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Case No. G.R. No. 164749 March 15, 2017 5.

5. On October 28, 1980, the petitioners sued the respondents


Case Name: ROMULO ABROGAR v. COSMOS in the then Court of First Instance of Rizal (Quezon City) to
BOTTLING COMPANY recover various damages for the untimely death of Rommel
Ponente: Bersamin, J. (i.e., actual and compensatory damages, loss of earning
Doctrine: The defense of assumption of risk capacity, moral damages, exemplary damages, attorney's
presupposes: (1) that the plaintiff had actual fees and expenses of litigation).
knowledge of the danger; (2) that he understood and 6. Cosmos’ contention:
appreciated the risk from the danger; and (3) that he a) That it had not been the organizer of the marathon,
voluntarily exposed himself to such risk. but only its sponsor; that its participation had been
limited to providing financial assistance to
Intergames; that the financial assistance it had
RELEVANT FACTS extended to Intergames, the sole organizer of the
marathon, had been in answer to the Government's
1. Defendant Cosmos Bottling Company, jointly with call to the private sector to help promote sports
Intergames, organized endurance running contest billed as development and physical fitness; that the
1st pop Cola Junior Marathon. The program was aimed at petitioners had no cause of action against it because
promoting its product Pop Cola. there was no privity of contract between the
2. The organizers plotted a 10-kilometer course starting participants in the marathon and Cosmos; and that it
from the premises of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, had nothing to do with the organization, operation
through public roads and streets, to end at the Quezon and running of the event.
Memorial Circle. b) That Intergames had guaranteed to hold Cosmos
3. Plaintiffs' son Rommel applied with the defendants to be "completely free and harmless from any claim or
allowed to participate in the contest. His application was action for liability for any injuries or bodily harm
accepted and he was given an official number. which may be sustained by any of the entries in the
4. Consequently, on June 15, 1980 at the designated time of '1st Pop Cola Junior Marathon' or for any damage to
the marathon, Rommel joined the other participants and ran the property or properties of third parties, which
the course plotted by the defendants. As it turned out, it was may likewise arise in the course of the race." Thus,
alleged that the defendants failed to provide adequate safety Cosmos sought to hold Intergames solely liable
and precautionary measures and to exercise the diligence should the claim of the petitioners prosper.
required of them by the nature of their undertaking, in that 7. Intergames’ contention:
they failed to insulate and protect the participants of the a) That Rommel's death had been an accident
marathon from the vehicular and other dangers along the exclusively caused by the negligence of the jeepney
marathon route. driver; that it was not responsible for the accident;
a) Rommel was bumped by a jeepney that was then that as the marathon organizer, it did not assume the
running along the route of the marathon on Don responsibilities of an insurer of the safety of the
Mariano Marcos Avenue (DMMA for brevity), and in participants; that it nevertheless caused the
spite of medical treatment given to him at the Ospital participants to be covered with accident insurance,
ng Bagong Lipunan, he died later that same day due but the petitioners refused to accept the proceeds
to severe head injuries. thereof; that there could be no cause of action
against it because the acceptance and approval of medical certificate and a waiver of all rights and
Rommel's application to join the marathon had been causes of action arising from the participation in the
conditioned on his waiver of all rights and causes of marathon which the participant or his heirs may
action arising from his participation in the marathon; have against appellant Intergames were required as
that it exercised due diligence in the conduct of the conditions in joining the marathon.
race that the circumstances called for and was
appropriate, it having availed of all its know-how and ISSUE & RATIO DECIDENDI
expertise, including the adoption and implementation
of all known and possible safety and precautionary 1. WON the doctrine of assumption of risk is applicable
measures in order to protect the participants from in this case.
injuries arising from vehicular and other forms of
accidents. No. The doctrine of assumption of risk means that one who
8. RTC - in favor of Abrogar; against Cosmos and Intergames voluntarily exposes himself to an obvious, known and
(solidary liability). appreciated danger assumes the risk of injury that may
a) That the liability of the respondents towards the result therefrom. It rests on the fact that the person injured
participants and third persons was solidary, because has consented to relieve the defendant of an obligation of
Cosmos, the sponsor of the event, had been the conduct toward him and to take his chance of injury from a
principal mover of the event, and, as such, had known risk, and whether the former has exercised proper
derived benefits from the marathon that in turn had caution or not is immaterial. In other words, it is based on
carried responsibilities towards the participants and voluntary consent, express or implied, to accept danger of a
the public; that the respondents' agreement to free known and appreciated risk; it may sometimes include
Cosmos from any liability had been an agreement acceptance of risk arising from the defendant's negligence,
binding only between them, and did not bind third but one does not ordinarily assume risk of any negligence
persons; and that Cosmos had a cause of action which he does not know and appreciate. As a defense in
against Intergames for whatever could be recovered negligence cases, therefore, the doctrine requires the
by the petitioners from Cosmos. concurrence of three elements, namely: (1) the plaintiff must
9. CA reversed. know that the risk is present; (2) he must further understand
a) That Rommerl Abrogar was aware that the marathon its nature; and (3) his choice to incur it must be free and
would pass through a national road and that the said voluntary.
road would not be blocked off from traffic.
b) That he was already eighteen years of age, had the concurrence of the three elements was not shown to
voluntarily participated in the marathon, with his exist. Rommel could not have assumed the risk of death
parents' consent, and was well aware of the traffic when he participated in the race because death was neither
hazards along the route, he thereby assumed all the a known nor normal risk incident to running a race.
risks of the race. This is precisely why permission Although he had surveyed the route prior to the race and
from the participant's parents, submission of a should be presumed to know that he would be running the

*NIRC SEC. 255. Taxes on insurance premiums. — There shall be collected from every person, company, or corporation (except purely
cooperative companies or associations) doing business of any sort in the Philippines a tax of one per centum of the total premiums
collected .. whether such premiums are paid in money, notes credits, or any substitute for money but premiums refunded within six months
after payment on account of rejection of risk or returned for other reason to person insured shall not be included in the taxable receipts .
race alongside moving vehicular traffic, such knowledge of liability; REVERSES and SETS ASIDE the decision as to
the general danger was not enough, for some authorities INTERGAMES, INC., and REINSTATES as to it the judgment
have required that the knowledge must be of the specific rendered on May 10, 1991 by the Regional Trial Court,
risk that caused the harm to him. In theory, the standard to Branch 83, in Quezon City subject to the MODIFICATIONS
be applied is a subjective one, and should be geared to the that INTERGAMES, INC. is ORDERED TO PAY to the
particular plaintiff and his situation, rather than that of the petitioners, in addition to the awards thereby allowed: (a)
reasonable person of ordinary prudence who appears in the sum of P113,484.52 as damages for the loss of Rommel
contributory negligence. He could not have appreciated the Abrogar's earning capacity; (b) interest of 6% per annum on
risk of being fatally struck by any moving vehicle while the actual damages, moral damages, exemplary damages
running the race. Instead, he had every reason to believe and loss of earning capacity reckoned from May 10, 1991
that the organizer had taken adequate measures to guard all until full payment; (c) compounded interest of 6% per
participants against any danger from the fact that he was annum from the finality of this decision until full payment;
participating in an organized marathon. Stated differently, and (d) costs of suit.
nobody in his right mind, including minors like him, would
have joined the marathon if he had known of or appreciated SO ORDERED.
the risk of harm or even death from vehicular accident while
running in the organized running event. Without question, a
marathon route safe and free from foreseeable risks was the
reasonable expectation of every runner participating in an
organized running event.

Neither was the waiver by Rommel, then a minor, an


effective form of express or implied consent in the context of
the doctrine of assumption of risk. There is ample authority,
cited in Prosser, to the effect that a person does not
comprehend the risk involved in a known situation because
of his youth, or lack of information or experience, and thus
will not be taken to consent to assume the risk.

Clearly, the doctrine of assumption of risk does not apply to


bar recovery by the petitioners.

DISPOSITIVE
WHEREFORE, the Court PARTLY AFFIRMS the decision
promulgated on March 10, 2004 to the extent that it
absolved COSMOS BOTTLING COMPANY, INC. from

*NIRC SEC. 255. Taxes on insurance premiums. — There shall be collected from every person, company, or corporation (except purely
cooperative companies or associations) doing business of any sort in the Philippines a tax of one per centum of the total premiums
collected .. whether such premiums are paid in money, notes credits, or any substitute for money but premiums refunded within six months
after payment on account of rejection of risk or returned for other reason to person insured shall not be included in the taxable receipts .

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