Introduction to TOPOLOGY AND MODERN ANALYSIS GEORGE F. SIMMONS Associate Professor of Mathematics Colorado College © ROBERT E. KRIEGER PUBLISHING COMPANY MALABAR, FLORIDAFor Virgie May Hatcher and Elizabeth B. Blossom TO EACH OF WHOM | OWE MORE THAN | CAN POSSIBLY EXPRESS Original Edition 1963 Reprint Edition 1983 Printed and Published by ROBERT E. KRIEGER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. KRIEGER DRIVE MALABAR, FLORIDA 32950 Copyright © 1963 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted by arrangement All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any Sorm or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Simmons, George Finlay, 1925- Introduction to topology and modern analysis. Reprint. Originally published: New York: McGraw- Hill, 1963 (International series in pure and applied mathematics) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1, Topology. , 2. Mathematical analysis. 1. Title. IL. Title: Topology and modern analysis. IIL. Series: International series in pure and QAGIL.S49 1983 34 82-1484, ISBN 0-89874—551-9 098765Preface For some time now, topology has been firmly established as one of the basic disciplines of pure mathematics. Its ideas and methods have transformed large parts of geometry and analysis almost beyond recogni- tion. It has also greatly stimulated the growth of abstract algebra. As things stand today, much of modern pure mathematics must remain a closed book to the person who does not acquire a working knowledge of at least the elements of topology. There are many domains in the broad field of topology, of which the following are only a few: the homology and cohomology theory of com- plexes, and of more general spaces as well; dimension theory; the theory of differentiable and Riemannian manifolds and of Lie groups; the theory of continuous curves; the theory of Banach and Hilbert spaces and their operators, and of Banach algebras; and abstract harmonic analysis on locally compact groups. Each of these subjects starts from roughly the same body of fundamental knowledge and develops its own methods of dealing with its own characteristic problems. The purpose of Part 1 of this book is to make available to the student this “hard core” of funda- mental topology; specifically, to make it available in a form which is general enough to meet the needs of modern mathematics, and yet is unburdened by excess baggage best left in the research journals. A topological space can be thought of as a set from which has been swept away all structure irrelevant to the continuity of functions defined on it. Part 1 therefore begins with an informal (but quite extensive) treatment of sets and functions. Some writers deal with the theory of metric spaces as if it were merely a fragment of the general theory of topological spaces. This practice is no doubt logically correct, but it seems to me to violate the natural relation between these topics, in which metric spaces motivate the more general theory. Metric spaces are therefore discussed rather fully in Chapter 2, and topological spaces are introduced in Chapter 3. The remaining four chapters in Part 1 are concerned with various kinds of topological spaces of special importance in applications and with the continuous functions carried by them. It goes without saying that one aspect of this type of mathematics is its logical precision. Too many writers, however, are content with this, and make little effort to help the reader maintain his orientation in vil