• CPE 1102L: Programming Logic and Design

Structures

Unit 8
elf © 2018
Structure

• Is a collection of variables that are referenced

under one name, providing a convenient
means of keeping related information together.

• Structure elements
• Variables that make up the structures

• Uses the keyword struct which tells the

compiler that a structure is being declared
General form of a structure declaration:

struct structure_tag_name{
type variable_name;
type variable_name;
type variable_name;
.
.
.
} structure_variables;
Structure declaration example

1)
struct stud {
char id[10];
char name[30];
char course[10];
int year;
};
struct stud stud_info;
Structure declaration example

2)
struct stud {
char id[10];
char name[30];
char course[10];
int year;
} stud_info, sdata;
Structure declaration example

3)
struct {
char id[10];
char name[30];
char course[10];
int year;
} stud_info;
Referencing Structure Elements

• Individual structure elements are referenced by

using the dot (.) operator
• General form:
• structure_name.element_name

Example
gets(stud_info.id);
gets(stud_info.name);
gets(stud_info.course);
scanf(“%d”,&stud_info.year);
printf(“%s”,stud_info.id);
printf(“%s”,stud_info.name);
printf(“%s”,stud_info.course);
printf(“%d”,stud_info.year);
Array of Structures

#define MAX 20
struct stud {
char id[10];
char name[30];
char course[10];
int year;
};
struct stud stud_info[MAX];
Array of Structures
gets(stud_info[2].id);
gets(stud_info[2].name);
gets(stud_info[2].course);
scanf(“%d”,&stud_info[2].year);

printf(“%s”,stud_info[5].id);
printf(“%s”,stud_info[5].name);
printf(“%s”,stud_info[5].course);
printf(“%d”,stud_info[5].year);
Example on Structure Array
• CpE 1102L: Programming Logic and Design

Basic File Handling

Unit 8
elf © 2018
Stream
a device independent abstraction of an actual
device
2 Types 5 Predefined Streams
• Text Stream • stdin Keyboard
• a sequence of characters • stdout Screen
possibly not having a 1-to-1
correspondence with the • stderr Screen
actual characters found on
the device. • stdaux First Serial Port
• Binary Stream • stdprn Printer
• a sequence of bytes having a
1-to-1 correspondence to
those found on the device
File

• an actual device

• File Pointer
• a pointer to the info that defines various things
about a file
FILE *fp;
Legal Values for Mode

“r” Open a text file for reading

“w” Create a text file for writing
“a” Append to a text file
“rb” Open a binary file for reading
“wb” Create a binary file for writing
“ab” Append to a binary file
“r+” Open a text file for read/write
“w+” Create a text file for read/write
“a+” Open or create a text file for read/write
Legal Values for Mode

“r+b” Open a binary file for read/write

“w+b” Create a binary file for read/write
“a+b” Open or create a binary file for read/write
“rt” Open a text file for reading
“wt” Create a text file for writing
“at” Append a text file
“r+t” Open a text file for read/write
“w+t” Create a text file for read/write
“a+t” Open or create a text file for read/write
Common Buffered File System Functions

putc( ) : used to write characters to a stream

previously opened for writing
int putc(int ch, FILE *fp);

getc( ) : used to read characters from a opened

stream in read mode
int getc (FILE *fp);
Common Buffered File System Functions

fopen( ) : opens a stream, links a file to it, and

returns a file pointer to that stream
FILE *fopen(const char *filename,
const char *mode);

• Filename : a string of characters that provides

a valid name & may include a path
• Mode : points a string containing the desired
open status
Common Buffered File System Functions

fclose( )
• used to close a previously opened stream
int fclose(FILE *fp);
Common Buffered File System Functions

fread() : reads data from the stream

size_t fread ( void *buffer, size_t
num_bytes, size_count, FILE *fp);

fwrite() : writes to a stream

size_t fwrite ( void *buffer, size_t
num_bytes, size_count, FILE *fp);

• buffer: pointer to the region in memory that receives the data read
from a file; pointer to the data to be written to the file
• num_bytes : length in bytes of the items read/written
• size_count : determine how many items of num-bytes are to be
read / written
Common Buffered File System Functions

feof( ) : used to determine the end of file when reading binary

data
int feof (FILE *fp);

fseek() : positions the file pointer of a stream

int fseek(FILE *fp, long num_bytes, int
origin);

• num_bytes: number of bytes from origin to seek to

• origin :
Seeks from beginning of file SEEK_SET
Seeks from current position SEEK_CUR
Seeks from end of file SEEK_END
Common Buffered File System Functions

rewind( ) : resets the file position locator to the

beginning of the file
void rewind(FILE *fp);

rename() : renames a file

int rename (const char * oldname, const char *newname);

remove() : deletes a file, it’s a macro that translate

to a call to unlink
remove (filename);
Example of File Handling