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Self-X RAN

Autonomous Self Organizing Radio Access Networks

Bell Labs Stuttgart


Ulrich Barth
June 2009
Self-X Business Perspective /
Bell Labs SON vision

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Self- organizing Radio Access Networks
Motivation

Current situation for radio access network management


 Deployment and maintenance become more and more complex and cost
extensive
 Trend to smaller cells, multi-band operation, heterogeneous mobile networks
 High manual intervention for configuration, capacity upgrade or in failure cases
required
 High effort required for optimisation of system performance
 Deep system expertise required
 High effort necessary for measurement campaigns (drive tests)
 Different tools for planning, configuration, measurement/KPI acquisition and
optimisation involved

increasing effort for network management and optimisation

 new concepts for simplified network operation required


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Self-X Architecture

Vision of fully distributed self-management


 “NEM less” network management
NM OSS
 Fully autonomous, distributed Itf-N
RAN optimisation Network Management X2-Itf

 Self-x functions in UE and eNB


 measurements, UE location info
 performance
 alarms, status reports, KPIs  high level network monitoring
performance tuning  KPIs
 distributed self-x algorithms  alarms

 Network management in NM OSS


focussed on LTE RAN

self-x
 network planning
 alarm and performance monitoring eNB
self-x
 high level performance tuning self-x
RAN self-
optimization

eNB eNB

OSS: Operation Support System


NEM: Network Element Manager

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Self-Organizing Radio Access Network
 RAN configuration use cases:
– Add/Remove cell incl. power saving cell
– Neighborhood relation configuration and optimisation for LTE

 RAN optimization use cases tools for RAN


planning,
deployment
new site,
performance
configuration add new cell, failure cases
– Cell coverage optimization and capacity
optimisation
optimisation upgrade
– Mobility robustness optimisation
– Interference optimisation for LTE
– Load Balancing
conventional
parameter self-configuration self-optimisation

 QoS optimization use cases configuration

– Scheduler operation optimisation for LTE


– MIMO mode selection optimisation for LTE

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Self-Configuration of Radio parameters

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Self-configuration of eNB Radio Parameters:
Add Cell Use Case

Automatic Self-Configuration of Radio Parameters


 deployment/removal of cells/sites
Parameter Retrieval
 switching on/off of cells
self-configuration
Vision: fully autonomous plug’n play classification
operator
templates
own properties
 finding similar neighbors and environment
only for:

 learning optimized configuration enabling


config-parameter new features
from similar neighbor eNBs/cells classification

learning from preferences


 calculation, adaptation and similar neighbours
negotiation of parameters neighbour selection: initial defaults
similarity metric
 distributed approach
 based on
Config. Parameter Calculation Operational Phase
 parameter classification
outlier filter
 parameter calculation parameter adaptation self-optimisation

 similarity metrics negotiations with neighbours

 configuration management

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Self-configuration of eNB Radio Parameters:
Add Cell Use Case
What is and how to select a suitable neighbor?
 geographical proximity
 similarity of HW, cell properties (macro, micro, …; power class; …), environment
 parameter group wise retrieval from different eNBs (eNBs with different properties)
C: distance measure, W: weights
 similarity metrics:
Cim ,id = Wim • ( AΘBid ) A: current node, B: neighbor
based on pm Θ: generalized difference
 vector representation of relevant parameters with weighting factors:
vector norm based identification of similarity (e.g. Euclidean distance)

Learning and storing good (optimized) configurations:


some optimized parameter sets depend e.g. on time and date, load
 for use in restart situations
 for distinguishing different optimized configurations (e.g. load dependent)
l2
 recognition of parameter clustering
 cluster wise saving of configuration parameter sets
 cluster dependent reload of configuration data

l1

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Automatic Neighbour Relation

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Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANR)

eNB W-CDMA needs NRT for UE measurements

Report Phy CID 5 Strong Signal Cell A


 UE are configured by NodeB which
UE Phy CID 3 cell to be measured (e.g. for HO)
Cell Global ID 17
 Centralized NRT planning required
No such restriction in LTE
X2  all UEs can measure the Physical Cell
ID (PCI) of all neighbours
Cell B
SON ANR
Phy CID 5  eNB can request the UE to measure
algorithm
Neighbor Cell Global ID 19
the Cell Global ID (CGI) related to
eNB Neighbor the PCI
up to 15 eNBs eNB  PCI/CGI is the key info needed in
Neighbour Relationship Table
NRT to map it further to the IP
(NRT) per cell address of eNB
 X2 Setup between the eNBs to enable
handover

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Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANR)

Bell Labs decentralized proposal for ANR


 Start with empty NRT list
 Generation of NRT only based on UE measurements 2
1 6

5
 Update/fine tuning based on handover optimisation 3
4

 Detection and correction of PCI collision/based on ANR

Simulation Assumption for feasibility study


 Measure Convergence Time and HO failure in worst case scenario
 Only information from HO signalling is used
 No additional measurements used
 No signalling with neighbour cells
 Full radio simulation

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NRT Simulation (Hexagonal Grid layout 57 cells)
Inter Site Distance = 500 m
95% Quantile of the NRT Completion Time
1700 HO Drops Due to Incomplete NRT
1600 3 km/h 100
1500 30 km/h 3 km/h
1400 90
1300 120 km/h 30 km/h
1200 80 120 km/h
1100
Time [sec]

70

HO Drop [%]
1000
900 60
800 50
700
600 40
500
400 30
300 20
200
100 10
0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
No. of UEs Per Cell No. of UEs Per Cell

NRT list setup only based on UE measurement feasible


 Convergence time sufficiently short
 Worst case scenario simulated, as only UEs in handover process participate to
NRT

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SON: Autonomous Coloring Algorithm for
Frequency assignment

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Autonomous Coloring Algorithm for Frequency assignment

Inter-Cell Interference Self configuring and


Coordination optimizing Network

Hand Over failure reduced by 5 fold


f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Increased the throughput up to 27%
P
Performance increase in call set up
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Improve performance Self-organizing


at cell edge pattern assignment

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Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) on terminal mobility

P
Frequency Pattern
a. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 3 green cell
with negligible interference from
orange cell Pfull
b. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 2, a
where orange cell radiates with
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
lowered power b
a
c. Mobile is handovered
from green cell to orange cell b
c
d c
d. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 4,
where green cell radiates with
lowered power Frequency Pattern
P
orange cell
e. Mobile is scheduled to sub-band 3 e e d
with negligible interference from
Pfull
cell 1

f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Autonomous Coloring Algorithm for Frequency assignment

Motivation
• Bell Labs ICIC approach requires frequency planning
But frequency planning is OPEX consuming
•  Provide a self-organizing solution
for cell (sub-)frequency (‘colour’) assignment
Challenges and  Bell Labs Solutions
• Known mathematical approaches are only centralized ...
 Fully distributed colouring algorithm inside each eNB
• ... and require much too much computation effort for real networks
 Efficient solution inside restricted areas by a novel successive algorithm
• Existing approaches are not adapted to the radio networks
 KPI for algorithm based on Interferences and n-tier neighbours
 Best suited colour solution found – also when a perfect one does not exist
• Decentralized systems can be susceptible to ‘instabilities’
 Advanced mechanisms to detect and resolve oscillation effects
 Advanced functionality to avoid “a moving wave of changes through the network”

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Major Steps of the Self Organizing + Self Optimizing SON Algorithm
Self Adaptation:
Neighbour Relation Table (NRT) sufficiently filled Add/Drop Cell,
 Scenario Creation / Update inside the eNB NRT Change

Fast Initial Colouring:


Each cell colours itself - if possible
 ICIC immediately operational

Local Area Colour Optimization:


Optimizing the colour assignment for several cells Periodic
 Resolving sub-optimal neighbour colour assignments optimiza-
 Finding the optimal interference situation tion by
 Several advanced mechanisms to prevent instabilities each cell
 ...

- Algorithm + signalling 3GPP compliant (i.e. LTE Rel.8)


- Fully distributed algorithm, runs inside each eNB

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Operation of SON ICIC algorithm

Initial eNB based (self-) assignment of


frequency patterns for ICIC
 network is already in operational state
without lowered sub-bands (i.e. re-use 1”
― no frequency pattern is assigned)
 self-assignment is started when the NRT
has settled after ANR
 the found assignment is stable while the
particular NRTs do not change significantly

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Operation of SON ICIC algorithm

Modification of network deployment


 Addition of Omni-directional cell
 Initial color is chosen to the fewest
interference load (best neighbour)
 Subsequent optimization procedure finds a
solution by re-coloring the own cell and a
further (neighbour) cell

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Operation of SON ICIC algorithm

Modification of network deployment


 Replacement of Omni-directional cell with
tri-sectorized basestation
 Quick reaction of neighbors on changed
neighborhood in NRT

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Mobility Robustness (Handover Optimization)

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Configuration Parameters for Handover in LTE
Filtered
RSRP
[dB]
Source Cell
Target Cell

Radio problem
Hyst(dB) detection

T1 (e.g. 500 ms) Radio link failure


RLF threshold

TTT (ms) P(ms)


Handover Handover Time
Event A3 Command

LTE handover more sensitive compared to W-CDMA


 Configuration parameters
 Filtered RSRP values
 Handover Margin, i.e. hysteresis between source and target
 Time to trigger (TTT)
 Cell Individual Offset (CIO)

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Targets For Self-Optimization of Handovers (HO)

 To increase network performance by the minimization of Radio Link Failures


(RLF) and ping pong effects occurring due to inappropriate HO parameters

 To avoid manual update and setting of HO parameters after the initial


deployment

 To monitor neighbor specific HO problems

 Each cell monitors the HO problems occurring due to its own parameters or due to
specific neighbor’s parameters

 Every cell autonomously detects and resolves the HO problems by using


decentralized self-detection and optimization algorithms

 To avoid drive tests run specially for the detection of such problems

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Classification of HO Problems
RLF due to inappropriate HO decisions and HO parameter settings
 RLF before HO
 RLF before source cell receives UE measurement report for initiation of HO
 detection by source or neighbor cells
 RLF during HO
 RLF in source cell occurring during HO (HO command failure)
 detection by source or neighbor cells
 RLF just after HO
 RLF in target cell just after the successful HO
 detection by target cell
Short Stays
 Ping pong effect
 Rapid handovers between two neighbor cells
 Island effect
 Handover from Cell A to Cell C and successive rapid handover from cell C to Cell B
instead of handover directly from Cell A to Cell B (avoid short stay in Cell C so called
hot spot or island effect)

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Possible Handover Optimization

Avoiding high handover failure rates or too many short stays


 Detection of non-suitable neighbor relations by collecting and
analyzing handover statistics
 Optimization algorithms have to deal with rare and sporadic input values
 Avoid handovers to non-suitable neighbors
 Considering that in some cases only
specific locations at cell borders are
non-suitable

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Possible Handover Optimization

Optimization by modification of HO parameters


 Make sure handover problems are caused within the source cell
 Options for modification of HO parameters in source cell
 Handover Margin (HOM)
 Time to Trigger HO (TTT)
 Filter Coefficient and Cell Individual Offset (CIO)
 Simulation results Normalized HO Rate Vs Residual BLER for ;
TTT=0 to 200 ms; 20ms step
 HOM and Filter Coefficient can be fixed 35

 TTT must be selected depending 30

Normalized HO Rate
upon the UE speed 25
20

15
10

5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BLER [% ]

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Coverage and Capacity Optimisation

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Coverage Optimization for LTE
Targets
 detection and minimization of coverage & capacity problems
 load / UE density depending tilting
 cell outage compensation & power saving by switching cells off/on
Vision
 after planning and deployment of a new cell:
 fully automatic / autonomous optimization in eNB: antenna tilt, TxPower
 replacement of drive tests
 decentralized / distributed approach
New optimization process required:

STATE OF THE ART SON TARGET


cell global drive tests, UE cell global UE measurements
PM counters call based traces PM counters UE location info

optimization algorithm based


root cause analysis

algorithm design
automatic measurement
tool and expert based

partly automated, expert driven know how shift

decentralized:
configuration,

continuous,
from OAM expert data evaluation
centralized:

to manufacturer ⇒
offline,

(planning) tool based re-planning optimization optimization algorithm


expert know how algo design

parameter adaptation
parameter adaptation

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Coverage Optimization for LTE

Challenges:
 complex optimization problem:
 collaborative (w.r.t cells and sites) and predictive optimization required
 interdependency with other self-x/SON optimization targets
(e.g. HO optimization, load balancing)
 spatially resolved detection based on UE measurements required:
 areas with insufficient coverage / low SINR / high interference
 areas with high traffic (hot zones)
 limitations/constraints regarding UE based measurements:
 accuracy, range and availability (radio link based and positioning data)
 statistical nature
 adaptation to network dynamics
 mid and long term changes in traffic load/distribution, interference,
neighbor relations

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Outage Compensation

Cell outage compensation by


 power variation
 no real compensation by power
reduction of neighbours
 power increase: drawback
large over provisioning required
 azimuth variation
 good compensation results (almost complete coverage)
but: normally not available in the field
 antenna tilting
 at least partial compensation expected

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Coverage Optimization for LTE
Impact of tilt: Simulation model:
CDF of Geometry reflects situation  channel model: Okumura Hata,
in entire simulated area. shadow fading 10dB std dev.
 SINR: serving cell selection by strongest signal,
 Example with various tilt angles interference: sum of all remaining cells
9-21 degrees, 15 degrees provide
 interference limited
optimum coverage.
09°° 12°° 15°° 18°° 21°°
 500m inter site distance

coverage
problems

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Coverage Optimization for LTE

Optimisation goals:
 optimize CDF especially for low geometry values
 view: cell global
 - 3dB Problem of 3-sectorised base stations with re-use 1:
locations where 3 sectors have almost the same signal strength
 local problem, put in areas of very low user density
 discrete coverage hole:
 local geometry optimization problem with high relevance
 user density/ load:
 conditional probability distributions can be employed:
e.g. exclude locations w/o users, there is no need to provide coverage at all
 optimize geometry in high traffic zones

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Load Balancing

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Load Balancing

based on HO parameter modification:


 LTE intra frequency handover 0,2 w/o ICIC
without ICIC

0,18 TTTH=0.050 sec

 critical in re-use 1 schemes: 0,16 TTTH=0.100 sec

HO Rate [1/s]
0,14 TTTH=0.150 sec
0,12
– no scrambling gain 0,1
0,08
0,06
– lower limit for usable SINR range 0,04
0,02
0
– especially critical: HO command 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
BLER [% ]

 potential for load balancing rather low  0,2


Residual BLER [%] (RLF)
with ICIC with static ICIC, reuse 7/6

 LTE inter frequency HO 0,18


0,16
TTTH=0.050 sec
TTTH=0.100 sec

HO Rate [1/s]
0,14 TTTH=0.150 sec
 no cell overlap SINR problem 0,12
0,1
0,08
– e.g. hierarchical cell structures 0,06
0,04
0,02
– to be considered: UE velocity vs. cell size, 0

QoS requirements (e.g. GBR, NGBR) 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

Residual BLER [%] (RLF)


 load balancing possible 
 Inter system HO
 also no cell overlap SINR problem
– to be considered: service QoS requirements
 load balancing possible 
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Load Balancing

other approaches for intra frequency LTE:


 DL Power modification
 increased power in unloaded neighbour cells:
– requires PA over provisioning
– UL critical
 decreased power in overloaded cell:
– possible in interference limited (urban) scenarios
– degrading indoor coverage to be investigated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
– risk of local coverage spots
 ongoing investigation
 Interference coordination enabled load balancing:
IFCO as Enabler
 dynamic allocation of subbands for reduced power
 load reduction by dynamic IFCO based interference reduction
 seems to have higher potential, ongoing investigation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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