfygw,f/ omcsF*dkPf;\ oabmw&m;twkdif;
ynmpcef;xuf tusiphf cef;udk ydí k tav;ay;um ywOövd&aohu
a,m**dkPf;ukd wnfaxmifcJhonf/
½lyt½ly'óe
'óeESifh ½lypsmefçt½lypsmef tusifhpcef;
orx0dyóemvrf;pOfawG[m uydv&aoh&JU vrf;pOfawGyJ
l mNyD; t&d,opöm'óe
jzpfygw,f/ Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m; yGiahf wmfrv
26 Ak'o
ay:xGef;vm csdefrSmawmh ½lyt½ly'óe'óeawG[m aea&mifeJYawGY
wJhqD;ESif;vkd wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,fcJh&ygw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
&SdpOfuwnf;u 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifNyD; omoemESpf(150)txd
wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faecJhwJh ½lyt½ly'óe'óe[m jyefvnftouf
oGif; OD;armfvm cJhygw,f/
11/ / ½lyt½ly'óe(omcs'F óe)onf y&rw¬opöm

'D½l½yl t½ly'óe
'óe[m ½ky"f mwfçemrf"mwf ESpyf g;udk tajccHNyD;
tao;pdwf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm ½Ijrifjcif;jzpfwmaMumifh y&rw¬opöm
(tpdwfpdwftrSef)tjrif jzpfygw,f/ opömtaeeJY y&rw¬opöm?
'óetaeeJY ½lyt½ly'óe'óe jzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
½lyt½ly'óejzpfwJh y&rw¬opöm[m uydv&aoh azmfxkwf
nTefMum;cJhwJh oabmw&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/
12/ /½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömESihf ur®'óe t&d,opöm

Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m bk&m;rjzpfcif od'¨w¬rif;om;taeeJY
awmxGufNyD; w&m;ppfw&m;rSef &SmBuHwkef;u uydv&aoh
azmfxkwfnTefMum;cJhwJh y&rw¬opömjzpfwJh ½lyt½ly'óe
orxpsmefvrf; tusifhpcef;udk O'u O'uESifh tmVm&&aohwkdYxHrS
enf;cHusifhBuHyGm;rsm;&&SdcJhNyD; ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm&JU
tjrifqkH;eJY aemufqkH;tqifhjzpfwJh ae0onmemonm,we
t½l y psmefcsrf;omjzifh tm½kHig;yg;üvnf; tonm-tod r J h?
rdrdukd,fukdvnf; tewå-t&SdrJhtjzpf½Ijrifum (6)ESpfwkdifwkdif
'kuú&p&d,tusifhudk usifhcJhzl;ygw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 27
aemufawmh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömrSm olvcdk siw f w
hJ &m;
&SmrawGUvdkY tJ'D ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk tNyD;tydkifpGefU
y,fNyD; w&m;&SmazGawmhrS t&d,opömw&m; w&m;udk q&mr&SdbJ
awGU&SdcJhNyD; rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;pOfeJY avQmufvSrf;cJhygw,f/
t&d,opömw&m;[m 'óetaeeJY ur® ' óe jzpfyg
w,f/ odkYaomf *sdef;0g' 0g'&JU ur®'óeeJY rwlygbl;/ *sdef;0g'&JU
ur®'óeu twå0g' ur®'óe jzpfNyD; oHo&mtaeeJY
twåoHo&m jzpfygw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU ur®'óeuawmh
tewå0g' ur®'óe jzpfygw,f/ oHo&mtaeeJY y#dpöorkyÜm'f
oH o &m jzpfygw,f/
'ghaMumifh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk 0g'taeeJY
½kyfemrfjrif0g' g'vkdY owfrSwfNyD; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU ur®'óe
t&d,opömudkawmh uHjrif0g' g'vkdY owfrSwfEkdifygw,f/
13/ /½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt& uHonf jyKvyk o

f ifh
onf[k ,lqjcif;
'D½l½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk tajccHNyD; orx
0dyóembm0emtvkyf tm;xkwfMu&ygw,f/ od'¨w¬ rif;om;
awmxGufNyD; orx0dyóemtvkyftm;xkwfjcif;? 'kuú&p&d,
usifhjcif;awG[m uydv&aoh azmfxkwfcJhwJh ½lyt½ly 'óe
y&rw¬ o pö m &JU txGwftxdyf usifhpOfawGygyJ/ 'ghaMumifh
orx0dyóemtvkyf[m tm;xkwfoifhw,f? 'kuú&p&d,
tusifh[m usifhaumif;w,f? 'gusifhcJhvkdYom bk&m;jzpfvmw,f?
'grusichf &hJ if bk&m;jzpfzYdk rZÑrd y#dy'gtusiu
hf kd usiEhf ikd rf mS r[kwb
f ;l vkYd
28 Ak'o
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm ½Iaxmifu h tajzxkwcf MhJ uygw,f/
'Dawmh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm t,ltqt&
(31)bkHrSm b0oHo&musifvnf&pOf tqifhjrifhwJhbkHXmeawGrSm
jzpf&zkYd raumif;rItukov dk uf aH wGuakd &SmifNyD; aumif;rIjzpfwhJ umr
ukokdvfuHawGukd vkyfMu&r,f? 'ghxuf tqifhjrifhzkdY ½lypsmef
ukokdvfuHawGudk vkyfMu&r,f? 'ghxuf tqifhjrifhzkdY t½lypsmef
ukokdvfuHawGudk vkyfMu&r,f? aemufqkH; b0oHo&mxJu
xGuaf jrmufzYdk r*fuo
k v dk u f aH wGujkd zpfatmif tm;xkwMf u&r,fvYdk
,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm t,ltqt& ocF g &
aumif;rIuHawG[m vkyfoifhwJht&m &mvkdY ,lqayr,fh Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opöm y#dpöorkyÜm'f w&m;uawmh
yknmbdocFg&ç tyknmbdocFg&ç tmaeOÆmbdocFg&qkw d hJ uHawG[m
aumif;wmjzpfjzpfç raumif;wmjzpfjzpf vkH;0 rvkyfoifhwJht&m &mç
'ku©jzpfwJht&m &mawGvYdk a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/ ( &[ef;wdYk ? rpif
tenf;i,fav;jzpfapumrl raumif;wJhteHY&Sdovdk uHocFg&awG
[mvnf; tenf;i,fav; jzpfapumrl ,kwpf t G qk;H vufzspfw;D
csdefwpfumvrQ igbk&m; rcsD;rTrf;/)
14/ / ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömtjrifEiS hf Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOOff

'Dvkd ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltqeJY Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOf
Ak'¨0ifudk MunfhcJhMuygw,f/ bk&m;jzpfcgeD; od'¨w¬rif;om;[m
r[maAm"danmifyifatmufrmS igbmw&m;usi&hf rvJvYkd BuHpnfae
wkef; olY&JUi,fb0udk trSwf&owJh/ od'¨w¬rif;om; EdkYjywfNyD;p
okw0gt&d,om0u 29
t&G,fwkef;u olY&JU crnf;awmf oka'¨g'erif;BuD;[m v,fxGef
r*Fvmusif;ypOf olYudk t&dyfaumif;wJh oajyyifatmufrSm
urÁvmcif;ESD;udk aumif;pGmcif;usif;NyD; ae&mtxufrSvnf;
a&TMu,faiGMu,fwYdk jzifh pDjc,frrG ;f rHtyfonfh urÁvmrsufEmS usuf
zGJU,Sufwyfqifí wif;wdrfuefYvefumeJY0ef;&Hum vkHNcHKpGm
tapmift h aewkYd ux
kd m;NyD; v,fxeG rf *Fvm usif;yowJ/h tapmifh
txde;f awmfawG[m wif;wdru f efYvefYum tjyifxu G Nf yD; rif;BuD;
v,fxeG &f mudo k mG ;Muum pm;zG,af omufz, G cf zJ ,
G f vsufz, G af wG
tMum; vSnfhvnfMunfh½IrdvdkY od'¨w¬rif;om;av;udk arhavsmhNyD;
vspfvsL½Iypfxm; rdMuowJh/ tcsdefMumvmawmh EdkUjywfpt&G,f
rif;om;av;[m tdy&f muEd;k NyD; [k[ d 'kd 'D MD unfw
h thJ cg wpfa,mufrQ
rawGUayr,fh ridkbJxum wifyv’ifacGxkdifNyD; 0ifavxGufav
rS w f w J h t cg tmemygeyxrpsmef u d k &&S d 0 if p m;aeowJ h /
bkef;&SdefaMumifh aerGef;vGJcsdef aeua&GUvsm;oGm;vkdY usefwJh
opfyif&dyfawG a&GUoGm;ayr,fh oajyyif&dyfuawmh ra&GUbJ
t&dyfrdk;ay;aeowJh/ txdef;awmfawG owd&NyD; jyefvmawmh
rif;om;av; ridkbJxdkifNyD; psmef0ifpm;aewmudk awGUjrif&NyD;
rif;BuD;xH avQmufMum;wJhtcg crnf;awmfrif;BuD;vnf;
vma&mufMunfh½ItHMoNyD; rif;om;av;udk &Sdckd;owJh/ 'gudk
jyefowd&NyD; r[maAm"danmifyifatmufrSm bk&m;jzpfzkdY 0ifav
xGufav tmemygepwkw¬psmefut kd ajccHum usiBhf uHcw hJ maMumifh
bk&m;jzpfcJhw,fvkdY ,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/
'g[m ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltq&JU ajc&m
vuf&mwpfckygyJ/ tmemygepwkw¬psmefqkdwm ½lyg0p&ukokdvf
30 Ak'o
orxpsmef jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;tavmif;awmf[m
orxpsmeftusifhawGrSm olvkdcsifwJhw&m;r&SdvkdY 'Dvkd ½lyt½ly
orxpsmeftusiahf wGukd tNyD;wkid f ausmcdik ;f pGeYfcmG cJNh yD; jzpfygw,f/
'ghaMumifh bk&m;jzpfzdkY ur®|mef;tusifh orxpsmefudk jyefusifh
w,fqkdwm pum;a&SUaemuf tNrD;tarmufrwnfhygbl;/
axG;NyD;om;wHawG; jyefrsKd;½kd;xHk;pH r&Sdygbl;/ aemufNyD; EdkUjywfp
t&G , f u av;i,f a v;u nT e f j yoif M um;ay;wJ h q &mr&S d b J
tmemygeyxrpsmef 0ifpm;zkYd qw dk muvnf; obm0uswJh jzpfpOf
r[kwyf gbl;/
bmhaMumifh 'Dvkd obm0rus a&SUaemufrnD trsm;nD]þ}udk
uRJ}zwf ,lqcJMh uwmvJ qk&d if Ak'&¨ UJ jzpfawmfpOfukd t&d,opöm
]uRJ
tjrifeYJrMunfwh wfbJ y&rw¬opömtjrifeYJ Munfch MhJ uwmaMumifyh /J
'Dvdk obm0ruswhJ uarmufur t,ltqawG[m 'Dwpfae&mav;
wifrubJ Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOfawGxrJ mS od'w ¨ r¬ if;om; arG;zGm;&mup
aemufqkH; vGefawmfrlcgeD;tcsdeftxd trsm;tjym; &Sdaejcif;[m
omoemESpf(150)aemufydkif; Ak'¨0g'xJudk jA[®P0g'jzpfwJh
½l y t½l y 'óe y&rw¬ o pö m0ifa&muf a&marTcHvkduf&jcif;
aMumifhyJ/ 'g[m y&rw¬opöm&JU vufcsufyJ jzpfw,f/
15/ / vGefusL;wJh uH(tbdocFg&uH)ESifh uHowfwJh

uH(0docFg&uH)
'ghaMumifh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm t,ltqt&
'gepwJh aumif;wJhvkyfief;pOf(10)rsKd;ukd umr*kPfcsrf;omcHpm;
vkrd (I umrwPSm)ç ½kycf sr;f om cHpm;vkrd (I ½lywPSm)ç emrfcsr;f om
okw0gt&d,om0u 31
t½lywPSm) t&if;cHNyD; jyKvkyw
cHpm;vkrd I (t½l f t
hJ wGuf vGeu
f sL;wJh
uH(tbdocFg&uH)vdkY ac:ygw,f/ vkyfief;pOfu aumif;ayr,fh
&nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfykHenf;pepf raumif;wmaMumifh tbdocFg&
uHawG[m aumif;çraumif; b,fujH zpfjzpf vk;H 0 rvkyfoifhygbl;/
ur®'óe t&d,opömt& 'gepwJh aumif;wJhvkyfief;
pOf(10)rsK;d ukd vkyw
f t
hJ cg umrwPSmç ½lywPSmç t½lwPSmawGeYJ
rjyKvyk rf ad tmif or®mr*¾if&Spfyg;eJYtnD rnfonfh wPSmrQrygbJ
jyKvkyfwJhtwGuf vGefusL;wJhuH(tbdocFg&uH)awGudk y,fowf
&ma&mufvkdY uHowfwJhuH(0docFg&uH)vdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'gepwJh
vkyfief;pOfuvnf;aumif;ç or®mr*¾if&Spfyg;eJYtnD jyKvkyfvdkY
&nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfykHenf;pepfuvnf; aumif;jrwfrSef
uefwmaMumifh 0docFg&uHawG[m rjzpfrae vkyf&r,fh uHawG
jzpfygw,f/
16/ / y&rw¬opöm\ y#dpo ö rkymÜ 'foo

H &m ESihf t&d,opöm\
y#dpo
ö rkymÜ 'foo
H &m
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opömt& y#dpö
orkyÜm'foHo&mvnfykHrSm todpdwf trSwfonmESifhwuGjzpfwJh
wvHrQavmufaomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud, k af y:rSm todtjrif
rSm;jzpfwJh udavomawGaMumifh tbdocFg&qkdwJh uH(tvkyfrSm;)
awGudk jyKvkyfygw,f/ tJ'D tbdocFg&uHawGaMumifh 0dnmPf
emrf½yk f pwJh tjzpfcE¨m(tpGcJ E¨m)tusK;d (tjzpfrmS ;)awGukd &&Syd gw,f/
tJ'D tjzpfcE¨m(tpGcJ E¨m)tusK;d (tjzpfrmS ;)awGaMumifh wpfzefxyfNyD;
todtjrifrSm;awGudk jzpfapjyef ygw,f/ 'DvkdeJY todtjrifrSm;
32 Ak'o
awGaMumifh uH(tvkyrf mS ;)vky?f uH(tvkyrf mS ;)aMumifh b0cE¨mtusK;d
(tjzpfrmS ;)trsK;d rsK;d awG&? tJ'D b0cE¨mtusK;d (tjzpfrmS ;)awGtay:rSm
todtjrifrmS ;xyfjzpfNyD; b0oHo&m 'kuo © o
H &m vnfaeygw,f/
uHtrsK;d tpm;tavsmuf b0trsK;d rsK;d ç owå0gtrsK;d rsK;d &&Syd gw,f/
tJ'Db0trsKd;rsKd; owå0gtrsKd;rsKd;[m wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU
yuwd½kyfemrf cE¨mudk,fay:rSmyJ xif&Sm;jzpfay:aeygw,f/
'gudk xif&mS ;atmif Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;[m a&S;u jA[®P0g'
&JU(31)bkHom;t,ltq pum;tokH;tEIef;awGeJY yuwdcE¨m
udk,fay:rSm wifNyD; vnfjyygw,f/ 'Dawmh (31)bkHXme[m
wpfvrH Qavmufaomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud, k af y:rSm wnf&NdS yD;
(31)bko H m;owå0gawG[m b0trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJum yuwd½yk ef mrf
cE¨mud,k af y:rSmyJ vl;vmwkaH cguf usiv f nfaeMuygw,f/ 'g[m
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU y#dpöorkyÜm'foHo&mygyJ/
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm t,ltqt& oHo&mudk
,lqykrH mS Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU y#dpoö rkymÜ 'fa[muGuu f kd jA[®P0g'
awG&JU b0oHo&mt,ltqtwkdif; okH;ykdif;çokH;b0 oHo&m
wpfywfvnfjyKNyD; ,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/ rarG;rD twdwfb0
uHaMumifh ,ckb0tusKd;jzpf? ,ckb0uHaMumifh aoNyD;
aemufb0tusK;d jzpfNyD; owå0gwpfrsK;d rsK;d jzpfum (31)bkXH meawGrmS
vl;vmwkHacguf usifvnfaew,fvkdY jA[® P 0g'twk d i f ;
,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/ a[muGufuawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
y#dpoö rkymÜ 'fa[muGupf um;vk;H awGukd tok;H jyKNy;D ,lqykpH epfuawmh
jA[®P0g'&JU ,lqykHtwkdif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u jA[®P0g'&JU (31)bkHt,ltqudk
okw0gt&d,om0u 33
vlUcE¨muk,d tf ay:rSmwifNy;D y#dpo
ö rkymÜ 'f b0oHo&mvnfjyygw,f/
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltquawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
y#dpoö rkymÜ 'f a[muGuu f kd jA[®P0g'&JU (31)bkMH oumoavmu
tay:rSmwifNyD; b0oHo&mvnfjyygw,f/ 'g[m t&d,opömeJY
y&rw¬opöm&JU xl;jcm;csufygyJ/
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltqeJY jA[®P0g'
bmuGmjcm;vJqkd&if jA[®P0g'u twåtjzpf b0oHo&m
usivf nfNyD; ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt&uawmh tewåtjzpf
b0oHo&m usifvnfygw,f/
17/ / y&rw¬opömESihf t,lrmS ;rdpmä 'd|d

'Dawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU
yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud,
k ef YyJ wfoufNy;D w&m;"r®tjzpf wpfceG ;f wpfyg'rQ
ra[mbJ tJ'DwpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwd½kyfemrfcE¨mudk,f
ay:rSm todtjrifrmS ;t&if;cHNyD; jzpfymG ;vnfywfaewJh 'kuo © oH &m
taMumif;udo k m t&d,opömtjrifeYJ a[mawmfryl gw,f/ wpfvrH Q
avmufaomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud, k ef YJ ywfoufNyD; 'Dval oNyD;
aemufb0 jzpfw,fç rjzpfb;l ç tcsKUd jzpf tcsKrd jzpfç jzpfwmvnf;
r[kwf rjzpfwmvnf; r[kwf pwJh b,fvkdt,ltqrsKd;udkrQ
r,lqra[mMum;ygbl;/ 'D,q l csuaf wG[m orkwdopömç y&rw¬
opömorm;
orm;awG&UJ bmoma&;jyóemar;cGe;f awG ,lqcsuf awGom
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvl rarG;rDeJY aoNyD;aemuf umveJYywfoufNyD;
,lqcsut f m;vk;H udk Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;u b,fvdk t,ltqyJjzpfjzpf
t,lrSm;rdpäm'd|dawGç tusKd;r&Sd t&d,opömrodwJht&mawGvkdY
34 Ak'o
twdtvif; a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/
'Dvkd Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;u twdtvif;a[mMum;xm;ayr,fh
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömorm; orm;awG[m wpfvHrQavmuf
aomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud, k uf kd orkwdopömtjrifeYJ trnfemr
awG ynwf? y&rw¬opömtjrifeYJ tpdwpf w d cf jJG crf;pdwjf zmMunf½h u I m
enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJY BuHpnfpOf;pm; ok;H oyfNyD; 'Dval oNyD; jzpfw,fvYdk
twdtvif; ,lqxm;Muygw,f/
'Dval oNyD;jzpfaMumif;udv k nf; Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m; a[mw,f?
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwkdif bk&m;tavmif;b0eJY b0aygif;
(547)b0oHo&mrSm usifvnfcJh&w,f? jyifyavmuBuD;rSm
(31)bkXH meMoumoavmuBuD; &Sw d ,f? Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;ud, k af wmf
wkid f ewfjynfjA[®jynfwuf w&m;a[mw,f/ i&JUbkaH wGtaMumif;ç
NydwåmbkHawGtaMumif; a[mw,fvdkY y&rw¬opömorm;awG[m
twdtvif; ,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/
y&rw¬opömt& wpfvrH Qavmufaomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrf
cE¨mud, k Bf uD;[m tewåtjzpf b0oHo&mvnfaMumif;,lqawmh
yuwd½kyfemrfawG[m jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;wmrkdY igrydkifç twår[kwfç
tewå jzpfwmaMumifh ,ckb0 emrfjzpfpOf csKyfqkH;oGm;vkdY
aoNy;D aemufb0rSm b0opftjzpf emrfjzpfpOfawG b,fvq dk ufpyfNy;D
jzpfovJ? ,ckb0ESifh aoNyD;aemufb0 b,fvkdqufpyfovJ?
tewåjzpf&if b,fvkd b0oHo&mvnfrSmvJ? b0ul;t,l[m
rdpäm'd|dw&m;(62)yg;u vGwfatmif b,fvkd ,lqMurvJqkdwJh
b0ul;jyóem ay:vmjyefygw,f/ jA[®P0g'awGvdk vlaoNyD;
jzpfw,fvYdkvnf; ,lqcsiw f ,f? b0ul;t,l[m rdpmä 'd|u d vnf;
okw0gt&d,om0u 35
vGwfcsifjyefw,fqdkawmh y&rw¬opömorm;
orm;awG tcufawGU
aecJMh ujyefygw,f/
18/ / a&SUaemufb0 qufpyfzkdY ur®owådt,ltq

0ifa&mufvmjcif;
'Dvedk YJ ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm t,ltqt& a&SUb0
aemufb0qufpyfay;zkYd uHtaMumif;udk qifjcifo;Hk oyf vmcJMh u
w,f/ uHaMumifh b0awG jzpf&w,fvkdY tajzxkwfcJhw,f/
'Dtajz[m *sdef;0g' 0g'&JU uHt,ltq qeJY wlaejyefw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
uHqw dk mukd ususee tajz&SmzkYd uHaMumifjh zpfw,fvYdk,q l xm;wJh
vuf&SdcE¨mudk,fBuD;&JU jzpfysufaewJhoabmw&m;udk okH;oyf
MunfMh uw,f/ ok;H oyfMunfah wmh cE¨mud, k Bf uD;rSm ½kyaf wG emrfawG
jzpfysufaewmuvGJ&if bmrSr&Sdbl;qkdwm odjrifvmcJhMuw,f/
'Dawmh uH[m ½kyv f m;ç emrfvm;qkad wmh ] uHqkdwm apwemjzpf
vdkY emrfw&m;aygh }vdYk tajz xGuw f ,f/ 'gqkd apwemuHjzpfwhJ
emrf[m jzpfNyD;ysuo f mG ;wmrkYd r&Sad wmhbeJ YJ 'Db0uHu aemufb0udk
b,fvkdul;NyD; jzpfapwmvJqkdwJh b0ul;jyóem jyóemwpfck ay:vm
jyefw,f/
'gu 'Db0jyKwJhuH[m apwememrfrdkY jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;
wmaMumifh r&Sad wmhb;l / 'gayr,fh tJ'u D &H UJ tpGr;f owåad v;uawmh
tusK;d ray;&rcsi;f ysupf ;D roGm;bl;/ tNrJwnfNrJaew,f/ vl&UJ t&dyf
yrmç EGm;aemufu vSnf;bD;yrm vkdufaew,f/ tJ'DuHtpGrf;
owåad v;u aoNyD;aemufb0 tusKd;awGukd ay;apwmç ,ckb0
½kyfemrfcE¨mtusKd;awG &aewmuvnf; rarG;rD[dkbufb0u
36 Ak'o
uH&JUtpGrf;owådawGaMumifh &vmwmç wpfb0eJYwpfb0udk
ur®owådav;u qufpyfay;aewmvkdY ajz&Sif;csuf xkwfMujyef
ygw,f/
'guvnf; uHqkdwJh jyKolr&SdbJ jyKol&JUtpGrf;owådqkdwJh
ud&d,m[m b,fvkdrS &SdvkdYr&ygbl;/ &SdvkdYr&ayr,fh &SdvkdY&o
a,mif BuHaqmifc&hJ wmuawmh qifaoudk qdwfoa&eJY zkH;tkyfzdkY
r&ru zufwG,fNyD; BuKd;pm;aeMuwJh y&rw¬opömorm;awG&UJ
½kyfvkH;trSefawGygyJ/ 'Dawmh y&rw¬ o pö mudk tESpfcsKyf&if
½kyfemrfqwdk m&NyD; y&rw¬opömorm;awG qkyu f ikd x
f m;wmuawmh
ur®owåd? y&rw¬opöm&JU tESpfom&uawmh tewåqkdwmyJ
jzpfygw,f/
19/ / ur®owåEd iS hf ZD0twå(touf?0dnmOf?vdyjf ym)

y&rw¬opömorm; orm;awG qkyfudkifxm;wJh ur®owådt,l
tq[m jA[®P0g' 0g'&JU ZD0twå (touf?0dnmOf?vdyjf ym) t,ltq
udk enf;rSDBuHqNyD; ZD0twåt,ltqudk jiif;qefwGef;vSef&mrS
aygufzGm;vmwJh vrf;cGJt,ltqopf wpfckyJ jzpfygw,f/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; rarG;zGm;rD bDpD(1000)cefYuwnf;u
jA[®P0g't,ltqt& vlqdkwm ]y&rwårtwå[kqkdtyfaom
jA[®BuD;u yJph ifviG x
hf uG v twå}wpfco
f mwJh tydik ;f tp]twå k m jzpfw,f/
tJ'D ]twå}u uHudkjyKvkyfvdkY ½k y fqkdwmudk&&SdNyD; aESmifzGJUrdae
wmaMumifh ]twå}[m r½kef;xGufEkdifjzpfum vlaoaomfvnf;
rysupf ;D bJ tNrwJ nfNrNJ y;D wpfb0rS wpfb0odYk ul;ajymif;oGm;vmí
oHo&m usifvnfae&w,fvkdY ,lqMuygw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 37
]twå}u uHa[mif;awGvnf;ukef uHopfvnf;rjyKbJ
½kyf(udavom)taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufNyD; y&rwårtwåjzpfwJh
jA[®mBuD;eJY aemufq;Hk aygif;qku H m csrf;om&vdrrhf ,fvYkd ,lqyg
w,f/ 'ghaMumifh jA[®P0g'DawG[m uHa[mif;awGvnf;ukef
a,m*g0p&tusifh(orxtusifh)}awGukd
uHopfvnf; rjzpfatmif ]a,m*g0p&tusif
tjyif;txef usiBhf uHMuygw,f/ ]twå (touf?0dnmOf?vdyjf ym)}udk
]ZDZD 0 twå}vdkY ac:ovdk ]tmw® tmw® m}vkdYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ 'gu
jA[®P0g'&JU b0ul;t,ltq qyg/
'gudk ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömorm;awGu jiif;qefweG ;f
vSezf Ykd twGuf wpfvrH Qavmufaom vl&UJ yuwd½yk ef rfcE¨mud, k u
f kd
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfh&if ½kyfemrfqkdwmyJ &Sdw,f/ tJ'D½kyfemrfawGu
vnf; jzpfysufaevdkY wnfNrJw,fqkdwm r&Sdbl;/ tm;vkH;
jzpfNyD;ysuo f mG ;wmyJ/ 'ghaMumifh vlY&UJ cE¨mud,
k rf mS tNrJwnfNrJaewJh
twå}qkdwm r&Sdbl;/ ½kyfemrfawGuvnf; olYoabmtavsmuf
]twå
jzpfysufaewmrdkY igrydkifç ig[mr[kwfç igqkdwmr&Sdç ]tewå tewå}yJ/
'Dawmh ½kyef mrfEpS cf ak ygif;pyfxm;wJh vl[m uHqw dk mudk vkyw
f ,f/
tJ'DuHqdkwm apwem emrfw&m;jzpfvdkY jzpfNyD;ysufoGm;ayr,fh
uH&JUtpGrf;owådav;uawmh tusKd;ray;&rcsif; ysufroGm;bl;?
tNrJwnfNrJaew,f/ vl&JUt&dyfyrmç EGm;aemufu vSnf;bD;yrm
vkdufaew,f/ tJ'DuHtpGrf;owådav;u aoNyD;aemufb0
tusKd;awGudk ay;apwmç ,ckb0 ½kyfemrfcE¨mtusKd; awG&ae
wmuvnf; rarG;rD[dkbufb0awGu uH&JUtpGrf; owådaMumifh&
vmwmç wpfb0eJYwpfb0udk ur®owådav;u qufpyfay;ae
wmvdkY ,lqcJhMujyefygw,f/
38 Ak'o
'Dawmh y&rw¬opömorm;awG&JU ur®owådt,ltq[m
jA[® P 0g'&J U twå ( touf ? 0d n mOf ? vd y f j ym) ym)t,l t qeJ Y
bmxl;ovJqkdawmh bmrSrxl;jcm;? t&if;ESifhtzsm;vkd ruGJrjym;
wpfom;wnf;ygyJ/ b0ul;wJhae&mrSm igwkdYu twåeJYul;wm
r[kwfbl;? ur®owådeJYul;wmvdkY ajymrvm;/ bmeJY b0ul;ul;?
aoNyD;aemufb0 jzpfw,fvkdY ,lqwmrSeforQ t,l r S m ;
oówrdpäm'd|duGef,ufxJu vkH;0 rvGwfygbl;/ 'grSr[kwf
aoNyD;aemufb0 rjzpfbl;vdkY ,lqrvm;? 'gvnf; t,l r S m ;
Oapä''d|duGef,ufxu J vk;H 0 rvGwyf gbl;/ 'grSr[kwf igwkYd u
twåeYJjzpfwmr[kwb f ;l ? aoNy;D aemufb0 rjzpfb;l vm;qkad wmhvnf;
ur®owådeJYjzpfwmvkdY a0hvnfacsmifywf uarmufur ,lqr,f
qk&d ifvnf; pum;vTJt,lrSm; tr&m0dau©y rdpäm'd|d uGef,uf
xJu vk;H 0 rvGwyf gbl;/ 'grSr[kwf uHuek o f mG ;wJh &[EÅmyk*v
d¾ Bf uD;
awGuawmh aoNyD;aemufb0 rjzpfawmhb;l ? ykxZk OfeYJ uset f &d,m
yk*K¾ v
d af wGuawmh aoNy;D aemufb0 jzpfO;D rSmvdYk ,lqr,fq&dk ifvnf;
t,l r S m ; {upö o ówrd p ä m 'd | d uG e f , uf xJu vkH;0
rvGwyf gbl;/
yuwdvleJY ywfoufNyD; zefqif;&Sifu zefqif;w,fvkdYyJ
,lq,lq? uHaMumifhjzpfw,fvdkYyJ ,lq,lq? twå(touf?
0dnmOf?vdyfjym)eJY b0ul;w,fvdkYyJ ,lq,lq? ur®owådeJY
b0ul;w,fvdkYyJ ,lq,lq rdrdwdkYBuKdufovdk vGwfvyfpGm
,lqEkdifygw,f/ vGwfvyfpGm ,lqcGifhvnf; &Sdygw,f/
b,ft,l0g'urQ rdrdt,l0g'rSefuefaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wdwdusus vufawGUoabmtm;jzifh oufaorxlEdkifMuygbl;/
okw0gt&d,om0u 39
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opömwpfcw k nf;uom
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; wdwu d sus vufawGUoabmtm;jzifh oufao
xlEdkifygw,f/ taMumif;uawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u wjcm;
t,l0g'awGvkdY wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwd½kyfemrfcE¨m
ud, k ef YJywfoufNyD; bmrS ra[mMum;bl;/ 'Dvl rarG;rD jzpfco hJ vm;ç
rjzpfcb hJ ;l vm;? aoNyD;aemufb0 jzpfO;D rSmvm;ç rjzpfawmhb;l vm;
pwJh b0ul;t,ltqrSeforQ b,fvdkt,ltqrsKd;yJjzpfjzpf
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; r,lqra[majymbl;/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; bmudkyJ
a[majymovJqkd&if wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwd½kyfemrf
cE¨mud, k af y:rSm jzpfymG ;aewJh uHrsm;ç cE¨mrsm;ç b0rsm;ç owå0grsm;
vnfywfjzpfymG ;aewJh 'kuo © o
H &m&JU jzpfysuq f ;dk &Gm; tusK;d rrsm;rI
oabmw&m; ]'k 'ku©t&d,opöm}udk a[majymw,f/ tJ'D'ku©
oHo&m&JU jzpfaMumif;w&m; t0dZÆmçwPSmudavom ]ork ork ' ,
t&d,opöm}udk a[majymw,f/ tJ'D'ku© oHo&mBuD; csKyfNidrf;
aMumif; tusifhw&m;jzpfwJh ]r*¾ r*¾t&d,opöm}udk a[majymw,f/
tJ'D'ku© oHo&mBuD; csKyfNidrf;oGm;vkdY vGwfajrmufNidrf;csrf;&m
eda&m"t&d,opöm}udk a[majymw,f/
]ed
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opömt& uHaMumifh
uH&UJ tusK;d jzpfymG ;wmudk wpfvrH Q avmufaomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrf
cE¨mud, k af y:rSm vufawGUjyEdik w f ,f/ b0awGç owå0gawG trsK;d rsK;d
jzpfyGm;vnfywfaewmudk wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwdcE¨m
udk,fay:rSm vufawGU jyEdkifw,f/ (31)bkHavmuudk wpfvHrQ
avmufaomvl&JU yuwdcE¨mudk,fay:rSm vufawGUjyEdkifw,f/
uHjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwdcE¨m
40 Ak'o
ud,
k af y:rSm vufawGUjyEdik wf ,f/ uHjzpfaMumif;w&m;ç 'kuo© o
H &m
jzpfaMumif;w&m; y,f&mS ;zkYd enf;vrf;tusiw hf &m;udv
k nf; wpfvrH Q
avmufaomvl&JU yuwdcE¨mudk,fay:rSm vufawGUjyEdkifw,f/
vufawGUusifhvkdY vufawGU'ku© csKyfNidrf;um vGwfajrmufNidrf;
csrf;oGm;wmudkvnf; wpfvHrQavmufaomvl&JU yuwdcE¨mudk,f
ay:rSm vufawGUjyEdik w
f ,f/ 'g[m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU b0oHo&mç
'ku©oHo&mt,ltqyJ jzpfygw,f/
20/ / Ak'¨\ tewåe,fy,f ESifh y&rw¬opöm\

tewåe,fy,f
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU t&d,opömtjrift& wpfvrH Qavmuf
aomvl&UJ yuwd½yk ef mrfcE¨mud, k af y:rSm jzpfymG ;aewJh Oyg'geu©E¨m
(tpGJcE¨m))udo k mvQif 'kuw © &m;ç tedpw ö &m;ç tewåw&m;tjzpf
nTejf yygw,f/
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömtjrift& wpfvHrQavmuf
aomvl&JU yuwd½kyfemrfcE¨mudk,f (yOö u © E ¨ m =obm0cE¨ m )
udok mvQif 'kuw © &m;ç tedpw ö &m;ç tewåw&m;tjzpf owfrw S f
ygw,f/
'Dawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tewåppfppf e,fy,fu
vlay:rSm jzpfyGm;aewJhw&m;
]vl &m;} jzpfNyD; y&rw¬opöm&JU tewåtwk
e,fy,fuawmh ]vl vl} jzpfygw,f/
bmhaMumifh ]vl vl}udk ]tewå
tewå t wk}vkdY ajym&ovJqkd&if
vlom;wpfO;D taeeJY tdek maoa&;udk ,wdjywf wm;qD;vdYkr&ayr,fh
tkdrif;&ifha&mfrI aES;auG;oGm;atmifç emae&if temaysufatmifç
okw0gt&d,om0u 41
aor,fqkd&if raoao;atmif tcsdefqGJqefY &yfwefYxm;vdkY
&aevdYk ygyJ/ vlyikd yf pön;f OpömawGvnf; vlao&ifrykid b f ;l qkad yr,fh
twdkif;twm yrmPwpfcktxdawmh ydkifqkdiftokH;csae&wmygyJ/
'g[m vl&JU vufawGUoabmtrSefygyJ/ 'ghaMumifh ]vl vl [ m
tewå t wk}vkdY qdk&wmyJ jzpfw,f/
vlay:rSm jzpfyGm;aewJhw&m;awGuawmh vlvnf;r[kwfç
igvnf;r[kwfç olvnf;r[kwfç twåvnf;r[kwfwJh wu,fh
tjzpfoabmjzpf&yfrQ tewåawGom jzpfygw,f/ 'DjzpfyGm;aewJh
w&m;awG[m vlESifhuif;NyD;jzpfyGm;aewmr[kwfbJ vlay:rSm
jzpfyGm;aewmrkdY 'DjzpfyGm;csufawGudk vlyJç igyJç olyJç twåyJvkdY
,lqjcif;udo k mvQif Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;u ]] rSm;,Gif;wJh twå0g' g'}}
vdkY owfrSwfygw,f/ yuwdvluawmh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmvkduf&if
½kyef mrfqw
dk m&Ny;D vlqw dk mçigqkw
d mç olqw
dk mçtwåqw dk m r&ayr,fh
jyefvnfaygif;pyfvkduf&ifawmh vlyJç igyJç olyJç twåyJvkdY
owfrSwfEdkifygao;w,f/
21/ / y&rw¬opömonf twåmewå0g'(ujym;0g')

'Dawmh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömorm;awG&JU b0ul;
ur®owåt d ,ltq[m jA[®P0g'&JUJ b0ul; twå(touf?0dnmOf?
vdyfjym)t,ltqeJY t&if;ESifhtzsm;uJhodkY ruGJrjym;wpfom;
wnf;om jzpfygw,f/ jA[® P 0g' 0g'&JU (31)bkHt,ltqç
uHt,ltqç b0ul;t,ltqç owå0gt,ltqç ½kyfemrft,l
tqay:rSm tajccHNyD; wpfvrH Qavmufaomvl&UJ yuwdcE¨mud, k uf kd
b0wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfum Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; m;&JU y#dpöorkyÜm'f
42 Ak'o
oabmw&m;udk t&d,opömrodbJ BuHpnfpOf;pm;okH; oyf&if;
aygufzGm;vmwJh ur®owådt,ltq qom jzpfw,f/
jA[®P0g'[m ]twå0g'} jzpfw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
t&d,opöm[m ]tewå0g'} jzpfw,f/ y&rw¬opömorm;awG
uawmh twåudkvnf; vufrcHcsifç b0vnf;ul;csifqdkawmh
½kyfemrfawGuawmh jzpfysufaewmrkdY twår[kwfç tew tewåjzpfNyD;
ur® o wå dav;uawmh tNrJwnfNrJaewmrdkY twåqefqefjzpf
aewmaMumifh y&rw¬opömorm;awG&JU0g'udk twåvnf;rus
tewåvnf;rus uarmufur ]twå m ewå 0 g'} g'}vdkY okH;oyf
qkH;jzwf&ygvdrfhr,f/ jA[®P0g'eJY Ak'¨0g' aygif;pyfa&morarT
xm;wJh ]ujym;0g'} vkdYvnf; qdk&ygvdrfhr,f/
y&rw¬opömorm;awG[m jA[®P0g'DawGukd ur®owådt,l
tq tewå t wkeJY ]blçbl(oknçokn)}csif; ]wpf}vkyfum
vlvnfuscJhMuw,fvdkY okH;oyfqkH;jzwf&ygvdrfhr,f/
22/ / ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm\ qifhyGm;wkd;wufrI

tajctae
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;vGeaf wmfrNl yD; omoemESp(f 150) pE´*w
k rf if;
vufxufpNyD; Ak'¨0g'xJudk jA[®P0g' a&morarTcHcJh&&mrS
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ur®'óe t&d,opömae&mrSm ½l y t½l y
'óe y&rw¬opöm[m wjznf;jznf; tpm;xkd;0if a&mufvmcJh
ygw,f/ 'guvnf; -
(1) EdkifiHa&;tajctae tajymif;tvJjzpfNyD; EdkifiH&JUt"du
ae&mawGrSm jA[®P0g'ynm&SifawGvTrf;rdk;xm;jcif;?
okw0gt&d,om0u 43
(2) Ak'¨0g'&[ef;awmftjzpf 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;[m Ak'¨0g'
&[ef;awmfrjzpfcifu jA[®P0g' ynm&Sirf sm;jzpfczhJ ;l Mujcif;?
(3) Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t&d,opömudk rodem;rvnfbJ
Ak'j̈rwfpmG bk&m;\ "r®a[muGurf sm; udk jA[®P0g'tjrifjzifh
okH;oyfavhvmcJhMujcif;?
(4) Edik if aH &;tajctaet& t&d,opömodaom t&d,m&[ef;
awmfwYkd e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;ü oDwif;ok;H aexkid &f ojzifw h pfyg;
ESiw hf pfyg; tquftoG,jf ywfawmufNyD; t&d,mrsKd;quf
jywfoGm;jcif;?
(5) jA[®P0g' ynm&St d rwfBuD; pmPus\pum;udk jiif;qef
wGef;vSef&ef BuKd;pm;Mu&mü t&d,opömudkrodrjrifMuí
rdrdodjrif NyD;om;jzpfwJh jA[®P0g' ½lyt½ly'óe
y&rw¬opömtjrifjzifh Ak'j̈rwfpmG bk&m;\ "r®a[muGurf sm;udk
ykHazmfum jiif;qefwGef;vSefcJhMujcif;?
(6) Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "r®?0de, ,wdkYtm; pmayjzifh
twdtusrw S w
f rf;wif vufqifu h rf;vmcJh Mujcif;r[kwb f J
EIwfikHjzifhom vufqifhurf;aqmif,lvmcJh&í wpfyg;ESifh
wpfyg; aqmif,lrI vGJacsmfEkdifjcif;?
(7) t&d,opömodrSom Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t,l0g'[kwfç
r[kwf? bk&m;a[m [kwfç r[kwf rSeu f efwu d spGm
pdppfokH;oyf qkH;jzwfEdkifonfjzpfí t&d,opömrod
rjrifMuojzifh aqmif,rl v I aJG csmaf eonfukd vGaJ csmaf Mumif;
rpdppfEikd b f J q&majymorQ trSet f jzpf aqmif,cl MhJ u&jcif;?
(8) q&majymorQ trSeftjzpf vufcHaqmif,lcJhMu&vdkY
44 Ak'o
q&maemufvkdufum "r®aqmiftkyfpkawG trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;
oGm;&jcif; -qkdwJhtxufyg taMumif;t&m tajctae
awGaMumifh 'Dvkd jzpfcJhMu&wmyJ/
'Dawmh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltq&JUajymif;
vJwdk; wufvmrItajctaeudk ,aeYacwf ax&0g' *dkPf;&JU
ygVdtbd"r®myd#u ueJY EIdif;,SOfMunfhr,fhqkd&if -
(1) Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[m "r®a[muGuaf wGukd jA[®P0g'tjrif
jzpfwhJ ½lyt½ly'óeeJY pwifNyD; EIid ;f ,SOMf unfch MhJ uygw,f/
(tbd"r®myd#u usrf;pOfeHygwf-4 jzpfwJh yk*¾vynwåd
usrf;[m - okwEå yÅ #d u t*kw F &å edum,fvm yk*K¾ v d tf rsK;d
tpm;cGjJ cm;ykEH iS hf ywfoufaom pmyd'k w f Ydkuykd if oif&h moif&h m
xkwfEIwfí jyefvnfoDukH;xm;aom usrf;jzpfw,f/)
(2) tJ'aD emuf qufvufNyD; ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;wdYk&UJ cE¨mçtm,weç
"mwfç£ajE´çowdy|mef pwJhtaMumif;t&mawGudk cGJjcrf;
pdwfjzm avhvmMunfhcJhMuw,f/
(usrf;pOfeyH gwf-2 jzpfwhJ 0db*Fusrf;[m - okwEå yÅ #d u
rZÑrd edum,fvm okwt f csKUd ESihf tvGew f n l ND yD; cGjJ crf;a0zef
jy&mü okwEå b Å mZed,ç tbd"r®bmZed,[k enf;ESpyf g;jzifh
cGjJ crf;a0zefjyaomaMumifh þusr;f [m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[m
t&d,opöm"r®ESifh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm
tbd" r®m\ aygif;ul;wHwm;ozG,fjzpfaom usrf;jzpf
w,f)
(3) tJ'aD emuf qufvufNy;D ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;wkYd&UJ pdwçf apwoduçf
½kyfç edAÁmef y&rw¬w&m;av;yg; taMumif;udktrsKd;tpm;
okw0gt&d,om0u 45
tvkduf tpdwfpdwf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmMunfhcJhMuw,f/
(usrf;pOfeHygwf-1 jzpfwJh "r®o*FPDusrf;[m -
okwEå yÅ #d uwGif tvGeaf wGUEdik cf aJ omtok;H tEIe;f a0g[m&rsm;
jzpfNyD; u@cGJjcm;ykHpepfxl;jcm;wmaMumifh ] y&rw¬opöm
ppfppf tbd"r®myd#u ppfppf\ vuf&mrGeftp
jzpfaom usrf;jzpfw,f/)
(4) tJ'aD emuf qufvufNy;D ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;wdYk&UJ pdwçf apwoduçf
½kyfç edAÁmef y&rw¬w&m; av;yg;wdkYudkyif r<uif;rusef
&atmif enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh ½Iaxmifhaygif;pkHrS cufcufcJcJ
eufeufeeJ J tpdwpf w d f cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmavh vmMunfch MhJ uw,f/
(usrf;pOfeHygwf-3 ESifh 6 jzpfwJh "mwkuxmusrf;ESifh
,ruusrf;wkdY[m "r®o*FPDusrf;&JU rmwdumpOfudk
csUJ xGiNf yD; pD&ifxm;ygw,f/ txl;tm;jzifh ,ruusr;f [m
a&S;a&S;usrf;wkdYü razmfjybJ <uif;usef&pfaom y&rw¬
obm0 tm;vkH;wkdYudk odrf;usKH;í tvGefaphpyfvSpGm
o½kycf jJG yaomaMumifh ]y&rw¬y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m\ ed*kH;ydkif;}
(5) tJ'Daemuf qufvufNyD; ½kyfemrfESpfyg;wdkYudk tajccHenf;
24 rsK;d wdYkjzifh wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck tcsi;f csi;f qufE, G af ygif;pyf
axmufyaHh us;Zl;jyK aerIoabm]ypö ypö,}½Iaxmifrh S tao;pdwf
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmcJhMuw,f/
(usrf;pOfeyH gwf-7 jzpfwhJ y|meusrf;[m ½kyef mrfy&rw¬
oabmwdkYudk tawG;tac:ydkif;xuf ,kwådaA'qefqefcGJ
jcrf;pdwfjzmjyí yrmPtm;jzifhvnf; tBuD;qkH; usrf;jzpf
46 Ak'o
aomaMumifh ]y&rw¬ y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m\ rSwfwdkifozG,f}
(6) tJ'aD emuf Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opömudk
vkH;0 rodrjrif em;rvnfMuawmhbJ igwdYk ow d hJ
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m[m Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;&JU t&d,opömeJY twlwlyJ/ 'ghaMumifh y&rw¬opöm
tbd"r®m[m bk&m;a[myJvdkY vkyfvmcJhMuw,f/
'Dvekd YJ½yl t½ly'óe y&rw¬opömom trSew f &m; jzpfw,f?
usew f hJ t,l0g'awG[m rSm;,Gi;f wJh t,l0g'awG jzpfw,f
vkdY 0g'rwlç tbd"r®mr&Sdç y&rw¬opöm rodolawGudk
ESdyfuGyfcJh Muw,f/
(usrf;pOfeHygwf-5 jzpfwJh uxm0w¬ K usrf ; [m -
t&Sirf [marm*¾vyd w k w d pD&ifxm;aom usrf;jzpfNyD; ] rdrdESifh
å ó
0g'rwlç tbd"r®mr&Sdç ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömrodaom
tjcm; &[ef;awmfawGudk ESdyfuGyfacsyzsufqD;xm;aom usrf;}
jzpfw,f/
'guawmh ,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU ygVdtbd"r®myd#ueJY
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m&JU ajymif;vJwdk;wufrI
tajctaeudk tuJcwfavhvmokH;oyfjywmyJ jzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dkPf;&JU tbd"r®musrf;pOf jzpfay:rIudk
atmufygtwkdif; awGUjrifEdkifygw,f/
(1) yk*¾vynwådusrf;
(2) 0db*Fusrf;
(3) "r®o*FPDusrf;
okw0gt&d,om0u 47
(4) "mwkuxmusrf;
(5) ,r,usrf;
(6) y|meusrf;
(7) uxm0w¬Kusrf; jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf ,aeYacwf
ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU ygVdtbd"r®musr;f pOfyrHk mS wm0wðomewfjynfü
bk&m;a[monfhtwkdif;[k ,lqowfrSwfNyD; "r®o*FPD? 0dbif;?
"mwkuxm? yk*¾vynwf? uxm0w¬K? ,ru? y|me qdkNyD;
usrf;pOfxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ usrf;pOfykH pepfusrI r&Sdyg/
aemufNyD; ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt,ltq&JU
ajymif;vJw;kd wufvmrItajctaeudk ,aeYacwf r[m,e*dkPf;&JU
ouúwtbd"r®myd#u ueJY EIid ;f ,SOMf unfrh ,fq
h &dk if r[m,me*dP
k ;f &JU
yifrrlvjzpfwJh oAÁw¬d0g'(a0bódw)*dkPf;&JU uedoQurif;
vufxuf pwkw¬o*Fg,em rSwfwrf;t& ouúwtbd"r®m
usrf;(7)usrf;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh -
(1) ÓPy|meokwåusrf;
(2) o*Ðwdy&d,m,yg'usrf;
(3) yu&Pyg'usrf;
(4) 0dnmPum,yg'usrf;
(5) "mwkum,yg'usrf;
(6) "r®u©Eÿg'usrf;
(7) ynwådowåyg'usrf; jzpfygw,f/
tJ'(D 7)usr;f xJu usr;f pOfeyH gwf-1 jzpfwhJ ÓPy|eokwå
usr;f [m ouúwtbd"r®m yd#u&JU tajccHtusq;Hk ç trGejf rwfq;Hk ç
y"metusqkH; tESpfom&udk,fxnfjzpfwJh usrf;jzpfw,f/
48 Ak'o
usefajcmufusrf;uawmh uk, d x f nfjzpfwhJ ÓPy|meokwu å srf;rS
wpfqifah ygufzmG ;vmaom ajcaxmufrsm;ozG,f usr;f pG,af v;awG
jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ÓPy|meokwåusrf;rSwpfyg; usefajcmuf
usr;f udk trnftoD;oD;\aemufrmS ]yg' yg'
yg'}xnfíh trnfay;xm;jcif;
jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ,aeYacwf r[m,me*dP k ;f &JU ouúwtbd"r®m
yd#uusrf;pDpOfykH[m pepfwus &Sdygw,f/
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU ygVdtbd"r®musr;f eJY ,aeYacwf
r[m,me*dP k ;f &JU ouúwtbd"r®m usr;f awG[m usr;f ta&twGuçf
trnfemrç taMumif;t&mç toGifoP²mefwkdY wkdufqdkifcsuf
tenf;i,f&SdonfrSwpfyg; tbd"r®myd#uESpf&yf xyfwlxyfrQjzpf
aMumif; wlnDonfhtaxmuftxm; rawGU&ay/
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dkPf;(0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;tquf)ESifh
,aeYacwf r[m,me*dkPf;(oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;\tquf)wdkY&Sd
yd#ursm;udk EIdif;,SOfMunfh&if okwåefusrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tjym;
wl n D aomfvnf; tbd " r® m usrf ; rSmrl wpf*dkPf;wpf*dkPf;
rwlnDonfukd awGU&S&d jcif;jzifh tbd"r®m[m bk&m;a[mr[kwb f J
q&mpOfquf BuHpnfazmfxw k cf ahJ om q&mhpum;rQomjzpfaMumif;
tvGefxif&Sm; vSygw,f/
ouúwtbd"r®musr;f [m bk&m;a[mokweå f "r®a[muGuf
rsm;ESifh tvGefeD;pyfNyD; ygVdtbd"r®musrf;awGuawmh bk&m;a[m
okwåef"r®a[muGufrsm;ESifh a0;oxufa0;vmygw,f/ NyD;awmh
ouúwtbd"r®musrf;awGudk oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;ESifh ,if;*dkPf;rS
qufvufaygufzGm;vmaom r[m,me *dkPf;wkdYu tbd"r®m
[lonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmfrsm;udk okwåefvm
okw0gt&d,om0u 49
O'ge0*¾uo hJ Ydk rax&fBuD;wdYkrS xkwEf w
I zf iG q
hf x
dk m;aom usr;f rsm;jzpf
onfjzpfí tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[mjzpfonf [k vufc, H MHk unf
Muonf/ ,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f uJo
h Ydk tbd"r®mudk wm0wðom
ewfjynfü Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[monf[k vufc, H MHk unfaejcif;rsKd;
r[kwaf cs/
'ghtjyif ouúwtbd"r®mckepfusr;f vk;H wpfusr;f pDtvku d f
a&;om;jyKpo k t l rnfEiS w
hf uG yg&Sad omfvnf; ygVdtbd"r®mckepfusr;f
rSmawmh uxm0w¬Kwpfusrf;om t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdó
rax&f pD&ifaMumif; yg&Sdygw,f/ trSefwu,ftm;jzifh
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f\q&m pOfqufjzpfaom od * ¾ 0
rax&fESifh p@0ZÆ D r ax&fwkdY&JU q&mjzpfwJh *Pygarmu©
aomPurax&f vufxufuwnf;u tbd"r®mt,ltq pwifzYkd
tm;jyKaecJhygNyD/ txl;ojzifh t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f[m
od*0¾ rax&fxu H 0denf;tenf;i,fuo kd m oif,cl &hJ NyD; p@0ZÆDr
ax&fxrH S yd#uokH;ykHudk txl;oif,lcJhaMumif; taxmuftxm;
awGU&ojzifh ,if;p@0ZÆDrax&fvufxuf omoemESpf(150)
ausmfuwnf;u tbd " r® m usrf ; rsm; ay:xGef;xif&Sm;aeNyD;
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwå wdóvufxufodkY a&mufaomtcg tbd"r®m
usrf;[m uxm0w¬Kusrf;rSvGJí usefajcmuf ajcmufusrf;vkH; tvkH;pkH
NyD;jynfhpkH aeNyDjzpfaMumif; okH;oyfod&SdEkdifygw,f/ (0d?|?1?
25?33?200/ om&w¬?#D?1?100)
50 Ak'o
23/ / ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk tbd"r®m[k emrnfwyfchJ
Mujcif;
½l y t½l y 'óe y&rw¬ o pö m [m cE¨mudk,fwGif;u
½kyfemrftaMumif;awG azmfxkwfcsufrdkY tvGefjrifEkdifcJw,f?
ÓPfBuD;olrS odjrifEkdifw,f? 'ghaMumifh 'Dvkd ½kyfemrfw&m;a[m
csufawG[m omrefw&m;xuf xlurJ eG jf rwfww hJ &m; ]tbd"r®m}
jzpfw,fvYdk emrnfwyfcMhJ uygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dvdk xl;uJreG jf rwfwhJ
tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mw&m;tjzpf oufaojyKzkdY
tm;xkwfMu jyefygw,f/
tbd"r®m[m omrefval wG em;vnfzYdk rjzpfEidk ?f tvGerf sm;
jym;vSwJh t,ltqawG jzpfwJhtwGuf vlUjynfrSm tus,fw0ifh
em,lzYdk tcsed rf &S?d 'ghaMumifh tbd"r®mudk ewfjynfrmS yJ a[mw,fvYkd
tajzxkwv f u
kd w
f ,f/ bmudk taMumif;jyKwmvJ qkad wmh r,fawmf
jzpfcJhzl;wJh oEÅKodwewfom;udk aus;Zl;qyfzkdY a[mw,fvkdY
tajzxkwfjyefw,f/
NyD;awmh vlYjynfukd tbd"r®m b,fvdk a&mufvmjyefovJ
qkdawmh omrefyk*K¾ dvftaeeJY a&mufzkdYtaMumif;r&Sd? ÓPfBuD;&Sif
t&Sifom&dykwå&mudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u tusOf;rQa[mcJhwmudk
t&Sifom&dykwå&mu olYwynfhBuD;awGudk oifay;cJhwmvkdY
tajzxkwMf ujyefw,f/ b,ftcsed u f vJqadk wmh Ak'j¨ rwfpmG
bk&m;(7)0gajrmuf aysmufoGm;wJhtcsdef[m ewfjynfa&muf
aewJhtcsdefyJvkdY tajzxkwfcJhMuygw,f/ tbd"r®musrf;udk
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m bk&m;jzpfNyD; owåowåm[ pHaeawmfrlpOf
okw0gt&d,om0u 51
pwkw¬ajrmuf &wemC&owåm[ü tbd"r®mckepfusrf;udk
usrfpOftwkdif; okH;oyfqifjcifawmfrlwJhtcg y|mef;usrf;udk
ok;H oyfqifjcifpOf ud, k af wmfrS tHzh ,
G af om a&mifjcnfawmfajcmuf
oG,f uGefYjrL;xGufay:vmw,fvkdY tajzxkwfxnfhoGif;vm
cJMh uygw,f/
'Dvdk Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;a[m "r®a[muGuaf wGxrJ mS tbd"r®m
udk bk&m;a[moa,mifa,mif xnfhoGif;vmcJhwJh oJvGefp
ajc&mvuf&mawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/
]owåowåm[=ckepf&uf ckepfvD} qdkwmeJYywfoufNyD;
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dkPf;&JU 0de,yd#uygVdawmf r[m0*¾usrf;
usrfOD;tprSm bk&m;jzpfNyD;aemuf ]yOö yOöowåm[ [=ckepf&uf ig;vD}
vkdY rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f/ t'Dowåm[xJrSm tbd"r®mckepf
usrf;okH;oyfwJh &weC&owåm[ ryg&Sdygbl;/
omoemESpf(953rS957twGif;) t&SifAk'äCmorax&f
pD&ifwhJ "r®o*FPt D bd"r®musrf;&JU tzGiu hf srf;jzpfwhJ t|omvdeD
t|uxmusrf ;tzGifhrSmyJ &weC&owå m [ yg&Sdygw,f/
0denf;r[m0*¾usrf;[m ygVdawmfjzpfí t&Sifr[mAk'äCmo
\t|uxmusr;f rsm;xufvnf;aumif;? tcsKUd aom ygVdawmfusr;f
rsm;xufvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmapmaomusrf;jzpfNyD; tvGefckdifrm
aomusrf; jzpfygw,f/
tbd"r®mckepfusr;f udk wm0wðomewfjynfü bk&m;a[monf
[laomtqkEd iS yhf wfoufí ,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU usrf;*ef
axmufqpDppf&aomf t*kw F &å edum,? ayw0w¬Kt|uxmusrf;
tzGifhü tukF&ayw0w¬Krnfaom Zmwfvrf;wpf&yfyg&Sdygw,f/
52 Ak'o
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m wm0wðomewfjynf yifv,fuopfyif&if;
y@KurÁvmjrausmufzsmxufü oDwif;ok;H aeawmfrpl Of pMum0Vm
wdkufwpfaomif;rS ewftaygif;wkdY pnf;a0;csOf;uyf vkyfauR;Mu
aMumif; pojzifh *gxmokH;ck yg&Sdygw,f/
tukF&ewfom;ESifh £Eúewfom;taMumif;om yg&SdNyD;
r,fawmfewfom;taMumif;? tbd"r®mtaMumif; ryg&Sdyg/
tJ'aD yw0w¬Kt|uxmudk zGiq hJ l t&Sif"r®ygvrax&fuvnf;
hf cdk o
]]txufazmfjyyg *gxmokH;ckwYdo k nf yd#utwGi;f ü &Sad eaomfvnf;
bk&m;a[mygVdrsm;r[kw?f o*Fg,emwift&Sijf rwfwYdk xnfo h iG ;f xm;
aom*gxm jzpfonf}}vdkY twdtvif; rdefYqdkxm;ygw,f/
txufyg *gxmokH;ckudkyif udk;um;í t|uxmq&m
t&SifAk'äCmo
Cmo[m wm0wðomewfjynfü Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
oD w if ; ok H ; awmf r l a omtcsd e f u d k tbd " r® m a[mtcsd e f t jzpf
t|omvdeDt|uxmusrf;tzGiühf tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[maMumif;
omyg&SdNyD; rnfonfhumvuç rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh
ay:aygufcahJ Mumif; Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;\ wm0wðomc&D;pOftaMumif;
tus,fw0ifh ryg&Sday/
txufyg *gxmokH;ckudkyif udk;um;í t|uxmq&m
t&SifAk'äCmo
Cmo[m wm0wðom c&D;pOftaMumif;udk ck'ú
edum,f? "r® y 't|uxmusrf ;tzGifh Ak ' ¨ 0 *¾&Sd a'a0ga&m
[P0w¬ Kü Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; wm0wðomewfjynfü tbd"r®m
w&m;a[mMum;NyD; ouFóe*d&k Nf rKUd wHcg;okYd qif;oufvmcJah Mumif;
ZmwftdrfzGJUí zGifhqkdjycJhygw,f/
'Dawmh t&iftOD;tpjzpfwhJ ayw0w¬Kt|uxm t*k&F ayw
okw0gt&d,om0u 53
0w¬K *gxmokH;ck[m wduscidk rf mrI r&Sb d J t|omvdet D |uxmESihf
"r®y't|uxmwkdY udk;um;azmfjyNyD; tbd"r®mudk wm0wðomü
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mcJhaMumif; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "r®a[muGuf
ppfppfawGxJrSm a&morarTxnfhoGif; vmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f [mvnf; t|uxmq&m t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmo
zGiq
hf o dk nft h wdik ;f taopGrJ w S f vufc, H MHk unfaeMujcif; jzpfygw,f/
'ghaMumifh ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömudk tbd"r®m[k
emrnfwHqdyfcyfESdyfcJhMuonfrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; vGefawmfrlNyD;
omoemESpf(200)0ef;usifuwnf;uvkdY qkd&ygr,fh/ taMumif;
uawmh omoemESp(f 150)rSm Ak'0¨ g'eJY jA[®P0g' a&morarTc&H um
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm jyefvnf toufoiG ;f vmNyD; omoem
ESpf(235)wGif wwd,o*Fg,emü tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mtjzpf
xnfhoGif;í yd#uwpfcktjzpf o*Fg,emwifcJhMuvdkYygyJ/
'Dawmh tbd"r®m[m ½lyt½ly'óe jzpfw,f? ½lyt½ly
'óe[m tpdwt f pdwt f jrif jzpfwhJ y&rw¬opöm'óe jzpfw,f/
y&rw¬opöm'óe[m uydv&aohBuD;&JU omcsF'óe jzpfw,f/
Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m bk & m; m;&J U 'óeuawmh t&d , opö m 'óe 'óeyJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh tbd"r®m&JU y&rw¬opömeJY Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m; m;&JU ur®'óe t&d,opöm[m rd;k eJYajrvkd uGmjcm;ygw,f/
&xm;oHvrf;vdk b,fawmhrSrqkHEkdifbJ tNrJwrf; rsOf;NyKdifajy;
aeygw,f/ ausmcsif;uyfNyD;ajy;olESpfOD;vkd ajy;ava0;av?
tESpo f m&ydik ;f a&mufavav a0;uGmuGjJ ym;avavyJ jzpfygw,f/
54 Ak'o
24/ / Ak'&¨ [ef;awmfrsm; *dP
k ;f trsm;tjym;uG&J jcif;&JU w&m;cH
tppf
txufygtaMumif;t&m tjzpftysuaf wG[m 'kw, d o*Fg
,emwifNyD;aemufyikd ;f omoemESpf (150)aemufyikd ;f rSm Ak'b ¨ mom
*dP
k ;f awG bmhaMumifh uGjJ ym;oGm;&ovJqw dk hJ t"dutaMumif;&if;
tjzpftysufawGyJ jzpfw,f/ pE´*kwfrif;vufxuf jA[®P0g'
ynm&Sd trwfBuD;pmPus pmPus&JU ]] od'¨w¬rif;om; Ak'¨jrwfpGm
bk&m;[m AdoQEk0ifpm; t0wm&bk&m; jzpfw,f}} qdkwJh
pum;ukd acszsufzkdYBuKd;pm;&if; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU t&d,opöm
'óerodbJ "r®oabmawGudk jA[®P0g'tjrifawGeJY avhvm
ok;H oyfcMhJ uvkYd "r®t,ltqawGujJG ym;NyD; q&mhaemuftwkvu kd u
f m
oHCmtkyfpk*dkPf;awGvnf; uGJjym;oGm;&jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
pmPus&JUpum;udk wkduf½kdufjiif;qefwJhtkyfpkawGç
jA[®P0g'yl;0ifNyD; oG,f0kduf jiif;qefwJhtkyfpkawGç jA[®P0g'
yl;0ifNyD; Ak'0¨ g'eJY jA[®P0g' a&maxG;aygif;pyfvufcw H t
hJ yk pf ak wGvYkd
'Dvkd tkyfpkBuD; tkyfpki,fawG uGJjym;oGm;cJhMuwmyJ jzpfw,f/
wkduf½kdufjiif;qefwJhtkyfpkuawmh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
t&d,opöm'óersKd;qu quf qufcx H m;Edik w f hJ yifrrlv ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;wpfckyJ &Sdygw,f/ yifrrlvr[moHCdu*dkPf;
uawmh jA[®P0g'yl;0ifNyD; oG,f0kdufjiif;qefwJh tkyfpkygyJ/
usew f ahJ x&0g'*dP k ;f uG?J r[moHCud *dP
k ;f uGaJ wG[m jA[®P0g'
yl;0ifNyD; Ak'¨0g'eJY jA[®P0g'udk a&maxG;aygif;pyf vufcHwJh
tkyfpkawGyJ jzpfw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 55
25/ / tbd"r®m&Sdaom *dkPf;uGJrsm;
½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mt,ltq[m
jA[®P0g'yl;0ifNyD; Ak'¨0g'eJY jA[®P0g' 0g'udk a&maxG;aygif;pyf
vufcH&mrS ay:xGufxif&Sm;vmwJh oabmw&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/
'ghaMumifh tbd"r®m[m ax&0g'*dP k ;f uGEJ iS hf r[moHCud *dP k ;f uGJ
awGrSm ay:xGef;xif&Sm;acwfpm;aecJhygw,f/
yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;eJY yifrrlvr[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;
awGrmS tbd"r®m r&Syd gbl;/ *dP k ;f uGaJ wGrmS &Sad ewJh tbd"r®moabm
w&m;[mvnf; wpf*P kd ;f eJYwpf*Pkd ;f rwlnMD uygbl;/ *kP d ;f uGaJ wG
xJrSm tiftm;BuD;rm;xif&Sm;wJh *dkPf;BuD;(2)*dkPf; &SdcJhygw,f/
tJ'D*dkPf;awGuawmh ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ;ESifh
ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;yJ jzpfygw,f/
26/ / 'kw, d o*Fg,emwifNy;D aemufyikd ;f Ak'b ¨ mom*dPk ;f
uGrJ sm;taMumif;
omoemESpf(100) 'kwd,o*Fg,emrSm oHCmh*dkPf;[m
ax&0g'ESifh r[moHCdu*dkPf;qkdNyD (2)*dkPf; uGJaeygNyD/
omoemESpf(129 rS 149Mum;)
149Mum;)rSm rif;ajymif;rif;vTJ EdkifiHa&;
tajctae rwnfrNidrfjzpfvkdY Ak'¨&[ef;awmfawG wpfzGJUESifhwpfzGJU
tquftoG,f tm;enf;vmygNyD/ tJ'Daemuf omoemES p f
(150)
(150)rSpí jA[®P0g'ynm&St d rwfBuD;pmPus\ pum;wpfceG ;f
aMumifh aemufxyf *dkPf;uGJrsm; pwifuGJjym;vmNyD; omoemESpf
(200)
(200)rSm yifrrlvax&0g'*kP d ;f rS *kP
d ;f uG(J 11)*kP
d ;f ? r[moHCu
d
*kdPf;rS aemufxyf (5)*kdPf; uGJxGufvmcJhw,f/ 'DvkdeJY wwd,
o*Fg,em rwifrDrSm rlvAk'¨bmomBuD;rSm *kdPf;uGJaygif;(18)
56 Ak'o
*kdPf; uGJaeygNyD/ ('Dy0ifusrf;tvkd)
ouúwpma&;q&mBu;D 0okrdMw w\rSww f rf;wGif tjcm;*kP d ;f
trnfrsm;vnf; &Syd gao;w,f/ aemufxyf ouúwpma&;q&mBuD;
bAs\rSww f rf;xJwiG f ,ckvuf&dS ax&0g'twGuf tvGet f a&;
ygvSaom ]]0dbZÆ0g'D*kdPf;}} trnfudk xnfhoGif;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'0D bd ZÆ0g'D*P dk ;f [m yifrrlvax&0g'*kP d ;f rS uGx
J uG v f m
aom *kdPf;uGJwpfckomjzpfNyD; taomurif;BuD; udk;uG,fwJh
tiftm;BuD;*kdPf;wpfckjzpfvkdY wwd,o*Fg,emwif&mrSm tJ'D
0dbZÆ0g'D*kdPf;u OD;pD;usif;ycJhwm txift&Sm;ygyJ/ 'ghaMumifh
0dbZÆ0g'D*Pdk ;f &JU rSwwf rf;jzpfwhJ 'Dy0ifusrf;xJrmS olwYkd 0b d ZÆ0g'D
*kdPf;udk txl;razmfjybJ olwdkY*kdPf;udk yifrrlvax&0g'*kdPf;eJY
twlaygif;um rSww f rf;wifcMhJ uwmygyJ/ tu,fí 0dbZÆ0g'D*P dk ;f
udk yifrrlvax&0g'*kP d ;f eJY twlrjyKbJ *kP
d ;f uGt
J jzpf xnfo h iG ;f a&
wGufrnfqkd&if Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJaygif;(19)*dkPf; &Sd&rSmyJ/
27/ / rnfonf*h P
kd ;f onf yifrrlvax&0g'*dP
k ;f jzpfoenf;
'Dy0ifusrf;tvkd 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;udk yifrrlvax&0g'
*dP
k ;f tjzpf twljyKNyD; rSww
f rf;wifygw,f/ tJ'v
D ydk J ouúwpma&;
q&mBuD; 0okrdMw wtvkd oAÁw¬d0g'*kdPf;udk yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f
tjzpf twljyKNyD; rSwfwrf;wifygw,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ ouúwpma&;
q&mBu;D bAstvdk a[rm0w*dkPf;udk yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f tjzpf
twljyKNyD; rSwwf rf;wifygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh b,f*P kd ;f [m yifrrlv
ax&0g'vJqkdawmh rnfonfh*dkPf;rQ yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;
r[kwfygbl;/ bmhaMumifhvJqkdawmh 'Dy0ifusrf;udk oD[dkVfa&muf
okw0gt&d,om0u 57
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;u rSwfwrf;jyKcJhMuygw,f/ q&mBuD;0okrdMw&JU
rSww f rf;[m oAÁw0d¬ g'*dP k ;f &JUrSww
f rf; jzpfygw,f/ q&mBu;D bAs&UJ
rSwfwrf;[m a[rm0w*dkPf;&JU rSwfwrf; jzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
]]udk,fhig;csOf ukd,fcsOfNyD; igwkdY*dkPf;u yifrrlvax&0g'
*dkPf;eJY twlwlyJ}}}vkYd rSww f rf;wif cJMh ujcif;omjzpfvYdk rnfonfh
*dkPf;rQ yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;r[kwfaMumif; txl;qkd&jcif;
jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcsufu 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;[m ½lyt½ly'óe
y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mudk azmfxkwfaqmif,lvufudkifxm;aom
k ;f BuD;jzpfygw,f/ oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;[mvnf; ½lyt½ly'óe
*dP
y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mudk azmfxkwfxif&Sm;aqmif,l vufudkif
xm;aom *dP k ;f BuD;jzpfonft h jyif ax&0g'*dP k ;f uGJ r[domou
*d k P f ;rS wpfqifh aygufzGm;cGJxGufaom*dkPf;BuD; jzpfygw,f/
a[r0w*dkPf;rSm wwd,o*Fg,em aemufyikd ;f rS ay:xGe;f cJah om
*dkPf;jzpfygw,f/
28/ / ax&0g'*dP
k ;f uGJ 0dbZÆ0g'D*P
kd ;f taMumif;
omoemESp(f 235)rSm 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif *Pyg
armu©[m t&S i f a rm*¾ v d y k w å w d ó rax&f jzpfygw,f/
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f[m wwd , o*F g ,emwif O D ;
aqmifrax&f jzpfygw,f/ ol[m (7)ESpo f m;t&G,rf mS uwnf;u
aA'ifusrf;awGudk wzufurf;cwf wwfuRrf;wJh jA[®P0g'
ynm&Sifuav; jzpfcJhygw,f/
olY&JUomraPb0 OyZÑm,fq&muawmh t&S i f o d * ¾ 0
58 Ak'o
rax&f jzpfygw,f/ t&Sifod*¾0rax&fxHrSm 0denf;tenf;i,f
(&SifomrPusifh0wf) oif,lcJhygw,f/ pmoifq&mç &[ef;b0
OyZÑm,fq&muawmh t&Sifp@0ZÆDrax&fjzpfygw,f/ t&Sipf @0ZÆD
rax&fxH &SifomraPb0eJYa&muf&SdNyD; yd#uokH;ykHudk tvkH;pkH
oif,w l wfajrmufcyhJ gw,f/ 'Dawmh t&Sipf @0ZÆrD ax&fvufxuf
omoemESpf(150)ausmfuwnf;u tbd"r®musrf;rsm; ay:xGe;f
xif&Sm;aeNyDjzpfwmaMumifh 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ;[m t&Sifp@0ZÆD
rax&fvufxufuwnf;u *dP k ;f trnfwpfct k aeeJY oD;jcm;jzpfay:
aeNyDvkdY okH;oyfod&SdEdkifygw,f/
'Dy0ifusrf;tvkd omoemESpf(100) 'kwd,o*Fg,em
wifNyD;uwnf;u pí oHCmh*P kd ;f awG trsm;tjym;uGv J maMumif;
taxmuftxm;t& t&Sio f *d 0¾ rax&fEiS hf t&Sipf @0ZÆrD ax&fwYdk
\q&m jzpfwJh t&SifaomPurax&fvufxuf omoemESpf
(110)0ef;usifuwnf;u t&Siaf omPurax&f[m 0denf;aqmif
]*Pygarmu©=*kdPf; acgifaqmif}}tjzpf yd#uwf pmayrsm;
ydkYcsay;aeNyD jzpfygw,f/ ,if; *Pygarmu© t&SifaomPu
rax&fvufxufrpS í tbd"r®t,ltq pwifzYkd tm;jyKaeNyDjzpf
aMumif ; ok H ; oyf o d & S d E d k i f y gw,f / (0d ? |?1? 25?33?200/
om&w¬?#D?1?100/)
'Dawmh t&Sifp@0ZÆDrax&fvufxufuwnf;u pwif
vmwJh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;trnf[m t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f
vufxufrmS awmh txl;xif&mS ;ausmMf um;Ny;D *dP k ;f tiftm;oHCmawG
vnf; rsm;jym;BuD;rm;aeygNyD/
0dbZÆ}}qkdwm ½lyt½ly'óetjrifeJY y&rw¬opömjzpfwJh
]]0d
½kyef mrfawGukd tpdwpf w d tf jzmjzm cGjJ crf;a0befwwfvYkd ]]0d0dbZÆ}}[k
okw0gt&d,om0u 59
ac:wGifNyD; tJ'Dvdk cGJjcm;a0befjyKwwfoludk ]]0d 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D}}?
tJ'0D bd ZÆ0g'DawGpzk UJG xm;wJh taygif;tpktzGUJ udk ]]0d0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;}}vkYd
ac:ygw,f/ 'Dawmh }]0d0dbZÆ0g' k m y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mudk
g'}}qdw
ukd,fpm;jyKac:a0:wJh emrnfjzpfygw,f/ 0dbZÆ0g'onfyifvQif
y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mjzpfNyD; y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®monfyifvQif
0dbZÆ0g'jzpfvYkd 0dbZÆ0g'eJY y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m[m ruGrJ jym;
wom;wnf;jzpfygw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; m;uawmh t&d,opöm
ur® 0 g'D jzpfygw,f/
0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f [m omoemESp(f 200)ausmrf mS b,favmuf
xd tiftm;BuD;rm;xif&Sm;vmovJqkd&if ]]Ak Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m
0d b ZÆ 0 g'D jzpf w ,f }} vdkYa<u;aMumfvmcJhonf txdygyJ/
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m; 0dbZÆ0g'DjzpfaMumif;udk ,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU
yd#uwfygVdawmfrmS &SmazGMunfrh ,fq&dk if b,fow k eå çf b,fae&m
rSmrS ryg&Syd gbl;/ aemufq;Hk taeeJY ]0dbZÆ0g'}qkw d hJ pum;vk;H rQawmif
ryg&Syd gbl;/ b,fae&m 'Dpum;vk;H awGU&vJq&kd if t|uxmq&m
t&SifAk'äCmo&JU t|uxmusrf;awGxJu wwd,o*Fg,em
rSwfwrf;rSmyJ yg&Sdygw,f/ (0d?|?1? 45/ tbd?|?3? 110/)
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ur®0g'DjzpfaMumif;udkrl ,aeYacwf
ax&0g'yd#uwf ygVdawmfawGrmS txift&Sm; awGUjrifEikd yf gw,f/
('D?1? 108?125/ r?2? 379/ 0d?3? 101/)
'ghaMumifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; m;[m t&d,opöm ur®0g'D
jzpfNyD; wwd,o*Fg,emOD;aqmif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fuawmh y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m
0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfaMumif; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; uGu J jJG ym;jym; avhvmok;H oyf
od&&dS ygw,f/
60 Ak'o
29/ /omoemESp(f 200) aemufyikd ;f oD&"d r®mtaomurif;
vufxuf tajctae
'kw, d o*Fg,emwifNyD;aemufyikd ;f omoemESpf 149(bDp-D
395)rSm pE´*kwfrif;[m tdE´d,wpfcGifvkH;udk tkyfcsKyfygw,f/
tJ'tD csed u
f pNyD; yg#vdyw k ef ef;awmfBuD;rSm jA[®P0g'ynm&Siaf wGç
y&dAkdZfawG (60000) cefYrQ aeYpOf qGrf;vkyfauR;ygw,f/
eef;pHESpftm;jzifh (24)ESpf pdk;pHygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf ol&JUom;awmfjzpfwJh AdE´Kom&rif; tkyfcsKyfyg
w,f/ olY&UJ eef;awmfrmS jA[®P0g'ynm&Siaf wGtjyif *sed ;f 0g'&Siaf wG
BuD;pkd;aecJhygNyD/ pE´*kwfrif;vufxufutwkdif; aeYpOf qGrf;vkyf
auR;ygw,f/ eef;pHESpftm;jzifh (28)ESpf pdk;pHygw,f/ olYrSm
om;awmf(100)&Sdygw,f/
AdE´Kom&rif; uG,fvGefawmh om;awmfjzpfwJh taomu
rif;om;
om;[m yg#vdykwfeef;awmfta&muf oGm;a&mufNyD; xD;eef;
tmPmodr;f cJyh gw,f/ uvd*FppfyGJBuD;udv k nf; qifEcJG &hJ ygw,f/
tJ'DppfyGJrSm "m;rdk;vSHrdk;awG&Gmovkd vltiftm; vufeuftiftm;
rsm;pGmtokH;jyKcJh&NyD; olY&JUnDawmf wd ó rif ; om; om;rSwpfyg;
userf if;om;(98)yg;vk;H udk owfypfcyhJ gw,f/ ppfy&JG vm'ftusK;d tjzpf
bmrS r&&Scd b hJ J uav;ESihf olto dk el mrsm;om &&Scd yhJ gw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
olYukd trwef&ufpufMurf;MuKwfojl zpfvYkd wkid ;f oljynfom;awGu
p@maomu
]]p@maomu
p@maomu}}vkdY trnfxl;wyfcJhMuygw,f/
tJ'aD emuf omoemESp(f 214)rSm taomurif;[m (4)ESpf
twGif; {u&mZfrif;tjzpf tbdodufrcH,lbJ tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f/
(4)ESpfvGefNyD; omoemESpf 218 (bDpD 326) 326)wGif {u&mZfrif;
okw0gt&d,om0u 61
tjzpf tbdou d cf ,
H cl yhJ gw,f/ {u&mZfrif;jzpfNyD; (3)ESpw
f idk w
f idk f
crnf;awmf AdE´Kom&rif;BuD; vufxufu udk;uG,fcJhaom
*sdef;0g'&Sifrsm;udk t"duxm;NyD; olY&JUyg#vdykwfeef;awmfBuD;rSm
aeYpOf0wfrysufbJ qGrf;vkyfauR;cJhygw,f/ {u&mZfrif;jzpfNyD;
(4)ESpaf jrmufa&mufwt hJ cg olY&UJ wlawmfjzpfwhJ edaj*m"omraP
j*m"omraPudk
awGU&Sdqnf;uyf&NyD; Ak'¨bmom jzpfvmcJhygw,f/
30/ / taomurif; Ak'¨bmom jzpfvmykH

'Dae&mrSm taomurif;BuD; Ak'¨bmomjzpfvmykHudk
tenf;i,f okH;oyfygr,f/ taomurif;BuD;[m uvd*FppfyGJrSm
tBuD;tus,f pdwfESvkH;wkefvIyfcJhygw,f/ olwpfyg;tay:
vufeufeJY tEdkif,l&jcif;&JUtusKd;&vm'f[m bmrSr&Sdwmudk
awGUvm&w,f/ wkid ;f oljynfom;awG&UJ pufqw k f rke;f wD;rIuo
kd m
&&dcS w
hJ ,f/ olu;kd uG,w
f hJ jA[®P0g'ç *sde;f 0g'awG[m olY&UJ Edik if hH
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm taxmuftul rjyKawmhygbl;/ jA[®P0g'ç
*sdef;0g'awG&JU ]twå }t,ltq[m olYtwGuf tm;udk;&m
vufeufrjzpfawmhbJ olYudkwGef;vSefrnfh olYudkjzKwfcsrnfh
vufeufawG jzpfaew,f/ b,fvkdvJqkdawmh ]twå twå 0 g'u
udk,fhudk,fudk udk,fykdifw,f}vdkY ,lqygw,f/ 'Dawmh wkdif;ol
jynfom;awGtay: olrydkifbl; jzpfvmw,f/ ajratmuf ajrjyif
xufaumif;uifudk olb,fvkd ydkifw,fajymajym twå 0 g' g'u
olrydkifbl;? udk,fhudk,fudkom ydkifw,f}vkdY wGef;vSefygw,f/
]ol
aemufwpfcsufu twå0g't& ]ig ig
ig}qkdwm&SdwJhtwGuf
ol}qkdwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'Dawmh wdkif;ol jynfom;awG
]ol
62 Ak'o
'kua© &mufwmç ppfyrJG mS vlawGaoaMuysupf ;D Muwm[m olYaMumifh
olYvufcsufvkdY twå0g'u tajzxGufygw,f/ 'ghaMumifhvnf;
olYudk &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJhrif;]]p@maomu p@maomu
p@maomu}} vdkY ac:qkdMu
ygw,f/
'Dawmh taomurif;BuD;[m wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyfae&ayr,fh
jA[®P0g'awGuvnf; olYudk rMunfjzLç wkdif;oljynfom;
awGuvnf; olYut kd vdrk &Sw
d maMumifh vkyBf uHrcH&zkYdta&; tNrJwrf;
pd;k &dryf al qG;ae&ygw,f/ aumif;aumif;tdyf aumif;aumif;rpm;&bJ
rif;pnf;pdrv f nf; rcHpm;Edik f wrIid rf idI f wawGawG jzpfaecJ&h ygw,f/
wpfaeY avomjywif;u rif;&ifjyifudk ai;armaewkef;
Ak'¨bmom &SifomraPjzpfwJh edaj*m"omrPudk awGU&SdNyD;
olY&UJ t,l0g'udk ar;jref;pl;prf;Munfch yhJ gw,f/ eda&m"omraP&m"omraP&JU
q&mOyZÑm,f[m 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f acgif;aqmif t&Sifarm*¾vdykwå
wdórax&f&JU wynfhjzpfwJh r[m0½kPrax&f jzpfygw,f/
'Dawmh taomurif;[m edaj*m"omraPqDu 0dbZÆ0g'DwkdY
t,ltqtwdkif; y&rw¬opömt,ltqudk awGU&SdcJh&ygw,f/
y&rw¬opömqkdwm wvHrQavmufaom vl&JU yuwd½kyfemrfcE¨m
udk,fudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmMunfhwmrkdY vlrSm twåqkdwmrawGUbJ
tewåoabmudk awGUjrif&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh csKyfajym&&if
0dbZÆ0g'DwdkY&JU y&rw¬opömt& ½kyfemrfjzpfysufqkdwmudk&&SdNyD;
qkyfudkifxm;wmu ur®owdå? tESpfomo&u tewåyJ jzpfyg
w,f/ vG,fvG,fajym&if ]tewå0g'} ygyJ/
'Dae&mrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; m;&JU tewå0g'eJY 0dbZÆ0g'D
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f&JU tewå0g' e,fy,fuGJjym;
okw0gt&d,om0u 63
jcm;em;ykHudk okH;ojycJhNyD; jzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh 0dbZÆ0g'DwdkY&JU
tewå0g'[m tewåtwkjzpfNyD; trSepf ifppftm;jzifh ]]twå twåmewå
0g'
0g'}}om jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm okH;oyfjycJhNyD;ygNyD/
'Dawmh taomurif;BuD;[m 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f &JU tewå0g'
twkudkom ar;jref;pl;prf; awGU&SdcJh&wmyg/ 'ghaMumifh taomu
rif;BuD;[m jA[®P0g' 0g'DawG&UJ twå0g'
g't& vl[m ud, k u
hf ,kd u f kd
ykdifw,f/ 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D *dkPf;&JU tewå 0 g'twk t& vl[m
udk,fhudk,fudk rydkifbl;/ rydkif½kHbJvm;qkdawmh vlqdkwm r&Sdbl;ç
igqkdwm r&Sdbl;ç olqkdwmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ r&Sd½kHbJvm;qkdawmh
jzpforQ taumif;çtqdk;awG[m b,folvkyfvkdYrS jzpfysufaewm
r[kwfbJ olYobm0twkdif; jzpfysufaewmvdkY ,lqygw,f/
'D,q l csuf tewå0g'udk taomurif;BuD;[m oabmus ESpo f uf
cJyh gw,f/
b,fvjkd rifvYdk oabmusEpS o hJ vJq&dk if tewå0g'
f ufco g't&
wdik ;f oljynfom;awG aoaMuysupf ;D wm[m olYaMumifh r[kwb f ;l ?
wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m udk,fhudk,fudk rydkifbl;/ jzpfysuforQ
taumif;tqkd;awG[m b,folYaMumifhrS jzpfysufaewmr[kwfbJ
olYoabmtwkdif; jzpfysufaewmom jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
wkdif;oljynfom;awG aoaMuysufpD; 'ku©a&mufaewm[m
]]wk
olraumif;vkdY r[kwfbl;ç olYaMumifh r[kwfbl;? ½kyfemrfcE¨m
awGudk,fwkdifu jzpfysufaewmaMumifh tedpöw&m;ç 'ku©w&m;ç
tewåw&m;awGjzpfaevkdY wkdif;oljynfom;awG aoaMuysufpD;
Mu&wmyJ ? b,f o l r S m rS tjypf r &S d }}vdkY tewå 0 g' g't&
tajzxGufygw,f/ 'Dtajz[m olYtwGuf ajzodrfhp&m&&SdNyD;
64 Ak'o
tewå0g'[m olYtwGuf tm;ud;k p&mvufeufwpfck jzpfvmcJw
h ,f/
'Dawmh tewå 0 g'
g'udk olYEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tokH;cszkdY
tm;xkwfygawmhw,f/
31/ / wwd,o*Fg,em jzpfay:vmykH

yxrtqifhtaeeJY twå0g' g'udk vufcw H hJ *sed ;f 0g'&Siaf wGeYJ
jA[®P0g'ynm&SifawGudk eef;awmfuESifxkwfNyD; tewå 0 g' g'udk
vufcHwJh Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfawGudk eef;awmfxJrSm aeYpOf
qGr;f vkyaf uR;um twå0g' g'ae&mrSm tewå0g'twkukd tpm;xk;d
udk;uG,fvdkufygw,f/
'kwd,tqifhtaeeJY 0dbZÆ0g'DwYkd &UJ tewå0g'vTr;f rk;d zdYk eYJ
olY&UJ Edik if t
H yk cf sKyaf &; MoZmtmPm wnfwzhH Ykd taomurif;BuD;[m
tdE, d´ Edik if tH ESYH a&wGi;f ça&uefçausmif;ESihf apwDaygif; &Spaf omif;
av;axmifpD wnfaqmufNyD; taomuausmufpmwkdifpdkufxlum
tkycf sKyfa&;tmPmeJY 0g'jzefYa0apcJyh gw,f/ taomum½kaH usmif;
wkdufBuD;udk rdrdudk,fwkdifpDrHwnfaqmufNyD; udk;uG,fygw,f/
'Dvkd 'kw, d tqifth aeeJY taomurif; b,fvydk iftm;xkwf
ygaomfvnf; jA[®P0g'DeYJ *sed ;f 0g'DawGu vk;H 0 rauseyfMuygbl;/
aemufqufwGJtusKd;quftaeeJY taomurif; xD;eef;pGefY
&NyD;aemuf olY&UJ ajr;awmf orÜ'drif;vufxufupNyD; yg#vdyw k [
f m
jA[®P0g'DEiS hf *sed ;f 0g'DwYkd vufxu J ykd J jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;cJyh gw,f/
bmhaMumifhvJqkdawmh taomurif;om Ak'¨bmomjzpfNyD; usefwJh
trwfawGçppfoBl uD;awGu jA[®Pbmom0ifç *sde;f bmom0ifawG
jzpfNrJjzpfvsuf&adS evkYd ygyJ/
okw0gt&d,om0u 65
'ghaMumifh olY&JUom;awmf r[dE´rif;om;ESifh orD;awmf
oCFrw d rå if;orD;wkYdukd 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f acgif;aqmif t&Siaf rm*¾vyd w k å
wdórax&fxH tyfESHNyD; &[ef;0wfapcJhygw,f/
wwd , tqif h taeeJY tewå0g'udk vufcHxm;wJh
Ak'b ¨ mom&[ef;awmfawGukd avhvmMunfw h thJ cg Ak'b
¨ mom&[ef;
awmfawG[m *dP k ;f (18^19)*dP k ;f rQ uGjJ ym;aewmudk awGU&jyefw,f/
EdkifiHhtkyfcsKyfa&;rnDnGwfvkdYrS nDnGwfatmifudk;uG,fygw,f?
ud;k uG,&f mu rnDrnGwu f jJG ym;aew,fqadk wmh 'gudk wpfpw k nf;
jzpfzdkY tm;xkwf&jyefygw,f/
Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfawG[m *dkPf;*PawGuGJjym;vmwm
aMumifh wpf*dkPf;ESifhwpf*dkPf; twlwuG pka0;NyD; OykofrjyKMu
awmhygbl;/ 'Dawmh twlwuG Oykojf yKMuzkYd &mZoHay;apckid ;f um
OykofjyKtaMumif;jyNyD; nDnw G af tmif vkycf yhJ gw,f/ apckid ;f cH&wJh
trwfu jA[®P0g'DrdkY OykofjyKzdkYjiif;qefwJh &[ef;awmfawGudk
OD;acgif;jzwfowfcJhygw,f/
0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f &JU rSww f rf;jzpfwhJ 'Dy0ifusr;f ESihf t|uxm
usr;f awGuawmh omoemywdwad¬ wG omoemwGi;f 0ifa&mufvmvkYd
&[ef;aumif;awGu OykofrjyKwmvdkY taMumif;jyygw,f/
trSew f u,fuawmh omoemESp(f 150)ausmu f wnf;u *dP k ;f awG
trsm;tjym; uGJjym;vmNyD; omoemESpf(200)rSm (18^19)*dkPf;
uGjJ ym;aeNyDjzpfwmaMumifh wpf*P kd ;f ESiwhf *dPk ;f Oykorf jyKMuwm[m
taomurif;vufxuftxd ESpf(50)cefY &SdaecJhygNyD/
'Dvekd YJ taomum½kaH usmif;wku d Bf uD;xJrmS *dP
k ;f toD;oD;u
Ak'¨&[ef;awmfawG acgif;jzwf towfcHvmcJh&um taomurif;
66 Ak'o
BuD;&JU nDawmfwdórax&ftvSnfhudk a&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f/
wdórif;om;(tdrfa&SUrif;om;)[m taomurif; Ak'¨bmomjzpf
uwnf;u &[ef;0wfcyhJ gw,f/ 'Dawmh trwfvnf; qufrowf&J
awmhbJ taomurif;BuD;xH taMumif;pkHavQmufMum;wJhtcg
jA[®P0g'awG rkef;wD;aevkdY Ak'¨bmomudkqnf;uyfygw,f?
Ak'¨bmom&JUtrkef;'PfcH&udef; qkdufaejyefygw,f/
'Dawmh 'Djyóemudk ajz&Si;f zkYdtwGuf olu;kd uG,tf m;xm;wJh
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fudk
yifah vQmufNyD; tBuHÓPfawmif;,lcyhJ gw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm 0dbZÆ0g'D
*dkPf;&JUrSwfwrf;jzpfwJh 'Dy0ifusrf;eJY t|uxmusrf;awGuawmh
t&Siaf rm*¾vyd wk w å ó
d rax&f wefc;kd jywJt h aMumif; a0a0qmqm
zGifhqkdMuygw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u wefcdk;rjy&vkdY ynwfxm;
onfeJY a&SUaemufqefYusifaejyefygw,f/ bk&m;pum;vkdufemwJh
bk&m;om;awmfppf rjzpfbl;qkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
'Dvdk tBuHÓPfawmif;cHawmh vufeufeJY apckdif;r&Edkif?
0g'rsm; uGJjym;aeonfjzpfí 0g'jzifh okwfoifrS &rnfudkod&SdNyD;
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fxHrS 0dbZÆ0g' y&rw¬opömudk
oif,lcJhygw,f/ NyD;awmh Ak'¨&[ef;awmftm;vkH;udk pkpnf;NyD;
wif;wdru f efYvefumtwGi;f wpfyg;csi;f ac:,lum ]]or® or®morÁK'¨[m
b,fvkd t,l0g'&SdovJ}} vdYk ar;jref;pdppfcyhJ gw,f/ ]]or® or®orÁK'¨
[m 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfw,f}}vdkY ajzqkdwJh&[ef;awmfawGudk &[ef;
aumif;&[ef;ppftjzpf owfrSwfNyD; useft,l0g'rsm; ajzMum;wJh
&[ef;awGudkawmh ]]ighEdkifiHrSm aer,fqkd&if vl0wfvJ&r,f?
vl0wfrvJcsi&f if e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;udk oGm;Mu}}vkYd ESixf w
k cf yhJ gw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 67
'Dae&mrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; 0dbZÆ0g'DjzpfaMumif;udk
,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dkPf;&JU yd#uwfygVdawmfrSm &SmazGMunfh
r,fq&dk if b,fow k eå çf b,fae&mrSmrS ryg&Syd gbl;/ aemufq;Hk taeeJY
]0dbZÆ0g'}qkdwJh pum;vkH;rQawmif ryg&Sdygbl;/ b,fae&m
'Dpum;vkH; awGU&vJqdk&if t|uxmq&m t&SifAk'äCmo&JU
t|uxmusr;f awGxu J wwd,o*Fg,emrSww f rf;rSmyJ yg&Syd gw,f/
(0d?|?1? 45/ tbd?|?3? 110/)
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ur®0g'DjzpfaMumif;udkrl ,aeYacwf
ax&0g'yd#uwf ygVdawmfawGrmS txift&Sm; awGUjrifEikd yf gw,f/
('D?1? 108?125/ r?2? 379/ 0d?3? 101/)
'ghaMumifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; m;[m t&d,opöm ur®0g'D
jzpfNyD; wwd,o*Fg,emOD;aqmif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fuawmh y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®m
0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfaMumif; xifxif&mS ;&Sm; uGu J jJG ym;jym; avhvmok;H oyf
od&&dS ygw,f/
'D a wmh taomurif ; BuD ; [m &[ef ; ppf ç &[ef ; wk ?
Ak'¨0g'tppfçtwk jzpfaMumif;udk o'´ - toH eJYom cGJjcm;cJh
wmjzpfygw,f/ b,folu enf;vrf;ay;wmwkef;qkdawmh
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fu
enf;vrf;ay;nTefjycJhwmyg/ 'Dvdk ppfaq;awmh taomum½kH
ausmif;awmfxrhJ mS 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f 0if&[ef;awmfawGyJ use&f adS eawmh
wmrkYd twlwuG Oykojf yKEidk cf yhJ gNyD/ usew f hJ yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f ?
yifrrlrlvr[moHCdu*dkPf;ESifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU NyKdifbufjzpfwJh
oAÁw0d¬ g'*dP k ;f pwJh *dPk ;f uGaJ wG[m e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;udk xGuaf jy;cJh
68 Ak'o
Mu&ygw,f/
tJ'aD emuf 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f &JUt,ltqjzpfwhJ "r®?0de,awGukd
o*Fg,emwifzdkY tm;xkwfMuygw,f/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;a[m
"r® ? 0d e ,
,awGtjyif 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ; azmfxkwfudkifpGJvmcJhwJh
y&rw¬opömjzpfwJh tbd"r®mudk yd#uwpfcktjzpfxnfhoGif;NyD;
o*Fg,emwifcJhygw,f/ o*Fg,emrwifrD tbd"r®musrf;[m
(6)usrf;yJ &SdcJhygw,f/ o*Fg,emyGJrSm t&Sifarm*¾vdykwå
wdórax&f[m oleYJ tbd"r®m&Sw d m csi;f wlaomfvnf; 0g'rwl?
tbd"r®mr&Sd? ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömrodaom tjcm;*dkPf;
awGukd ESyd uf yG af csyzsuq f ;D zkYdtwGuf uxm0w¬Kusrf;udk pD&ifcNhJ yD;
tbd"r®mckESpfusrf;wGif xnfhoGif;um o*Fg,emwifcJhygw,f/
,if;wwd,o*Fg,em ,emudk omoemESpf 235 (bDpD
309)
309)rSm 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f acgif;aqmif t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f
OD;aqmifusif;ypD&ifcJhum 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;0if&[ef;awmfrsm;om
pkaygif;NyD; o*Fg,emwifcJhwmrdkY tJ'Dwwd w wd, o*F g ,em
,emudk
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;o*Fg,em
]]0d ,em}}vdkY okH;oyf ac:qkd&ygr,f/
32/ / wwd,pifNyKid o
f *Fg,em
0dbZÆ0g'D*Pkd ;f &JU vky&f yfukd rESpo f ufojzifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f &JU
tiftm;BuD;NyKdib f uf oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;eJY tjcm;oabmwl*P dk ;f rsm;
yg#vdyw k rf if;aejynfawmfEiS ahf 0;&mudx k u G cf gG vmcJNh yD; pkaygif;um
&mZN*dK[jf ynfteD; emvE´mNrKdUü pifNyKid o f *Fg,em wifcMhJ uygw,f/
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;ESifh oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;wkdY[m wpf*dkPf;ESifh
wpf*dkPf; "r®?0de, ,wlnDMuaomfvnf; tbd"r®mt,l tqrSmrl
okw0gt&d,om0u 69
rwlnDaMumif; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JUtqufjzpfwJh ,aeYacwf
ax&0g'*dkPf;ESifh oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;&JUtqufjzpfwJh ,aeYacwf
r[m,me*d k P f ;wkdY&JU yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfMunfh&if
odjrifEikd yf gw,f/
33/ / wwd,o*Fg,emaemufyikd ;f tajctae

'DvdkeJY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;[m olY&JU0g' tEdkif&&Sda&;twGuf
taomurif;udk tok;H cscJo h vdk taomurif;uvnf; olY&UJ Edik if hH
tkycf sKyaf &;twGuf tewå0g'twkjzpfwhJ 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f udk tok;H cschJ
ygw,f/ 'Dvdk 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;eJY taomurif;BuD;wdYk&UJ vky&f yfukd
jA[®P0g'ynm&SifawGç *sdef;0g'DawGuvnf; rauseyfMuovdk
usew f hJ Ak'b
¨ mom*dP k ;f uGJ (17^18)*dP k ;f uvnf; vk;H 0 rauseyfchJ
Muygbl;/
taomurif;[m wwd,o*Fg,emwifNyD; 0dbZÆ0g'xGe;f
um;atmif b,fvkdyif tm;xkwfaomfvnf; ol&JUyg#vdykwf
aejynfawmfESifh tdE´d,tv,fydkif;a'oawGrSm trwfBuD;awGç
ppfolBuD;awGutp Ak'¨bmomudk taomurif;tvkdusom
todtrSwfjyKMuNyD; rudk;uG,fMubJ jA[®P0g'DppfppfawGom
jzpfaeMuygw,f/ usew f hJ tdE,d´ tv,fyikd ;f 0ef;usiaf 'oawGrmS vnf;
oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;pwJh Ak'b ¨ mom*kP d ;f uGaJ wG BuD;pk;d aejyefygw,f/
'Dawmh pwk w ¬ t qif h taeeJY taomurif;BuD;[m
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fESifh
wdik yf ifum tdE, d´ Ekid if eH ,fpeG ef ,fzsm;ESihf tdE,d´ Edik if H teD;wpf0u dk f
uRe;f qG,rf sm;udk a&G;cs,Nf yD; ud;k wdik ;f uk;d XmejyKum ax&0g'*dkPf;
70 Ak'o
uGJ 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JUomoemomoemudk omoemjyKtzGJU (9)zGJUjzifh
apvTwfum omoemjyKapcJhygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm txl;rSw&f rSmu ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ 0dbZÆ0g'D
*d k P f ;&JUomoem[m tbd"r®momoem jzpfNyD; opömtm;jzifh
y&rw¬ o pö m? 'óetmjzifh ½l y t½l y 'óe 'óe? b0ul;t,l
tqtm;jzifh ur®owådt,ltq q? 0g'tm;jzifh twåmewå0g'
(tewå 0 g'twk ) jzpfw,fvdkY txl;wGJpyfum taotcsm
rSwx f m;&ygr,f/
34/ / taomurif;aemufyikd ;f ok*aF cwf Ak'o

¨ moema&;
tajctae
taomurif ; BuD ; [m eef ; pH E S p f t m;jzif h (41)ES p f ?
omoemESpf 255 (bDpD 289) 289)rSm uG,v f eG cf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'aD emuf
olY&UJ ajr;awmf orÜ'drif; tkycf sKyyf gw,f/ ajr;awmf orÜ'drif;[m
Ak'¨bmomudk rudk;uG,fbJ *sdef;bmomudk ukd;uG,fygw,f/
jA[®P0g'ynm&SifawGudk tav;*½kjyKxm;cJhygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf taomurif;aemuf(6)qufajrmuf arm&d,
rif;quf&UJ aemufq;Hk rif;qufukd ppfoBl uD; ok*Fyk&SmrdMwu wuvkyBf uHí
ok*Frif;qufudk wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ ok * F r if ;vufxufrSm
jA[®Prsm;\MoZmtmPmtvGev f rT ;f rk;d csed jf zpfí jA[®P0g'DawG[m
Ak'¨bmomtay: tNidK;BuD;pGm tMurf;zufESdrfedif;vmcJhygw,f/
]]AkAk'¨&[ef;wpfyg; acgif;wpfvkH; jzwf,lqufoygu qkawmfaiG
(1000)usyfay;r,f}}vkdY aMunmcJhwmaMumifh Ak'¨bmom&[ef;
awmfawG[m tdE´d,tv,fydkif;a'oawGrSm rae0HhawmhbJ
okw0gt&d,om0u 71
EkdifiHtpGeftzsm;odkY xGufajy;vmcJh&ygw,f/
0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ;&[ef;awmfawG[m 0d ' d o mNrKd UteD;&Sd
qHcsaD pwDawmfwnf&&dS m apwd,yAÁwodYk a&TUajymif;cJMh u&ygw,f/
oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;&[ef;awmfawG[m rxk&mNrKdUteD;&Sd O½krk@
(a*g0Eé)awmifodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMu&ygw,f/ tjcm;*dkPf;
&[ef;awmfawGvnf; ok*Frif;&JU tmPmpuf vGwfuif;&modkY
a&TUajymif;cJhMu&ygw,f/
ok*Frif;quf[m omoemrSwfwrf;t& omoemESpf
359(bDpD 185) rS omoemESpf 471(bDpD 73)txd ESpfaygif
112 ESpfrQ Mum&SnfcJhygw,f/
35/ / oD[Vdk u
f Re;f (oD&v
d uFmEkid if )H okYd Ak'o
¨ moem a&muf&v
dS mykH
taomurif;BuD;apvTww f hJ ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ 0dbZÆ0g'D
*kdPf;&JUomoemjyKtzGUJ (9)zGUJ xJu oD[kdVfuRef; (oD&dvuFmEkdifiH)udk
omoemjyKwm0efuswmuawmh taomurif;BuD;&JU om;awmf
t&Sifr[dEÓD;aqmifwJh aemufygoHCmawmfig;yg; jzpfygw,f/
tJ ' D omoemjyKtzG J U [m 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * k d P f ; acgif ; aqmif
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdó&JU wynfah wGygyJ/ 'Dawmh tJ'o D moemjyK
0dbZÆ0g'D*kdPf;omoemjyKtzGJU}}vdkY qkd&rSmyg/
tzGJUudk ]]0d
tJ'D0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;omoemjyKtzGJU[m omoemES p f
236(bDpD 308)308)rSm oD[Vdk u f Re;f Edik if u
H kd a&muf&ydS gw,f/ tJ't
D csed f
f Re;f rSm a'0geHyd,wdórif; tkycf sKyfygw,f/ tJ'rD if;[m
oD[Vdk u
t&Sirf [dEx´ H qnf;uyfu;kd uG,yf gw,f/ t&Sirf [dE&´ UJ wynft h pOf
tquf a wG [ m a'0geH y d , wd ó rif ; wnf a xmif a y;wJ h
72 Ak'o
r[m0d[m&ausmif;awmfBuD;rSm oDwif;okH;aexdkifcJhMuygw,f/
36/ / pwkw¬o*Fg,em (ayxuftu©&m)

'Dvedk YJ oD[udk Re;f (oD&v
d uFmEkid if )H 0¥*grPdrif;vufxuf
omoemESpf(450) ( 450) m t&S i f r [d E ´ r ax&f &JU wynfhtpOf
(450)rS
tqufjzpfwJh 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * k d P f ;acgif;aqmif t&S i f " r® & u© d w
rax&fOD;aqmifNyD; r[m,Zeyk ' f&Sd tmavmuvI d i f * lrSm
pwkw¬o*Fg,em wifcyhJ gw,f/ pwkwo ¬ *Fg,emrSm taomurif;
vufxuf wwd,o*Fg,emwifpOf EIwfikHaqmif,lvmcJhMuwJh
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU tbd"r®mtygt0if yd#uokH;ykHudk ayxufrSm
ygVdtu©&mmjzifh a&;rSwfNyD; o*Fg,emwifcJhMuygw,f/
'Dawmh tJ'pD wkwo ¬ *Fg,emudv k nf; 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f om;awGcsnf;
pkaygif;um 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU t,ltqudkom a&;rSwf&Gwfqkd
o*Fg,emwifcMhJ uwmrkYd ]]0d0dbZÆ0g'*dkPf; o*Fg,em ,em}}vkYd twdtus
ok;H oyfac:qk&d ygr,f/
37/ / rdvEd y´ O§musr;f ay:aygufvmcJjh cif;

*d k P f ;&JUomoemjyKtzGJU(9)zGJUxJu a,meuwkdif; (tmz*ef
epö w ef )udk omoemjyKwm0efuswmuawmh t&Sifr[m&u©dw
rax&f OD;aqmifwJhtzGJU jzpfygw,f/ arm&d,rif;qufjywfNyD;
ok*Frif;qufa&mufwJhtcg ok*FjA[®Prif;awG[m uo®D&wkdif;
(uuf&SrD;,m;)ç *E¨m&wkdif;(taemufygupöwef)ç a,meuwkdif;
(tmz*efepöwef)jzpfwJh wkdif;BuD;okH;wkdif;udk rtkyfcsKyfEkdifbJ
okw0gt&d,om0u 73
*&drif;rsm;u tkycf sKyfcyhJ gw,f/ *&drif;quf (30)cefY &Syd gw,f/
*&drif;awG[m omoemjyKa&muf&SdvmwJh ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJ
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;udk udk;uG,fcJhMuygw,f/
*&drif;qufawGxJu omoemESpf 500(bDpD 44)cefYrSm
*&drif;qufjzpfwJh rdvdE´rif; tkyfcsKyfygw,f/ rdvdE´rif;[m
ynmA[kow d pf m;wJrh if;jzpfvYkd 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;0if t&Sifem*
k vku
aoerax&fEiS hf rdvdE´rif;wkYd Ak'b ¨ momtaMumif; tar;tajzjyK
vkyf&mrS ]]rdrdvdEýO§musrf;}} ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f/ rdvdEýO§m
usr;f [m 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JUusrf;jzpfvYdk ,aeYacwf 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f
tquf ax&0g'*dkPf;&JU ygVdawmfusrf;awGeJY wef;wlxm;&SdwJh
usrf;wpfusrf;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
uxm0w¬Kusrf;jyKq&m t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f
ESifh rdvdEýO§musrf;jyKq&m t&Sifem*aoerax&fwkdY&JU aemufcH
orkdif;aMumif;[m tvGefwlnDvSygw,f/
38/ / pwkw¬pifNyKdif o*Fg,em (aMu;xuftu©&m)

tdE´d,tv,fydkif;a'oawGrSm ok * F r if ; qufNyD;aemuf
uefArif;qufudk xlaxmifcJhMu jyefygw,f/ uefArif;qufNyD;
aemuf tE¨&rif;qufukd xlaxmifcMhJ ujyefygw,f/ tE¨&rif;rsm;[m
tdEd́,ta&SU awmifydkif;a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhw,f/
tdEd́,taemufajrmufydkif;a'oBuD;jzpfwJh uo®D&wdkif;ESifh
*E¨m&wdkif;wpfckvkH;ukdawmh wkdif;wpfyg;rif;qufrsm; qifhuJ
vma&muf tkyfpdk;vsuf&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DtxJu at'D(40)rSpí
ukoQefrif;qufukd xlaxmifcMhJ ujyefygw,f/ ukoQerf if;qufxrJ mS
74 Ak'o
at'D( 120)rS at'D(162)txd tkyfcsKyfoGm ;cJha omrif; rSm
uedoQurif; jzpfygw,f/
omoemhorkdif;rSm ]] 'kwd,taomu taomu}} [k wifpm;ac:
a0:cJMh uwJh uedoQurif;vufxuf omoemESpf (670)0ef;usirf mS
uedoQurif;[m ax&0g'*kP d ;f uGJ oAÁw¬d0g'*kdPf;udu k ;kd uG,u
f m
oD[dkVfuRef;&Sd 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU ayxuftu©&m ygVdbmom
pwkwo ¬ *Fg,emeJY pifNyKid Nf y;D aMu;xuftu©&m ouúwbmom bmomjzifh
o*Fg,emwifcyhJ gao;w,f/
o*Fg,emyGJudk oAÁw¬d0g'D *dkPf;acgif;aqmif t&Siftó
aCmorax&fEiS hf t&Sif0okrdMwrax&fwYdk OD;aqmifusi;f ycJMh uyg
w,f/ NyD;awmh oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;u rax&fBuD;awG[m "r®?0de,?
tbd"r®jzpfwJh yd#utzGifh 0d b momusrf ; awGudk ouúw
bmomjzifhpD&ifum aMu;jym;wGifa&;í ausmufaowåmüxnfhNyD;
o*Fg,emwif&m yuf&S0gNrKdY&dS apwDwiG f jr§KyfEx HS m;cJMh uygw,f/
aemiftcg w½kww f Ydk&&So
d mG ;NyD; w½kwb f momjyefqdk cJMh uygw,f/
0dbmomtzGiu hf srf;rsm; a&;om;pD&ifonfukd tpGjJ yKí oAÁw0d¬ g'
*dP
k ;f udk ]0dbmodw(a0bódw)*dP k ;f } vdYk ac:qkMd uygao;w,f/
tJ'Do*Fg,emyGJrSm oAÁw¬d0g'*kdPf;uvnf; olwdkYudk,folwdkY
yifrrlvax&0g'*dkPf;vkdY owfrSwfcJhMuygw,f/
tJ'Do*Fg,emyGJudk yifrrlvr[moHCdu*kdPf;tygt0if
use*f P kd ;f uGrJ sm; wufa&mufaMumif;? tdE, d´ awmifyikd ;f &Sd yifrrlv
ax&0g'*d k P f ;rS &[ef;awmftenf;i,fu avhvmoltjzpf
wufa&mufaMumif;? 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;u vk;H 0 rwufa&mufaMumif;?
,if;o*Fg,emyGJudk yifrrlvax&0g'ESifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;wdkYu
okw0gt&d,om0u 75
o*Fg,emtjzpf todtrSwfrjyKcJhMuaMumif; r[m,merSwf
wrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygw,f/
39/ / yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f aysmufu,

G o
f mG ;rI tajctae
(Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;\ tqk;H tromoemtppf aysmufu, G f
cJah om tcsed u
f mv)
'Dawmh uedoQurif;vufxuf oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;&JU
aMu;xuftu©&m pwkw¬o*Fg,em rSwfwrf;t& yif r rl v
ax&0g'*dkPf;[m omoemESp(f &00)0ef;usit f xd &Sad eao;aMumif;
od&&dS ygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f &JU rSww
f rf;tpte
rawGU&awmhbJ aysmufuG,foGm;cJhNyDjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ygw,f/
trSew f u,ftm;jzifh omoemESpf(200) 200)rwdik rf uD wnf;u
y&rw¬opöm tbd"r®mt,ltqrsm; xif&Sm;pGmay: aygufaeNyD
jzpfojzifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;bk&m;&JU t&d,opöm ur®0g' g'[m
arS;rSdef tm;enf;aecJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfod&Sd&ygw,f/
'ghaMumifh omoemESpf(200)
200)aemufyikd ;f Ak'b ¨ mom*dPk ;f uGJ
tm;vkH;&JUomoem[m y&rw¬opömomoem omoemxGef;um; vmjcif;
omjzpfNy;D Ak'j̈rwfpmG bk&m;&JU t&d,opömomoem
omoem[m uG,af ysmuf
vkqJqJ &SdaecJhNyDjzpfaMumif; okH;oyfod&Sd&ygw,f/
taomurif ; vuf x uf wwd , o*F g ,em ,emwif c sd e f
omoemESpf 235(bDpD309) 09)rSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU t&d,opöm
omoem[m vkH;0 uG,faysmufoGm;cJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; okH;oyf
od&&dS ygw,f/
'ghaMumifh ,aeYacwf 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JUtqufjzpfwJh
76 Ak'o
ax&0g'*dkPf;ESifh oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;&JU tqufjzpfwJh r[m,me
*dkPf;wkdY&JU omoem[m y&rw¬opöm omoem omoemyJ jzpfygw,f/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU omoemtppfjzpfwJh t&d,opömomoem
vkH;0 r[kwfaMumif; okH;oyf od&Sd&ygw,f/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU omoemtppfçtwkudk pmayjzifh
wkdif;wmí r&yg/ toGifoP²mefjzifh wkdif;wmívnf; r&yg/
ae&mtaqmuftOD; pnfyifwkd;yGm;rIjzifhwkdif;wmívnf; r&yg/
bmom0ifOD;a& tenf;trsm;jzifh wkdif;wmívnf; r&yg/
Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU omoemtppfçtwkukd tESpo
f m&jzpfwhJ
t&d,opöm"r®jzifhom wdkif;wmí &ygw,f/
40/ / ax&0g'*dP
k ;f trnfwyfrI jyóem
uedoQuo*Fg,emwifNyD;aemufydkif; omoemESpf(700)
0ef;usifrSmyJ td E ´ d ,awmifydkif; qefcsD apwDawmfwnf&Sd&m
apwd,yAÁw&Sd yifr0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&[ef;awmfawG[m oD[dkVf
uRef;rSm&Sw d hJ taomurif;vufxufu omoemjyKapvTwx f m;wJh
r[m0d [ m&0goD 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ; om;awGqD oGm;a&muf
aygif;pnf;cJMh uygw,f/ tJ'v D dk tdE´d,&Sd yifr0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;ESihf
oD[dkVf&dS 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;wdYk aygif;pnf;vku d w
f mudk taMumif;jyKNyD;
oD[kdVfa&muf 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;pk[m olwkdYudk,folwdkY ]ax&0g'
*k d P f ; }}[k trnfajymif;vJ wyfcJhMuygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm NyKdifbufjzpfwJh oAÁw¬d0g'*kdPf;uvnf;
k ;f uGjJ ym;tm;enf;oGm;jcif;? t&yfa'oa0;uGmjcif;wkYdaMumifh 'Dvkd
*dP
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU ax&0g'*dkPf;tjzpf trnfwyfwmmudk
okw0gt&d,om0u 77
ruefYuGufEdkifcJhygbl;/ yif r rl v r[moH C d u *k d P f ; uvnf;
*kdPf;tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfum aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygNyD/
41/ / r[m,me*dP
k ;f ay:aygufvmykH
uedoQurif;vufxuf omoemES p f ( 670) 670)0ef;usif
pifNyKdifpwkw¬o*Fg,emrSm oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;[m olwdkYudk,folwkdY
ax&0g'*dkPf;} vkYd trnfwyfcMhJ uovdk ,if;o*Fg,emaemufyikd ;f
]ax&0g'*d
omoemESpf(700)0ef;usifrSm oD[dkVfuRef;(oD&dvuFvmEkdifiH)&Sd
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;uvnf; olwdkYudk,f olwdkY ]ax&0g'*d ax&0g'*dkPf;}vkdY
trnfwyfcMhJ uygw,f/
uedoQuo*Fg,emwifNy;D aemufyikd ;f omoemESp(f 700)cefYrmS
oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;acgif;aqmif t&SiftóaCmo óaCmo[m ]]AkAk'¨p&dw}}}
rnfaom bk&m;jzpfusifhpOfusrf;udk pD&ifcyhJ gw,f/ ,if;usr;f rSm
]om0u,me? yapöuAk'¨,me? Ak'¨,me} qkdNyD; usifhpOfokH;rsKd;udk
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
tJ'aD emuf oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;rS rZÑrd u d *dP k ;f ? okwEå u
dÅ *dP
k ;f ?
a,m*gpm&*dP k ;f qkNd yD; (3)*dP
k ;f uGx J u
G v f mcJyh gw,f/ tJ'*D P kd ;f (4)
*dkPf;udkyJ omoemES p f ( 700) 700)ausmfaemufydkif; tdE´d,EdkifiHrSm
tbd"r®m*dkPf;(4)*dkPf;vdkY qkdMuygw,f/
omoemESpf(700) 700)cefYrmS yJ rZÑdrdu*dkPf;[m t&Sief m*tZÆKe
rax&fOD;aqmifNyD; oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;rS cGJxGufvmcJhygw,f/
rZÑrd u k ;f t& om0u,me
d *dP om0u,meESihf yapöuAk'¨,me mewkYdrmS rdrw
d pfu, dk f
wnf;om edAmÁ efa&mufEikd o f jzifh owå0gwdYkurkd u,fwifEikd af Mumif;?
Ak',
¨ mebk&m;tusio hf nfomvQif owå0gwdYkukd u,fwifEidk af Mumif;?
78 Ak'o
'ghaMumifh Ak ' ¨ , me meonfom tjrwfqkH;(r[m,me r[m,me
r[m,me)jzpfvkdY
Ak', ¨ metusiu hf o o'¨r®yk@&duusrf;}}
kd m usiahf qmiftyfaMumif; ]]o'¨
rSm a&;om;azmfjyvmcJhygw,f/
omoemESpf(800) 800)ausmfrSm oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;rS okwåEÅdu
*dkPf;[m cGJxGufvmcJhygw,f/ okwåEÅdu*dkPf;udk ,aeYacwf
*sKd*spfqk*dkPf;}} [k ac:ygw,f/
*syefEdkifiHrSm ]]*sKd
a,m*gpm&*dkPf;[m omoemESpf 394(bDpD 150)cefYü
ay:aygufvmcJhwJh ywOö vdrnfaom jA[®P0g'ynm&SdBuD;&JU
a,m*0g'
a,m*0g'udk omoemESpf 900(at'D 400) 400)wGif Ak ' ¨ 0 g' g'eJY
aygif;pyf azmfxkwfNyD; oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;rScGJxGufcg ]]a,m*gpm& a,m*gpm&
*d k P f ;}}udk wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ omoemESpf (1000) (1000)cefYu
uk r m&*k w å r if ;wnfaxmifcJhwJh emvE´ m wuú o d k v f B uD ; [m
a,m*gpm&*dkPf;BuD;&JU 0g'jzefYcsD&m XmeBuD; jzpfcJhygw,f/
a,m*gpm&*d k P f ; BuD ; ay:ayguf v mNyD ; omoemES p f
(900)
(900)ausmfrSm rZÑdrdu*dkPf;&JU r[m,me t,ltq[m
txGwftxdyfodkYa&muf&Sdvmum r[m,met,ltqopfudk
vufrcHwJh ax&0g' ax&0g'trnfcH oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;? okwåEÅdu*dkPf;?
a,m*gpm&*dP k ;f om;tcsKUd wkYdudk ]][de,me}} vdYk ESyd u
f yG af c:a0:cJ&h mrS
r[m,me
]r[m,me
r[m,me} ? ][d [d e ,me
,me}vkdY uGJjym;pGm jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f/
tJ'tD csdef oD[Vkd uf Ref;ESihf ok0PÖbrl &d dS ax&0g'
ax&0g'trnfcH
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;tqufrsm;udv k nf; r[m,me
r[m,meac: rZÑdrdu*dkPf;
om;wkdYu Ak'¨,meudkvufrcHygu ][d [d e ,me
,me}[k ac:rnfrSm
taotcsm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf omoemESpf(1100) 1100)0ef;usifwGif a,m*gpm&
okw0gt&d,om0u 79
*dkPf;rS 0dnmOfwkd;wuf&ef bm0emenf;vrf;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;&mrS
wEÅ&ç rEÅ&t,ltqay:aygufvmcJhygw,f/ wEÅ&çrEÅ&tusifh
usifh&mrS ]0Zd&,me*dkPf;}ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f/ 0Zd&,me\
usifh0wfudk 'kwd,em*tZÆeu omoemESpf 1144 rS 1194
twG i f ; wDxGifcJhNyD;aemuf 0Zd&,me*dkPf;[m tdE´d,ta&SU
ydik ;f a'orsm;ç b*Fvm;e,fç tmoHawmifwef;ESihf tdE,
d´ taemufyikd ;f
yuf&S0gwdkYü jyefYyGm;xGef;um;cJhygw,f/
42/ / ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me? 0Zd&,me &Si;f vif;csuf

'Dawmh omoemES p f ( 670) 670)0ef;usifrSm uedoQurif;?
pifNyKid pf wkwo ¬ *Fg,emwifyüJG oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;[m olwYku d , kd of wl Ykd
ax&0g'*dkPf;} vkdY trnfwyfcJhMuygw,f/
]]ax&0g'*d
tJ'Daemuf omoemESpf(700) 700)0ef;usifrSm oD[kdVfuRef;&Sd
r[m0d [ m&0goD 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ; [m tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS
vma&mufwhJ yifr0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f eJY aygif;pnf;NyD; olwYdku, kd o f wl Ydk
ax&0g'*dkPf;}} vdkY trnfwyfcJhMuygw,f/
]]ax&0g'*d
'Dawmh tdE, ajrmufydkif;
d´ ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;udk ]]ajrmuf
ax&0g'*dkPf;}}? tdE, d´ awmifyikd ;f oD[Vkd uf Re;f &Sd 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;udk
awmifydkif; ax&0g'*dkPf;}} vkdY okH;oyfowfrSwf&ygw,f/
]]awmif
tJ'aD emuf omooemESpf(900) 900)ausmrf mS ax&0g'trnfcH
oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;uGJ rZÑdrdu*dkPf;rS ]]r[m,me*k r[m,me*kdPf;}} jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f/ r[m,me*dkPf;[m Ak'¨,met,ltqudkvufrcHwJh
rnfonfhAk'¨bmom*dkPf;udkrqdk ]][d [d e ,me*d k P f ; }} tjzpf
owfrw S Ef ydS u
f yG af c:qkyd gw,f/
80 Ak'o
'Dawmh r[m,me*dP k ;f rSwpfyg;aom ajrmufydkif;ax&0g'
oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;? awmif y d k i f ; ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;ESifh
useAf 'k b ¨ mom*dP k ;f tm;vk;H udk r[m,me*dP [de,me*dkPf;}}
k ;f u ]][d
tjzpf owfrw S rf mS jzpfygw,f/ ajrmufyikd ;f ax&0g'jzpfwhJ oAÁw0d¬ g'
*dP
k ;f udok m [de,me*kP d ;f tjzpfac:qkw d mjzpfw,f? awmifyikd ;f ax&
0g'jzpfwhJ 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f rygbl;vkYd b,fvrdk S a&Smifvv JT Ydk r&ygbl;/
[de,metjzpf tac:rcHcsi&f ifawmh Ak', ¨ met,ltqudk vufc&H rSm
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'aD emuf omoemESp(f 1100)0ef;usirf mS a,m*gpm&*dP k ;f rS
wEÅ&çrEÅ&t,ltqjzpfay:vmNyD; ]]0Zd 0Zd & ,me*d k P f ; }}tjzpf
cGxJ u
G v f mcJyh gw,f/
'Dawmh omoemESpf(1100)0ef;usiftxd ajrmuf y d k i f ;
ax&0g' oAÁw0d¬ g'*dP k ;f ? awmifydkif;ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f ?
r[m,me
r[m,me*dkPf;? [d e ,me ,me*dkPf;? 0Zd & ,me ,me*dkPf; qkdNyD;
Ak'¨bmom*dkPf; BuD;awG pkHpkHvifvif &SdaecJhygNyD/
43/ / ajrmufyikd ;f r[m,meESihf awmifyikd ;f ax&0g'

tJ'Daemuf omoemESpf(1300) 1300)0ef;usifrSm ajrmufydkif;
ax&0g' oAÁw0d¬ g'*dP k ;f [m r[m,me*dkPf;&JU vTr;f rk;d rIatmuf
a&muf&cdS NhJ yD; aysmufu, G of mG ;cJyh gw,f/ 'ghaMumifh tdE,
d´ ajrmufyidk ;f
a'owpfckvkH;[m r[m,me*dkPf;&JU xGef;um;&mBuD; jzpfoGm;cJh
ygw,f/
tJ't d´ awmifyikd ;f a'o&Sd oD[dkVfuRef; (oD&vuFm)
D csed f tdE,
ESifh ok0PÖblrda'o(oxkH 0ef;usifa'o) 'o)rSm awmifydkif;
okw0gt&d,om0u 81
ax&0g' r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;[m tvGefxGef;um;
jyefYyGm;vsuf&SdNyD; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;trnfaysmufum ax&0g'
*dkPf;BuD;tjzpf &yfwnfvmcJhygw,f/
tJ't f pNyD; ajrmufydkif; r[m,me*dkPf;? awmifydkif;
D csed u
ax&0g'*dkPf;tjzpf oDjcm;uGJjym;pGm &yfwnfvmcJhygw,f/
44/ / tdEd́,ü r[m,meAk'¨bmom uG,faysmufoGm;cJhjcif;

omoemESpf 1000(at'D 500)ausmfrSpí tdE´d,jynfrSm
r[m,meAk'w ¨ uúov dk f trsm;tjym;ay:xGe;f cJyh gw,f/ ,if;wuú
odkvfBuD;rsm;rS w½kwfç*syefESifh tjcm;a'orsm;odkY r[m,me
Ak'ömoemudk jzefYcsDcJhMuygw,f/
omoemESpf 1000(at'D 500)cefYrSm emvE´ w uú
odkvfBuD;ay:aygufvmcJhNyD; r[m,me pmayrsm;udk jA[®P0g'
pmayrsm;ESifh wGJzufum oifMum;ay;cJhygw,f/ omoemESpf
(1700)
(1700)ausmfrSm wl&uDtEG,f0if r[mar'ifwkdY ppfwyfjzifh
0ef;&Hí &[ef;wpfaomif;ausmfudk owfypfum yd#upmayrsm;udk
rD;½IUd ypfcyhJ gw,f/
0vbdwuúodkvfukd tdE, d´ taemufyidk ;f rSm wnfaxmifNyD;
oAÁw¬d0g'pmayrsm;udk emvE´mwuúokdvfESifhtNyKdif oifMum;ay;
cJyh gw,f/
0duúroDvmwuúodkvfudk ygvrif ;qufrSm **Fgjrpf\
vuf,mbufwGif wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ wuúokdvfausmif;
xGufrsm;udk ]y@d y@dwbGJU} ay;cJhygw,f/ omoemESpf 1741
(at'D 1200) 1200)cefYrSm AD [ me,fudk r[mar'ifrsm;odrf;ydkufí
82 Ak'o
wuúodkvf&Sd &[ef;awmftrsm;pkudk owfypfcJhygw,f/
,if;tcsdefrSmpí tdE´d,jynf tv,fydkif;? ajrmufydkif;?
taemufykdif;wkdYrSm r[mar'ifac: rGwfqvifwkdY\ odrf;ydkuf
owfjzwfrw I YdkaMumifh r[m,meomoem
r[m,meomoemESihf wEÅ&çrEÅ&tEG,0f if
0Zd&,meomoem
,meomoem[m vkH;0 uG,faysmufoGm;cJh&ygw,f/
tdE, d´ jynf awmifyikd ;f a'oawGrmS awmh omoemESpf1300
(at'D 8 00) 00)cef Y uyif jA[® P bmom [d E ´ L y@d w f B uD ;
&SHu&usmv,(&SHu&p&d,))udk 0g'a&;&m 0g'a&;&mr,SOEf ikd b
f J wdr;f a&Smif
cJhMu&aomaMumifh r[m,meomoem
r[m,meomoemESifh wEÅ&çrEÅ&tEG,f0if
0Zd&,meomoem[m vk;H 0 uG,af ysmufomG ;cJ&h ygw,f/ (,if;
&SHu&usmv,vufxufrSpí jA[®Pbmom bmomrS [dE´Lbmom
jzpfvmw,fvkdY txl;rSwfyg/)
tJ'aD emuf r[m,meAk'b ¨ mom[m tdE, d´ Edik if rH mS tNyD;wkid f
uG,faysmufoGm;cJh&NyD; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;odkY xGufajy;a&muf&Sd
oGm;cJhygw,f/ r[mar'ifwkdY&JUab;rusa&mufrD a&muf&SdaewJh
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh xGufajy;NyD;rS a&muf&SdvmaomEdkifiHrsm;rSm eDaygvfç
qpfuif;ç blwefç wdAufç w½kwçf ud&k ;D ,m;ç *syefç rGe*f v kd ;D ,m;ç
refcsL;&D;,m;ç qkdufaA;&D;,m;ESifh ½k&Sm;ajrmufydkif; wkdif;jynfrsm;
jzpfygw,f/
45/ / pwkwo
¬ *Fg,mwifNy;D aemufyikd ;f oD[Vkd u
f Re;f Ak'o
¨ moem
a&; tajctae
taomurif;BuD;apvTwfcJhwJh omoemjyKtzGJU 0dbZÆ0g'D
*dkPf;[m a'0geHyd,wdórif; wnfaqmufay;cJw h hJ r[m0d[m&
okw0gt&d,om0u 83
ausmif;BuD;rSm oDwif;okH;cJhMuygw,f/
omoemESpf 450 (bDpD94) 4)rSm 0¥*grPdrif;vufxufrmS
oD[Vkd u f Re;f (oD&v d uFmEkid if )H &Sd 0dbZÆ0g'D*kdPf;[m ayxuftu©&m
pwkw¬o*Fg,em wifcJhygw,f/
omoemESpf455 (bDpD 89) 89)rSm 0¥*grPdrif;ud;k uG,w f hJ
tb,*d&dausmif; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf; oHCmwdkYESifh yifrr[m0d[m&
ausmif; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkY tcsif;rsm;&mrS ]]tb,*D tb,*D & d
0goD * k d P f ;}} cGJxGufvmcJhw,f/ usefcJhwJh yifrr[m0d[m&
ausmif;oHCmawGudk ]]r[m0d r[m0d [ m&0goD * k d P f ;}}vkdY owfrSwf
cJyh gw,f/ ESp*f P kd ;f vk;H [m 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;uGaJ wG jzpfcMhJ uygw,f/
tb,*D&d0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;om;awG[m a&S;a&S;
Ak'b ¨ mom*dP k ;f uGJ "r®½kpd*dkPf;&JU ouúwbmom "r®?0de,awGukd
oifMum;MuwmaMumifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;rS qefYusifbuf "r®½kpd
*dkPf;0ifawG jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f/ ,if;"r®½pk *d P kd ;f rS a0wkv’*dkPf;
cGx J uG jf yefygw,f/
omoemESpf 700(at'D 156) 156)0ef;usifrSm oD[kdVfuRef;&Sd
yifrr[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D *dkPf;[m tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS
vma&mufwhJ yifr0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;eJY aygif;pnf;NyD; olwYdku, kd o
f w
l Ydk
ax&0g'*dkPf;}}vkdY trnfwyfcJhMuygw,f/
]]ax&0g'*d
omoemES p f 829(at'D 2 85) 85)rS m r[maoerif ;
vufxuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;xJ aZw0efausmif;
wkdufwnfaqmufum oD;jcm; &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&mrS
]] aZw0e0goD*dkPf;}} ay:aygufvmcJhw,f/
'Dvedk YJ awmifydkif;ax&0g' r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D
84 Ak'o
*dkPf;? tb,*D&d0goD ""rr®½kpd*dkPf;? aZw0e0goD*dkPf; qkdNyD;
oD[kdVfuRef;rSm Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJokH;ck xif&Sm;pGmay:ayguf
vmcJyh gw,f/
46/ / oD[Vkd t
f |uxmusr;f rsm;ESihf 'Dy0ifusr;f
d´ ajrmufydkif; ax&0g'
omoemESp(f 670)0ef;usirf mS tdE,
trnfcH oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf;[m yd#utzGifh 0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk
ouúwbmom bmomjzifh pD&ifcJhMuygw,f/
omoemESp(f 700)ausmfrmS oD[Vkd u d hJ awmifykdif;
f Ref;rSm&Sw
ax&0g'
ax&0g'trnfcH r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;uvnf;
yd # utzG i f h t|uxmusrf ; rsm;ud k oD [ d k V f b mom momjzif h
pD&ifcJhMuygw,f/ oD[dkVfbmomjzifh pD&ifcJhwJh a&S;t|uxm
usrf;awG[m r[mt|uxmusrf;? r[mypö&dt|uxmusrf;?
uk½kE´Dt|uxmusrf; tm;jzifh (3)usrf;&Sdygw,f/
omoemESpf(800) rS (900)
(900)Mum;rSm oD[Vkd f 'Dy0ifusrf;
ay:aygufcyhJ gw,f/ taMumif; uawmh tbd"r®mckepfusrf;xJrmS
uxm0w¬Kusrf; xnfhoifhçrxnfhoifh tjiif;yGm;&mrS ay:ayguf
vmcJhw,fvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/
47/ / ok0PÖbrl Ed iS t
hf |uxmq&m t&SiAf 'k a¨ CmotaMumif;
*d k P f ;&JUomoemjyKtzGJU(9)zGJUxJu ok0PÖblrd (oxkH0ef;usif
a'o? jrefrmrkwåryifv,fauGU))udk omoemjyK wm0efuswm
uawmh t&S i f a omPrax&f E S i f h t&S i f O wå & rax&f w k d Y
okw0gt&d,om0u 85
OD;aqmifwJhtzGJU jzpfygw,f/ omoemESpf(236) 236)rSm a&muf&SdNyD;
omoemESpf(950)
950)ausmftxd ok0PÖblrda'owGif *dkPf;uGJjym;
rIr&SdbJ wwd,o*Fg,em wifonfhtwkdif; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;
t,ltqjzpfwhJ yd#uwfokH;ykHukd EIwif aHk qmifNyD; vufqufurf;
aecJMh uygw,f/
omoemESpf 965(at'D 421) 421)rSm ok0PÖbrl o d xkaH 'oü
pmayyd#uwfr&Sdojzifh &mrnwkdif; oxkHjynf&Sif "r®ygvrif;
vufxufrmS oD[Vkd u f Re;f odYk oGm;a&mufu;l ,lc&hJ ef t&SifAk'äCmo
tm; wm0efay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef &mrnwkdif; oxkHjynfrSm
"r®ygvrif;? oD[Vkd uf Re;f rSm r[memrfrif;? jrefrmjynftxufyikd ;f
yk*HrSm aMumif'l&pfrif; tkyfcsKyfaecsdef jzpfygw,f/
t&SifAk'äCmo[m oxkHaAm"dyifrS reD;ra0;aom
aCmo&GmrS auoDrnfaomykaPÖ;r\om;jzpfNyD; aq;usrf;
wwf ç aA'if t wwf w d k Y u d k yg&*l a jrmuf wpf z uf u rf ; cwf
wwfajrmufaom ykPÖm;vkvif jzpfcJhygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
t&Sifa&0w
&0wrax&fxH 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU Ak'b ¨ momt,lqrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;oif,lcJh&NyD; Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmf jzpfvmcJhygw,f/
48/ / t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmo\ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f taMumif;

'ghaMumifh q&mrax&fESifh "r®ygvrif;wkdY&JU wm0efay;
csuft& oD[dkVfuRef;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhygw,f/ oD[kdVfuRef;
a&mufwJhtcg r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;acgif;aqmif
t&S i f o H C ygvrax&f x H x yf r H N yD ; awmif y d k i f ; ax&0g'
r[m0d [ m&0goD 0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ;taMumif;udk oif,lcJhum
86 Ak'o
]]0dok'¨dr*fusrf;}}udk jyKpkcJhygw,f/
,if;0d o k ' ¨ d r *f u srf ; [m t&S i f A k ' ¨ a Cmorax&f &JU
vufpGrf;usrf;jzpfNyD; omoemESpf (235) (235)wGif ay:aygufcJhaom
uxm0w¬Kusrf;? omoemESpf(500) 500)cefYwGif ay:aygufcJhaom
rdvdEýO§musrf;wkYd\ MoZmcHusrf; jzpfygw,f/ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f [m
r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;&JU t,ltq oabmw&m;om
jzpfygw,f/ Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU t&d,opömESihf 0dbZÆ0g'D*P kd ;f &JU
y&rw¬ o pö mwdkYrSm vkH;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;aMumif;? 0dbZÆ0g'D
*d k P f ; &J U t,l t qawG [ m Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m bk & m;&J U 0g'ppf p pf
r[kwfaMumif; txufü &Sif;vif;cJhNyD; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;[m y&rw¬opömudk azmfusL;
aomusrf ; omjzpf N yD ; Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m bk & m;&J U t&d , opö m ud k
tpteygrusefatmif azsmufzsufypfaomusrf; jzpfcJhygw,f/
trSefpifppfrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU t&d,opömoabmw&m; oabmw&m;[m
wwd,o*Fg,em ,emwifpOfuwnf;u vkH;0 uG,faysmufoGm;cJhNyD;
pum;tjzpfrQomusef&SdaecJhwmaMumifh usrf;jyKq&m t&SifAk'¨
aCmo[m ]]t&d t&d,opöm}}} qdw k mudk pum;toHrQom QomMum;zl;cJNh yD;
em;rvnfEikd cf yhJ g/
'Dawmh t&SifAk'äCmorax&f[m olodjrifemvnfwJh
y&rw¬ o pö m oabmw&moabmw&m;ESifhtnD opö m av;yg;taMumif;ç
owå 0 ggtaMumif;ç y#d o aE¨taMumif;ç y#dpöorkyÜm'foHo&m
taMumif;wdYkukd a0a0qmqmjzifh pDumywfu;Hk zGUJ EGUJ azmfusL; zGiq hf dk
a&;ompD&ifcyhJ gw,f/
'ghaMumifh t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmorax&f[m olY&UJ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f rSmyJ
okw0gt&d,om0u 87
t&d , opö mudkvnf;aumif;ç owå 0 ggqkdwmudkvnf;aumif;ç
b0ul;y#d o aE¨qkdwmudkvnf;aumif;ç y#d p ö o rk y Ü m 'f o H o &m
qkdwmudkvnf;aumif; em;vnf&ef tvGefcJ,Of;vSaMumif;
zGi[
hf 0efcNH iD;wGm;cJyh gw,f/ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f [m t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmorax&f
yxrqkH;a&;om;pD&ifcJhwJh usrf;jzpfygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2? 153/)
NyD;awmh t&SifAk'äCmo[m yd#uwfygVdawmfawGudk
zGiq hf cdk ahJ yr,fh ol[m Ak't ¨ vkad wmfukd od&odS rl [kw?f aomwmyef
t&d,mtqifu h av;rQawmif r[kw?f ykxZOfppfppfomjzpfaMumif;
olY&UJ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f NyD;ed*;Hk (oD[dkVfrl)rSm qkawmif;*gxmav;eJY0efcNH yD;
owday;oGm;cJhygao;w,f/(0dok'¨d?2? 356/)
'gayr,fh ,aeYacwf ax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;uawmh t&SifAk'¨
aCmomrax&fudk Ak'¨tvkdawmf odol Ak ' ¨ r wå n LLtjzpf
yd#uwfpmayavmurSm trTr;f wif csD;usL;vufcx H m;Muygw,f/
49/ /t&SifAk'äCmorax&f\t|uxmusrf;opfrsm;
taMumif;
tJ'Daemuf t&SifAk'äCmorax&f[m r[m0d[m&0goD
0d b ZÆ 0 g'D * d k P f ; rS t&S i f A k ' ¨ r d w å r ax&fxH oD [ k d V f b mom
jzifhjyKpkxm;aom r[mt|uxm r[mt|uxmç r[mypö&dt|uxm |uxmç uk½kE¨D
t|uxm
t|uxmwdkYudk oif,lí enf;rSDum rm*"ygVd b mom momjzifh
t|uxmusrf;opfrsmsm; a&;om;pD&ifcJhygw,f/
t&SifAk'äCmorax&f[m t&d,opömudk rodem;rvnf
onfhtm;avsmfpGm olodjrifem;vnfwJh y&rw¬opömESifhtnD
yd#uwfygVdawmfawGudk zGifhqkdcJhygw,f/ r[m0d[m&0goD
88 Ak'o
0dbZÆ0g'DwYd&k UJ t,ltqtwkid ;f om zGiq hf cdk yhJ gw,f/ t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmo
rax&f[m q&mrax&fwkdYnTefjywJh y&rw¬opöm oabmw&m;
udok m em;vnfojd rifNyD; t&d,opömoabmw&m;oabmw&m;udk q&mrax&f
wdYkuvnf; rnTejf yEkid çf rdrvd nf;xd;k xGi;f rodEikd o t&d,opöm
f jzifh ]]t&d
oabmw&m;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mrS a[mygavp}} vkdY
oHo,0ifcJhaMumif; okH;oyfod&Sd&ygw,f/
'ghaMumifh t&SifAk'äCmorax&f[m ]] Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m
bk&m;onf orkwdopömç y&rw¬opöm ESpfyg;udkom a[monf?
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qk;H jzwfcsucf sNyD; olY&UJ t|uxmusr;f opfawGxrJ mS rSww f rf;wif
a&;om;cJhygw,f/ ('D?|?1? 316/ r?|?1? 142/ oH?|?2? 72/
tH?|?1? 74/)
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rsm;udk ul;,lNyD; 0do'k r¨ *fusrf;ESiw
hf uG t|uxmusrf;opfrsm;udk
zGifhqkda&;om;pD&ifcJhum avSjzifho,faqmifNyD; ok0PÖblrd(oxkH
0ef;usifa'o)udk a&muf&SdvmcJhygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf omoemESpf
1000ausmf (at'D 5&mpk)rSpí ok0PÖblrd rGefoxkHa'oESifh
oD[dkVfuRef;EkdifiHwkdY[m r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g'
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¨ moema&;
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okw0gt&d,om0u 89
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oAÁw0d¬ g'*dPk ;f [m r[m,me*dkPf;&JU vTr;f rk;d rIatmufa&muf&cdS NhJ yD;
aysmufuG,foGm;cJhwmaMumifh oD[dkVfuRef;ESifh ok0PÖblrd&Sd
awmifydkif;ax&0g' r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;BuD;[m
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f pNyD; ]]ajrmuf
ax&0g'}} tjzpf owfrSwfac:qkdvmcJhMuygw,f/
omoemESpf 1700 (at'D 1156) 1156)rSm y&uúrAm[k
rif;vufxufrmS awmifydkif;ax&0g' r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D
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xyfrHwnfaqmufNyD; oxkHt&Sif Ak'äCmorax&f zGifhqkdcJhwJh
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zGifhqkda&;om;pD&ifcJhwJhtjyif t|uxmjyefzdkY usef&Sdaeao;wJh
yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;udkvnf; t|uxmusrf;opfrsm; zGifhqkda&;
om;pD&ifcyhJ gw,f/
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ax&0g'*dkPf;tquf &[ef;awmf 22yg;? omraP 22 yg;wkdY
90 Ak'o
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uvsmPDa&odrfawmfwGif oD[dkVfa&mufa&S;a&S;r[dE´tEG,f0if
r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g'*dP k ;f &[ef;rsm;xH &[ef;opf
tjzpf cH,lcJhMuygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeaMumifh oD[dkVfuRef;&Sd
r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;[m tm;enf;
arS;rdeS vf mcJyh gw,f/
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oD[rif;vufxuf oD[Vkd u f Re;f Ekid if üH &[ef;oHCmrsm; &Sm;yg;ojzifh
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omoemESpf 2344(at'D1800) 800)rSm oD[kdVf&Sd omraP
(6)yg;ESifh Oygoumwpfa,mufwkdY jrefrmEdkifiH tr&yl&NrKdU
awmfokdYoGm;a&mufum qifBuKda&T*lodrfü r[m0d [ m&0goD
0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g'*dkPf;tquf t&SifÓPmbd0Horax&fudk
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t&Sifo'¨r®"&rax&fudk OyZÑm,fjyKí yJcl;uvsmPDodrfawmf
okw0gt&d,om0u 91
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a&; tajctae
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0dok'¨r*fusrf;ESifhwuG t|uxmusrf;opfrsm;udk zGifhqkda&;om;
pD&ifcuhJ m avSjzifo h ,faqmifNyD; ok0PÖbrl (d oxk0H ef;usiaf 'o)udk
a&muf&v dS mcJyh gw,f/
tJ'aD emuf omoemESpf 1000 ausmf(at'D 5&mpk)rSpí
ok0PÖbrl d rGeo f xkaH 'oESihf oD[Vkd u H Ydk[m r[m0d[m&
f Re;f Ekid if w
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a,m*gpm&*dkPf;tquf 0Zd & ,metEG , f 0 if&[ef;awmfrsm;
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omoeSpf1589(at'D 1045) 1045)0ef;usifrSm jrefrmEkdifiH
txufyikd ;f yk*jH ynf&iS f taemf&xm rif;apm apm[m oxkHr<S uvmwJh
92 Ak'o
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H xufyikd ;f
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,if; omoemESpf 1590(at'D 1046)0ef;usifrSpí
r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g' *dkPf;&JUomoem[m
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(xkid ;f Ekid if )H ç urfyl;csm;
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jyefYyGm;cJhaMumif; okH;oyf od&Sd&ygw,f/
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e&ocF(e&ol)vufxuf oxk&H iS t f &[HNy;D vQif 'kw, d txif&mS ;qk;H
oxkt&S Ht&SifOwå&mZD0rax&f[m qyÜ'omrP omrPESit hf wl oD[Vkd u f Re;f
EkdifiHodkY<ua&mufoGm;cJhNyD; qyÜ'omraP[m oD[dkVfuRef;rSm
(17)ESpfMumaexkdifcJhygw,f/tJ'Daemuf yk*Hrif;quf e&ywd
pnfolrif;vufxufa&mufwJhtcg qyÜ'rax&f[m aemufyg
oD[dkVfom;rax&frsm;ESifhtwl yk*Hjynfudk jyef<uvmcJhygw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u 93
e&ywdpnfolrif;[m oD[dkVfom; &[ef;awmfrsm;udkMunfnKd&mrS
r[m0d[m&0goD 0dbZÆ0g'D ax&0g'*dP k ;f BuD;twGi;f ü yk&droHCm
*d k P f ;? rpämoHCm*dkPf;qkdNyD; (2)*dkPf;uGJoGm;cJhygw,f/
yk*Hrif;qufysufpD;oGm;NyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdif;jynfrsm;
uGJjym;oGm;cJhygw,f/
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Opöemrif;BuD;[m pum;(7)ausmif; aqmufvkyfNyD; wifvSL&mrS
*gr0goD yGaJ usmif;*dP k ;f ? tn&0goD*P kd ;f qkNd yD; uGjJ ym;oGm;cJyh gw,f/
omoemES p f 2004(at'D 1460) 1460)rSm &mrn &mrnwdkif;
[Hom0wD(yJcl;)jynf&iS f "r®apwDrif; vufxuf r[m0d[m&0goD
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"r®apwDrif;[m &[ef;awmf 22yg;? omraP 22yg;wkdY oD[dkVf
uRef;EkdifiHodkYapvTwfNyD; vl0wfvJum oD[dkVf&Sd uvsmPDa&odrf
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quf(6)qufajrmuf ]A'kHrif;}ac: bkd;awmfbk&m; (OD;0dkif;))vuf
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opf r sm; zG i f h q k d a &;om; pD & if c J h N yD ; tif ; 0t&S i f O D ;Ak " f u
jrefbmomjyefqkdcJhwmaMumifh ]] Ak"fp? Ak"fv,f? Ak"fqkH; }}vkdY
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1222 ckESpfrSpNyD; &wemykH(rEÅav;) NrKdUwnfeef;wnf rif;wkef;
rif ;[m yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ausmufjym;wGifa&;xkd;apcJh&m
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uGJjym;vmcJhygw,f/
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96 Ak'o
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tJ'Daemuf t|uxmo*Fg,emwifyGJudk omoemESpf
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omoemESpf2503 ckESpfrSm NyD;pD;cJhygw,f/tJ'Daemuf #D u m
o*Fg,emwifyGJudk omoemESpf 2504(at'D 1960)? jrefrm
ouú&mZf 1322 ckESpfrSm usif;ycJhNyD; omoemESpf 2505 ckESpfrSm
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*dkPf;BuD;(9)*dkPf; uGJjym;aecJhygw,f/
'ghaMumifh q|ro*Fg,emwifNyD; omoemESpf 2524?
jrefrmouú&mZf 1342? at'D c&pfESpf (25.5.1980) (25.5.1980)ckESpfrSm
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okw0gt&d,om0u 97
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rsm;jzpfonfh oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;qkdif&m Oya'yk'fr(12)t&
axmif'Pf 3 ESp?f toif;tzGUJ rsm;zGUJ pnf;jcif;qkid &f m Oya'yk'rf (6)
t& axmif'Pf 5 ESp?f jypfrq I idk &f m Oya'yk'rf (295)t& axmif'Pf
2 ESpf? ax&0g'0denf;"r®uHukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh
Oya'yk'rf (10)t& axmif'Pf 5 ESpf tm;jzifh pkpak ygif; axmif'Pf
(20)ESpf rw&m;cscJhjyefygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf omoemES p f 2555? c&pf E S p f 2011?
Ed k 0 if b mv 15 15&ufrSm ypöKyÜefur®0g'Ak'¨bmom jzpfonfh
"r®0[ d m&Dq&mawmf t&SiÓ f P axmif'Pf rw&m;tcscx H m;&pOf
ypöKyÜefur®0g'Ak'¨bmom t&d,opöma[majymcsurf sm;udk ,aeY
jrefrmh *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom momBuD;u ax&0g'*dkPf;
yd # uygVd a wmf ç t|uxmç #D u mmwnf;[laom pH c G u f ?
pHaywHjzifh rnDnw G [f q
k u dk m ]]t"r®t"r®0g'
g'}}tjzpfpyG pf NJG yD; ax&0g'
*dkPf;0ddedpä,trSwf(17)tjzpf csrSwfcJhygw,f/
,cktcg ypöyÜefur®0g'Ak'¨bmom "r®0d[m&Dq&mawmf
t&SifÓP P[m tmqD,aH 'owGi;f Edik if jH zpfwhJ jrefrmEdik if aH jrmufzsm;?
ucsifjynfe,f? jrpfBuD;em;NrKdUtusOf;axmif? wkduftrSwf(3)?
okw0gt&d,om0u 107
tcef;(2)ü axmif'Pf(20)ESpf rw&m;tcscHae&vsuf &Syd gw,f/
axmifcscHxm;&pOf t&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD;\ oufawmfrSm
(73)ESpf&SdNyD; ,cktcg oufawmf(77)ESpftwGif; &SdaeNyDjzpfí
touftBuD;qkH; tusOf;om;b0 jzpfae&&Smygw,f/
*dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom&Sd yd#uwfygVdawmfç

t|uxmç #DumawGu, kd w f Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU t&d,opöm
f idk u
oabmw&m;jzifh rnDnGwfojzi jzifh acwftqufquf t"r®0g'
pmay
pmayawG jzpfaecJhNyD;ygNyD/ *dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'Ak'¨
bmomBuD;udk,fwkdifu t"r®0g'jzpfaeaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
t"r®0g'tjzpf rodrjrifEdkifcJhMuyg/ 'ghaMumifh t"r® 0 g'Du
tjcm;"r® "r® 0 g'Dudk ]t"r®0g'} tjzpf pGyfpGJqkH;jzwfjcif;[m ynm&Sd
vlaumif;olaumif;wkYd &,fp&m&m [mowpfco k m jzpfaeygw,f/
"r®0g'DwkdYtaejzifh ,if;pGyfpGJqkH;jzwfcsufudk tav;*½kjyKzG,f
rvd k t yf y g/
Oyrmqk&d aomf - t½l;tESr;f awG[m ud, k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd ½l;aerSe;f
rodrjrifEdkifMuyg/ udk,fhudk,fudk vlaumif;olaumif;awGyJvkdYom
pGrJ w
S ,f MHk unfaeMuygw,f/ rdrrd w S pfyg; usew f hJ ynm&Sv d al umif;
olaumif;awGudk t½l;tESrf;awGyJvkdY pGyfpGJajymqkdwwfMuwm[m
obm0ygyJ/ txl;tqef; r[kwfygbl;/
urÇmay:ü bmomwpfc\ k Oya'jzifh wjcm;bmomwpfcu k kd
ta&;,lí r&yg/ ta&;,lrnfqdkygu rw&m;ta&;,ljcif;ç
Edik xf ufp;D eif;jyKvkyjf cif;rQom jzpfygw,f/ bmomwpfcrk S wjcm;
bmomwpfcu k kd t"r®0g'tjzpf pGypf q JG ;Hk jzwfciG hf r&Syd g/ pGypf q
JG ;Hk jzwf
108 Ak'o
rnfqydk gu ]]pGyfpGJoludk,fwkdif t"r®0g' jzpfaejcif;ç rw&m;jyK
vkyfjcif;ç EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKvkyfjcif;rQom}} jzpfygw,f/
urÇmay:ü rnfonfb h momç rnfonfv h rl sK;d ç rnfonfEh ikd if H
rqkd vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm ,kHMunfcGifh &Sd&rnf
jzpfygw,f/ vGwfvyfpGm ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcGifh r&SdwJh bmomç
vlrsKd;ç EdkifiHawG[m t"r®0g'jzpfaewJh tpGef;a&muf bmomç
vlrsKd;ç EdkifiHawGom jzpfygw,f/
okw0gt&d,om0u
(14-11-2014)
okw0gt&d,om0u 109
usrf;udk;rsm;
1/ [dawmya'ousrf; (pmPusjA[®PtrwfBuD;)
=(omoemESpf 150? bDpD 394)
2/ 'Dy0ifusrf;(at'D3&mpkrS 4&mpktMum;?
omoemESpf 8 &mpkrS 9 &mpkMum;)
3/ ouúwq&m 0okrdMw\rSwfwrf;
4/ ouúwq&m bAs\rSwfwrf;
5/ t&SifAk'äCmo\ t|uxmusrf;rsm; (omoem 965?
at'D 421)
6/ w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef(zmpD,ef)\ rSwfwrf;
(at'D 404)? om 976 'D 432
7/ omoemvuFm&pmwrf; (r[m"r®oBuFef)
8/ ygVdtbd"r®myd#uordik ;f pmwrf;(OD;av;jrif-h uxdu ygVdXme)
= 1969 ckESpf
9/ ax&0g'Ak'b ¨ mom (a&pBuKd t&Sif{odu)
= 'kwd,tBudrfxkwf
10/ urÇmywfí bk&m;&Smjcif; (OD;pdefxGef;rmruokawoD)
= 'kwd,tBudrfxkwf
110 Ak'o
t&d,opöm cH,lolrsm;odkY today;
arwåm&yfcHcsuf
t&d,opömvrf;ay: avQmufvSrf;NyD;aeolrsm;?
t&d,opömvrf;ay: ,ckrS pwifavQmufvSrf;aeolrsm;?
txl;tm;jzifh ax&0g'rS t&d,opömvrf;ay:odkY
avQmufvSrf;zkdY jyifqifaeolrsm;
[dkra&muf 'Dra&muf yk*¾dKvfrsm;
([d sm;)
odomvkdufemusifhokH;ap&ef -
1/ t&d,opömoabmw&m;udk aoaocsmcsm odjrifatmif
avhvmyg/
2/ aoaocsmcsm rodrjrifu odoa,mifa,mifvyk í f rajym&/
(tEÅ&m,f &Sdonf)
3/ ax&0g' paom tjcm;bmomrsm;udk uJh&JUykwfcwf
rajym&/ (jyóem jzpfEdkifonf)
4/ t&yfom;rsm;uJhodkY tEdkifvk &efawGU jiif;ckHNyD; rajym&/
(tESpfom& rJhonf)
5/ txl;tm;jzifh þpmwrf;yg pum;&yfrsm;udk
jzwfn§yfuyfvkyfí ax&0g'*dkPf;tay:
pum;em rxdk;&/ (t&d,mwdkY\vrf;pOf r[kwfí
ab;tEÅ&m,f &Sdonf)
okw0gt&d,om0u
(14-11-2014)

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okw0gt&d,om0u 1

(1379) ckESpf jymokdvjynfhaeY? (2018) ckESpf

t&d,"r®or*¾0ifrsm; zwf&Iavhvm odrf;qnf;&ef

(u) tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[m [kwfçr[kwf?

1/ / Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;\ ypärd 0pepum;awmfrsm;

5/ / Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfwdkY pmPuspum;tm; ckcHumuG,f

6/ / pmPuspum;udk acszsuzf Ydk b0Bu;D b0i,ft,ltq?

7/ /yg&rD t,ltqrS Asm'dwcf ,

10/ / uydv&aohBu;D \ ½lyt½ly'óe(omcs'F óe)

11/ / ½lyt½ly'óe(omcs'F óe)onf y&rw¬opöm

12/ /½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömESihf ur®'óe t&d,opöm

13/ /½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömt& uHonf jyKvyk o

14/ / ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opömtjrifEiS hf Ak'j¨ zpfawmfpOOff

15/ / vGefusL;wJh uH(tbdocFg&uH)ESifh uHowfwJh

16/ / y&rw¬opöm\ y#dpo ö rkymÜ 'foo

17/ / y&rw¬opömESihf t,lrmS ;rdpmä 'd|d

18/ / a&SUaemufb0 qufpyfzkdY ur®owådt,ltq

19/ / ur®owåEd iS hf ZD0twå(touf?0dnmOf?vdyjf ym)

20/ / Ak'¨\ tewåe,fy,f ESifh y&rw¬opöm\

21/ / y&rw¬opömonf twåmewå0g'(ujym;0g')

22/ / ½lyt½ly'óe y&rw¬opöm\ qifhyGm;wkd;wufrI

30/ / taomurif; Ak'¨bmom jzpfvmykH

31/ / wwd,o*Fg,em jzpfay:vmykH

33/ / wwd,o*Fg,emaemufyikd ;f tajctae

34/ / taomurif;aemufyikd ;f ok*aF cwf Ak'o

36/ / pwkw¬o*Fg,em (ayxuftu©&m)

37/ / rdvEd y´ O§musr;f ay:aygufvmcJjh cif;

38/ / pwkw¬pifNyKdif o*Fg,em (aMu;xuftu©&m)

39/ / yifrrlvax&0g'*dP k ;f aysmufu,

42/ / ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me? 0Zd&,me &Si;f vif;csuf

43/ / ajrmufyikd ;f r[m,meESihf awmifyikd ;f ax&0g'

44/ / tdEd́,ü r[m,meAk'¨bmom uG,faysmufoGm;cJhjcif;

48/ / t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmo\ 0do'k rd¨ *fusr;f taMumif;

51/ / t&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmoaemufyikd ;f ok0PÖbrl ad 'o Ak'o

52/ / q&mawmfO;D Ak"\

55/ / jrefrmh 0dbZÆ0g'D *dP

56/ / jrefrmh *dP

57/ / jrefrmh *dP

59/ / ,aeY jrefrmEdik if H Ak'o

"r®0[d m&D q&mawmf t&SiÓ f P\ a[majymcsurf sm;tm;

tJ'Daemuf ypöKyÜefur®0g'Ak'¨bmom momjzpfonfh "r®0d[m&D

*dkPf;aygif;pkH ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom&Sd yd#uwfygVdawmfç

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