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Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia117 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 163–171
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-
4 March
1st International Conference 2017, VIT
on Power University,
Engineering, Chennai Campus
Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-
4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
Design of 15 kW Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification
Design of 15 ThekW 15thMicroInternational
Hydro Symposium
atPower
Valara on Plant
District forHeating
Rural and Cooling
Electrification
at Valara
Assessing the Prawin feasibility Angel of using
Michael a the heat b1demand-outdoor
, C.P.Jawahar
temperature
a function
Department of Electrical
Prawin forAngel
and Electronics a long-term
Michael
Engineering,
a
district
, C.P.Jawahar
Karunya University, heat
b1
Karunya Nagar, demand
Coimbatore - 641 114,forecast
India
b
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, India
a,b,c a a b c c
I. Andrić
b
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, India

Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Abstract Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
There Département
is a fast Systèmes
depletion Énergétiques et Environnement
of renewable sources that - IMTwasAtlantique,
used in4 therue Alfred Kastler,
past for the 44300 Nantes,of
generation France
electricity and
the difficulty
There in is
reachability of theofgrid
a fast depletion supply to
renewable the remote
sources that wasvillages
usedwas in the a past
big challenge faced. The
for the generation best possible
of electricity and
remedial measure in this scenario is to make use of the natural resources available
the difficulty in reachability of the grid supply to the remote villages was a big challenge faced. The best possible to generate electricity. In an
endeavourance
remedial measure towards
in this this end, the
scenario is topaper
makehas usebeenof theformulated for the electrification
natural resources of valara electricity.
available to generate village in Idukki
In an
Abstract
district of Kerala,towards
endeavourance India. Valara is a kind
this end, the of locality
paper hasinbeenwhichformulated
there is a tribal
for thesettlement of about
electrification 120 families
of valara villagethatin do not
Idukki
have
districtprivilege
of Kerala, of electrical
India. Valara energyis a supply.
kind of The present
locality in whichworkthere
focus is on the preliminary
a tribal settlement studies
of aboutcarried out at that
120 families the site for
do not
District
the heating
development networks
of a are
complete commonly
micro addressed
hydro power in the
plant literature
which as
focusesone of
on the
threemost
main
have privilege of electrical energy supply. The present work focus on the preliminary studies carried out at the site foreffective
folds solutions
such as for decreasing
technical as the
well
greenhouse
as economical gas emissions
feasibility from
studies,the building
design ofsector.
civil These
works systems
and require
selection ofhigh investments
electro
the development of a complete micro hydro power plant which focuses on three main folds such as technical as well mechanicalwhich are returned
components. through
The the
results heat
of
sales.
the
as Duereveal
study
economical to the changed
that there
feasibility climate
is a huge
studies, conditions
potential
design and
of civil building
atworks
the andtorenovation
site develop of
selection apolicies,
micro heat
electrohydro demandplant
power
mechanical in the future
which
components. couldresults
would
The decrease,
meet theof
prolonging
energy demandthe investment
of the return
tribal period.
settlement and thereby improving their living condition.
the study reveal that there is a huge potential at the site to develop a micro hydro power plant which would meet the
The main
energy scope of
demand of this
the paper
tribal is to assess the
settlement andfeasibility
thereby of using thetheir
improving heat living
demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
condition.
©forecast.
2017 The TheAuthors.Published
district of Alvalade, located inLtd.
by Elsevier Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
©buildings
2017 The
Peer-review
© 2017 Thethat vary responsibility
Authors.
under in both construction
Published
Authors.Published bybyElsevier period
Ltd.Ltd.andcommittee
ofElsevier
the scientific typology. Three
of the weather scenarios Conference
1st International (low, medium, onhigh)
Power and three district
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on PowerheatEngineering,
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power values were
renovation
Engineering, scenarios
Computing were developed
and Control. (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained demand
Computing
compared with and CONtrol.
results from a dynamic
Engineering, Computing and Control.heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed
Keywords: that when
discharge; only weather
energy; changerenewable
head; hydro; is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Keywords:
scenarios, the errordischarge; energy; head;
value increased hydro;(depending
up to 59.5% renewableon the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
1.TheIntroduction
value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
1.decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Introduction
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy
1* Corresponding author.ofTel.:
heat+91demand estimations.
422 2614144 fax: +91 422 2615615
E-mail address:cpjawahar@gmail.com
1* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 422 2614144 fax: +91 422 2615615
© E-mail
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
address:cpjawahar@gmail.com
1876-6102©
Peer-review2017
underThe Authors. Published
responsibility by Elsevier
of the Scientific Ltd.
Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
Cooling. 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102©
and CONtrol.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
Keywords:
and Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.119
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2.
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 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171 165

Fig. 1. Schematic of a small hydro (run-of-river type) power plant [21]

components are weir, desilting tank, penstock, turbine, generator and controls [22].
Water from the river is diverted through an intake at the weir, which also controls the
water flow. Water then enters a desilting tank where, if any impurities are removed in it.
A forebay tank is located between the intake and penstock, to store water. Water from
the forebay tank is transported to a turbine through a pipe termed as penstock. The
turbine converts the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy. The
mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy with the help of a generator.
The power produced at the turbine shaft is determined using the following relation

P = ρgQH (1)
where
g - acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
H - head (m)
P - power (W)
Q - discharge (m3/s)
ρ - density of water (kg/m3)
 - overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear box (80 to 90%)

3. Site Investigation
3.1 Topographical Survey

The project site Valara is located in the Adimali Grama Panchayat of Idukki
district in Kerala. The site is located at a distance of 14 Km from Adimali. The site is
connected by road from Kothamangalam to Adimali. The site is very near to the main
road. The stream is a seasonal one, but it has more discharge in rainy season because
of its large catchment. The catchment of Valara waterfall is located between 10°18′36″N
latitude and 76°29′45″E longitude. About 70% of the catchment area is under dense
mixed forest and rest of the area is utilized for human settlements and cultivation of
rubber, cardamom, tapioca, areca nut and coconut. The catchment of Valara was
identified using the top sheet and it is about 63 Km 2. The head of the water fall is 80 m
and it is situated at an elevation of 460 m from mean sea level. During the survey, the
possible location for weir, forebay tank, penstock, turbine, power house were also
identified.

3.2 Geological Survey

The rock exposures along this stream have been studied in details. The rock type is found to be pyroxene
granulite. It is a massive, grano blastic, measocratic rock composed of plagioclase, potash feldspar, hornblende and
166 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171

4 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

biotite. The general rock type is charnockite. A good portion of the Western Ghats is made up of this rock. In the
Travancore area the rocks are well foliated and show intrusive relationship with peninsular gneiss. They are highly
garnetiferous as compared to the charnokites of North Kerala, where garnet is absent. About 80% of the proposed
site has an exposed rock presence.

3.3. Socio-economic Survey

A tribal settlement of about 120 families is there within a radius of 3 Km from

where the stream is located. Most of the tribal live in concrete type of houses and few
of them in thatched roof houses. Most of the houses have two rooms and few of them
have 3 or 4 rooms. The tribal interact with each other in their local language
Malayalam. The tribal settlement depends on the forest for their livelihood. They do not
have access to electricity and use kerosene for lighting purposes.

3.4 Climate

The area is subjected to two monsoons, namely the south- west (June-August)
and the north- east (October-November), the former contributing to 75% of the annual
rainfall and the latter 30%. The average annual rainfall of the region is estimated at
around 440 cm based on data available from the nearby station at Munnar. The
temperature in the area varies between 15.2°C and 25°C, the minimum is during the
winter season (November-January) the range between 0°C and 10°C and maximum
during the summer season (February-May). The average annual humidity of the area is
of the order of 57%.

3.5 Land Use

About 70% of the catchment area is under dense mixed forest and rest of the
area is utilized for human settlements and cultivation of rubber, cardamom, tapiocca,
arecanut and coconut. A comparison with other catchment in this region indicates that
the open jungle forest of the catchment is the main factor contributing to the summer
flows in Deviyar River.

3.6 Village Layout and Type of Houses

Valara is a small village/hamlet in Adimali Taluk in Idukki District of Kerala State,

India. It comes under Neriamangalam Panchayat. It belongs to Central Kerala Division.
It is located 21 km towards North from District head quarters Painavu, 198 km from
state capital Trivandrum. There are around 120 tribal community residing near the
valara falls. Most of the houses are of concrete type. Few thatched roof houses also
exist. Most of the houses have two rooms and few of them have 3 or 4 rooms.

3.7 Energy Requirement

3.7.1 Domestic load

On preliminary survey with the local people and authorities, for 120 houses; the
domestic load considered as 2 numbers of 11 W CFLs, 1 number of 50-120 W fan and a
mobile charger load of 10 W.
CFLs: 2 x 11 x 120= 2640 W or 2.64 kW
Fan Load: 1 x 50 x 120=6000 W or 6 kW
Mobile Charger Load: 1 x 10 x 120=1200 W or 1.2 kW
 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171 167

Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

Total = 2.64 + 6 + 1.2 = 9.84 kW

3.7.2 Public lighting load

Number of lights = 20
Type of load = 18 W CFL
Lighting hours = 4
Total load = 18 x 20 W = 0.36 kW

3.8 Power House Installation Capacity

3.8.1 Installed capacity

Assuming the losses in the power house and line to be 10% and taking 20%
future growth as 20 %, the power house installation capacity is worked out below
Domestic load = 9.84 kW
Public lighting = 0.36 kW
Future load growth = 0.2 x (9.84 + 0.36) = 2.04 kW
Power house consumption and line losses = 0.1 x (9.84 + 0.36 + 2.04) =
1.22 kW
Total load = 9.84 + 0.36 + 2.04 + 1.22 = 13.46 kW = 15 kW (say)

3.8.2 Energy consumption per day

Considering 6 hours for domestic lighting, 10 hours for other domestic loads, 4
hours for public lighting, the energy consumption per is calculated as follows
Domestic lighting = 2.64 x 6 kWh = 15.84 kWh
Other domestic loads = 7.2 x 10 kWh = 72 kWh
Public lighting = 0.36 x 4 kWh = 1.44 kWh
Power consumption and line losses = 0.1 x 15 = 1.5 kWh
Total = 90.78 kWh

4. Techno Economic Analysis

4.1 Available power facilities

Electricity is not available for the 120 tribal families and they are employing
kerosene for lighting purposes. Utilizing the hydro resources to produce power will uplift
the life of the tribal settlement in Valara.

4.2 Duration of flow

With the details collected on the discharge data between January 2009 and
December 2013 of Valara stream, which is seasonal, the flow duration analysis has
been done.

75% = 0.151 m3/s

50% = 2.257 m3/s
168 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171

6 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

4.3 Energy potential

To determine the energy potential at the site, discharge data are required. The
discharge data was collected between January 2009 and December 2013 of Valara
stream, the flow duration curve which depicts the variation of time with discharge [9] has
been plotted and it is shown in Fig. 2.
20.0

18.0

16.0

14.0
m s
/)
3

12.0
ge(

10.0
c
shr
a

8.0
D
i

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of time the flow is equalled or exceeded

Fig. 2. Flow duration curve

To determine the discharge available for generation of electrical energy, the discharge is
reduced to 80% to account for various losses.

Table 1. Energy potential

S.No % of Time Average(m3/s) Flow Available(m3/s) Head (m) Power (kW)

1 2.78 22.549 18.039 80 7928.09
2 5.56 19.923 15.939 80 7004.86
3 8.33 16.949 13.559 80 5958.96
4 11.11 15.059 12.047 80 5294.61
5 13.89 13.705 10.964 80 4818.64
6 16.67 12.160 9.728 80 4275.39
7 19.44 11.165 8.932 80 3925.50
8 22.22 9.640 7.712 80 3389.34
9 25.00 8.473 6.779 80 2979.07
10 27.78 7.550 6.040 80 2654.43
11 30.56 6.927 5.542 80 2435.51
12 33.33 6.587 5.269 80 2315.82
13 36.11 5.674 4.539 80 1994.98
14 38.89 5.086 4.069 80 1788.26
15 41.67 4.462 3.569 80 1568.70
16 44.44 3.816 3.053 80 1341.78
17 47.22 3.160 2.528 80 1110.87
18 50.00 2.821 2.257 80 991.88
19 52.78 2.424 1.939 80 852.13
20 55.56 2.039 1.631 80 717.00
21 58.33 1.712 1.370 80 601.93
22 61.11 1.238 0.990 80 435.23
23 63.89 0.983 0.787 80 345.66
24 66.67 0.666 0.533 80 234.09
25 69.44 0.480 0.384 80 168.63
26 72.22 0.351 0.281 80 123.36
27 75.00 0.189 0.151 80 66.44
 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171 169

Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7

28 77.78 0.090 0.072 80 31.81
29 80.56 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
30 83.33 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
31 86.11 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
32 88.89 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
33 91.67 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
34 94.44 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
35 97.22 0.000 0.000 80 0.00
36 100.00 0.000 0.000 80 0.00

It is inferred from Table 1 that a discharge of 0.072 m 3/s can produce 31.81 kW (when
flow is available during 78% of the time) which is about twice the load requirement.
Hence, one unit of 15 kW is proposed.

5. Design of Civil Works

The civil works comprises of forebay tank, spillway, penstock and power house.
The dimensions of the fore bay tank are 3 m length, 2.3 m width and a depth of 1.25 m.
The diameter and length of the penstock are 0.22 m and 120 m respectively and it can
carry a discharge of 0.072 m3/s at a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The layout of the power house
building has been worked out on the basis of IS code and size of power house building
shall accommodate control panel and other auxiliaries. The size has been fixed as 10 m
x 5 m x 3 m. All the design calculations were carried out as per the standards used in
the construction of micro hydro plant.

6. Selection of Electro Mechanical Equipment

6.1 Turbine
Specific speed is the parameter based on which the turbine is selected. The
specific speed (Ns) of a turbine is given by

Ns = NP1/2H-1.25
(2)
where
H - head (m)
N - speed (rpm)
Ns - specific speed
P - power (kW)
For 80 m head, 15 kW power and a speed of 1500 rpm, the specific speed
is about 21. From Table 2, for a specific speed of 21, cross flow turbine is suitable.

Table 2. Selection of turbine

S.N Type of Turbine Specific Speed

1 Pelton 12 - 30
2 Turgo 20 - 70
3 Crossflow 20 - 80
4 Francis 80 - 400
5 Propeller and 340 - 1000

6.2 Synchronous generator

Generator is coupled with the turbine to produce electrical energy. The 3 phase,
50 Hz synchronous generator selected has a capacity of 15 kW at 415 V and its speed
170 Prawin Angel Michael et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 163–171

8 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

is selected to be 750 rpm, the network selected will be a star connected , brushless
excitation , air cooled.

7. Financial Analysis

The total project cost is estimated as Rs.60 lakhs; out of which Rs.35 lakhs for
civil works, Rs.12 lakhs for electro mechanical works, Rs.5 lakhs for transmission and
distribution and Rs.8 lakhs for other expenses. The cost of installation is Rs.4 lakhs/kW
and the cost of generation is Rs.8.06/kW and Rs.12.04/kW at a load factor of 90% and
60% respectively as inferred from Table 3.

Table 3. Cost of generation

S.N Item Cost

o (Rs.lakhs)
1 Total project cost 60.00
2 Annual working expenses 2.31
3 Interest @ 12% on total project cost 7.20
4 Total annual expenses 9.51
5 Annual generation at power house (Lakh
Units) 1.18
(i) @ 90% load factor 0.79
(ii) @ 60% load factor
6 Cost of generation per kWh (Rs.)
(i) @ 90% load factor 8.06
(ii) @ 60% load factor 12.04

8. Conclusion

A 15 kW micro hydro power plant has been designed for rural electrification at
the valara site in the state of Kerala. The site has huge potential for developing the
same. The proposed micro hydro power plant is found to be technically and
economically viable and it not only meets the energy demand of about 120 tribal
families in the locality but also improves their living standard as the operation and
maintenance of the plant would be managed by them.

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank the Centre for Water Resources Development and
Management, Kerala and Dr. E. J. James, Director, International Affairs, Karunya
University, Coimbatore, for their kind help and support in collecting the data during the
field survey. We would also mark a note of gratitude to Mr. Anil Assistant Director, the
Energy Management Centre, Kerala for all his timely suggestions and encouragements.

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