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Data analysis
The descriptive characteristics of the long-distance bus Table 1. Occupational profile of participants
drivers (frequency tables, means and standard deviations) Characteristics N (%)
Males 89 (100)
were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science
Version 18.0 (SPSS) for Windows to determine the prevalence Marital status
and variance of WRMSDs. Kendall’s tau-b was used to Married 68 (77)
provide information regarding the strength of association Divorced 5 (6)
Never Married 15 (17)
between the various outcomes variables. The level of
significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Smoking History
Smoker 9 (10)
Non Smoker 70 (80)
Results Ex-Smoker 9 (10)
A total of 89 long-distance bus drivers participated in the
What Level of education was completed?
study. The mean age of the participants was 45 years. Their Primary School Complete 2 (2)
mean height and mass was 1.69 m and 85.4 kg respectively. Secondary School Complete 52 (60)
Their body mass index was 29.9 kg.m-2, categorising them as Higher Degree Completed 32 (37)
overweight. Bachelor Degree and above 1 (1)
In this study, 77 % of participants were married and 80 % How long have you been driving?
were non-smokers. The majority of the participants had < 5 years 6 (7)
completed secondary school education (60 %). The 5 years and more 83 (93)
participants were well-experienced long-distance drivers;
Which type of vehicle do you drive?
with 93 % having five years and more experience. From the 5 Ton 2 (2)
total number of participants in the study (n = 89), a large >5 Ton 87 (98)
percentage of participants (38 %) drive for more than 12
How much of time you drive daily?
hours at a time. Only 22 % of all participants (n = 89) self-
Less than 8 hours 11 (12)
reported WRMSDs as a result of driving. Paradoxically, 67 % 8-10 hours 25 (28)
of the 89 participants indicated that they do experience 10-12hours 19 (21)
symptoms of WRMSDs as a result of driving (Table 1). Pain More than 12 hours 34 (38)
was the common symptom (73 %) experience by the
Is there vibration exposure during driving?
participants (Table 1). When the responses of the bus drivers Yes 24 (28)
who reported WRMSDs (22 %) were analysed, the greatest No 62 (72)
discomfort or pain was in the upper back (44 %), lower back
Have you had any musculoskeletal disorder due to
(42 %), neck (42 %), shoulder (37 %), and wrist/hand (31 %)
driving?
(Figure 1). Minimal pain and discomfort was evident in the Yes 19 (22)
elbow (20 %), hips/thighs (24 %), knees (23 %), and ankle (24 No 69 (78)
%) (Figure 1).
Do you experience symptoms?
Yes 60 (67)
No 29 (33)
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