DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

M12352/D12352 HYDRAULICS LAB MANUAL

NAME :
ROLL NO:
BRANCH :

1
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE MARKS SIGNATURE

NO

1.a Determination of coefficient of discharge for 3

small orifice

1.b Determination of coefficient of discharge for 8

mouth piece

2 Comparative study on flow meters 14

3 Performance test of water jet on vane apparatus 20

4 Determination of coefficient of discharge of 25

rectangular notch

5 Determination of pressure head loss due to 30

friction in flow through pipes

6 Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem 35

7 Determination of velocity of fluid using pitot tube 40

8 Performance test on Reciprocating Pump 45

9 Performance test on Centrifugal Pump 50

10 Performance test on Francis Turbine 56

2
EX.NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR ORIFICE

AIM:

To determine the co-efficient of discharge of given small orifice.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Small orifice setup, meter scale, stop watch and vernier caliper.

PRINCIPLE:

An orifice is a small hole at the side or bottom of the tank. Quantity of liquid
flowing through an orifice depends upon (a) area of the orifice (b) height of the liquid causing
flow (c) the shape of the orifice (d) the sharpness of the edges etc. The jet of liquid passing
through the orifice contracts in area. The section of the jet at which the streamlines first become
parallel to the axis of flow is known as “Vena Contract a”. Theoretical discharge can be
determined from the dimensions of the orifice and the head causing flow. The ratio of actual to
theoretical discharge is the coefficient of discharge.

DESCRIPTION:

The experiment set up consists of a supply tank with a small orifice at the side and a
collecting tank. A glass tube is attached to each tank and a scale is provided to determine the
water level. Water can be allowed to the supply tank from the mains through a gate valve and
can be drained from the collecting tank through a gate valve.

PROCEDURE:

1. The dimensions of the orifice, supply tank and collecting tank are noted
2. The motor is switched on to fill the supply tank with water by closing the orifice.
3. Then the motor is switched off and orifice is opened.
4. The time for fall of water fromH1 to H2 in supply tank is noted
5. The experiment is repeated for different range of fall.
6. Then again the motor is switched on and the inlet valve is adjusted such that a
constant head of water is maintained in the supply tank
7. The time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collecting tank is determined.
8. The experiment is repeated for different constant head of water.

3
OBSERVATION:

Supply tank
Breadth of the supply tank ( b) = m
Width of the supply tank (w) = m
Area of collecting tank (As) = (b x w) = m2

Orifice
Diameter of the orifice (d) = m
Area of the orifice, Ao = Π d2 / 4 = m2

TABULATION: TIME FALL METHOD

Trials
S.NO PARTICULARS UNITS 1 2 3
H1 (starting water m of
1 head in supply tank) water
H2 (Ending water head
2 in supply tank) m of
water
Time taken for 10 cm
3 fall of water in tank s
H1 to H2 (t)
m of
4 ( H1 ½ - H2 ½ ) water
Co-efficient of
5 discharge (cd)

MODEL CALCULATION

4
FORMULAE

Time fall method

Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 2 As ( H1 ½ - H2 ½ )
----------------------
t Ao (2g) ½

Where,
As – Area of the supply tank, m2

Ao – Area of the orifice, m2

t - Time taken for the fall of water head from H1 to H2, sec

g – Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2

GRAPH

The following graphs are drawn

1. ( H1 ½ - H2 ½
) vs t
2. ( H1 ½ - H2 ½
) vs Cd

Co-efficient of discharge, Cd from graph = 2 As x

Ao √2g Y

5
OBSERVATION:

Collecting tank
Breadth of the collecting tank, b = m
Width of the collecting tank, w = m
Area of collecting tank (Ac) = (b x w) = m2
Rise of water in collecting tank, R = m

TRAILS
S.NO UNITS 1 2 3 4 5
PARTICULARS
Water head in
1 supply tank,H m
Time taken for R
rise of water in
2 s
collecting tank,T
Theoretical
m³/sec
3 discharge (Qt)

Actual discharge
4 m³/sec
(Qa)
Co-efficient of
5 discharge (Cd)
Mean value of Cd =

MODEL CALCULATION

6
FORMULA:

1. Actual discharge (Qa) =Ac R / T m3 /s

Where,
As - Area of collecting tank in m2. (Area = breadth X width )
R - Rise of water in tank in collecting tank.
T - Time of 'R' rise of water (0.1 m) in collecting tank, sec

2. Theoretical discharge Qt = Area of the orifice x velocity of the flowing water

= Ao V

= Ao √2gH m3 /s

Where,
Ao - Area of orifice, m2
H - Constant head of water in m of water

g- acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2

3. Co-efficient of discharge = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge

(Cd) = Qa /Qt

RESULT:

1) The coefficient of discharge(Cd) for the given orifice is

By time fall method =

By constant head method =

From graph =

7
EXP NO :

DATE :

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR MOUTH PIECE

AIM:

To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the given mouth piece.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Mouth piece set up, meter scale, stop watch and vernier caliper.

PRINCIPLE:

A short piece of pipe fitted to the side of a tank for discharging the water is known
as mouth piece. It results in increase of discharge.

DESCRIPTION:

The unit consists of a supply tank fitted with mouth piece, over flow outlet, glass
tube gauge with scale, collecting tank with level measuring gauge, pump and pipe line for
supplying the water. The water from the mouth piece is collected in the collecting tank.

PROCEDURE:

 The dimensions of the mouth piece and the supply tank are measured.
 The motor is switched on to fill the supply tank with water by closing the mouth
piece.
 Then the motor is switched off and the mouth piece is opened.
 The time fall of water from H1 to H2 cm in the supply tank is noted
 The experiment is repeated for different range of fall.
 Then again the motor is switched on and the inlet valve is adjusted such that a
constant head of water is maintained in the supply tank.
 The time taken for 10cm rise of water in collecting tank is determined.
 The experiment is repeated for different constant head of water
.

8
OBSERVATION

Supply Tank:
Breadth of the supply tank, b = m
Width of the supply tank, w = m
Area of the supply tank,As=(bxw) = m2
Mouth Piece:

Diameter of the mouth piece, d = m

𝜋
Area of the mouth piece, Am = 4 d2 = m2

TABULATION – TIME FALL METHOD

Trials
S.NO PARTICULARS UNITS 1 2 3
H1 (starting water m of
1 head in supply tank) water
H2 (Ending water head m of
2 in supply tank) water
Time taken for 10
3 cm fall in water in s
tank H1 to H2 (T)

4 ( H1 ½ - H2 ½
) m of
water
Co-efficient of
5 discharge (Cd)

MODEL CALCULATION

FORMULAE
9
Time fall method:

Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = 2 As [√H - √H ]

1 2

T Am √2g

Where As - area of the supply tank, m2

Am - area of the mouth piece, m2
T - time taken for fall of water head from H1 to H2, sec
g - acceleration due to gravity ,9.81 m/s2

GRAPH

The following graphs are drawn

1. ( H1 ½ - H2 ½
) vs T
2. ( H1 ½ - H2 ½
) vs Cd

Co-efficient of discharge, Cd from = 2 As x

Am √2g Y

OBSERVATION:

10
Collecting tank
Breadth of the Collecting tank, b = m
Width of the Collecting tank, w = m
Area of Collecting tank (Ac) = (b x w) = m2
Rise of water in collecting tank, R = m

TRAILS
S.NO UNITS 1 2 3 4 5
PARTICULARS
Water head in
1 supply tank, H m
Time taken for R
rise of water in
2 s
collecting tank, T
Theoretical
m³/sec
3 discharge (Qt)

Actual discharge
4 m³/sec
(Qa)
Co-efficient of
5 discharge (Cd)

Mean value of Cd =

11
FORMULA:

1. Actual discharge (Qa) =AsR/T m3 /s

Where,
As - Area of collecting tank in m2. (Area = breadth X width)
R - Rise of water in tank in collecting tank.
T - Time of 'R' rise of water (0.1 m) in collecting tank, sec

2. Theoretical discharge Qt = Area of the mouth piece x velocity of the flowing water
= Am x V

= Am x √2gh m3 /s

Where,
Ao - Area of mouth piece, m2
H - Constant head of water in m of water

g- Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2

3. Co-efficient of discharge = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge

(Cd) = Qa /Qt

12
RESULT

The co-efficient of discharge ( Cd ) for the given Mouth piece

By time fall method =

By constant head method =

From Graph =

13
EXP NO:

DATE:

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FLOW METERS

AIM:
To determine the actual discharge, theoretical discharge and co-efficient of discharge
for various flow meters.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
The flow meter setup, scale, stopwatch, etc;

PRINCIPLE:
When water flows through venturimeter or orifice meter, the area of cross section
decreases and the velocity increases with the corresponding reduction in pressure head. This
reduction in pressure head can be found by suitable connection to a manometer from which the
theoretical discharge can be determined. By finding the actual discharge with the help of the
collecting tank, the co-efficient of discharge venturimeter and orifice meter can be determined.
This discharge is also measured using water meter and rotameter for comparison.

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a pipe line, fed by a pump through a rotameter, a water meter,
a orifice meter, a venturimeter to a collecting tank. Two U-tube manometers are provided at
suitable points to measure the pressure difference at the orifice meter and at the venturimeter.

PROCEDURE:

 Dimensions of (a) venturimeter, (b) orifices meter, (c) main pipeline and (d) the
collecting tank are noted.
 The inlet valve is adjusted such that the rotameter gives convenient readings.
 The pressure difference shown by manometer's are noted.
 The time taken for 10cm raise of water in the collecting tank is noted.
 The experiment is repeated for different rotameter discharge.

14
OBSERVATION:
Breadth of the collecting tank, b = m
Width of the collecting tank, w = m
Rise of water in collecting tank, R = m
Diameter of the pipe (D) = m
Orifice diameter (do) = m
Venturi diameter (dv) = m

TABULATION:
S.NO DETIALS UNITS TRAILS
1 2 3 4 5
1 Rota meter discharge lpm
2 Theoretical discharge of m³/s
rota meter discharge
3 Time taken for 10 litre s
discharge in watermeter (t)
4 Theoretical discharge of m³/s
water meter discharge
5 Time for 10cm rise of water
in collecting tank,T s
6 Actual discharge Qa m³/s
7 Pressure head difference in m of hg
venturimeter (hv)
8 Theoretical discharge of m³/s
venturimeter
9 Pressure head difference in m of hg
orifice meter (ho)
10 Theoretical discharge of m³/s
orifice meter
11 Co-efficient of discharge _
venturimeter
12 Co-efficient of discharge _
orifice meter
13 % error of water meter %

14 % error of rotameter %

15
FORMULAE

1. Rotameter discharge = Rotameter discharge in lpm m3/s

1000x60

2. Water meter discharge = 10÷1000 m3/s

t
where, t-time taken for 10 litre discharge in water meter , sec

3. Actual discharge, Qa = AR m3/s

T
Where,
A - Area of collecting tank in m2. (Area = breadth X width)
R - Rise of water in tank in collecting tank.
T - Time of 'R' rise of water (0.1 m) in collecting tank, sec

4. Theoretical discharge(venturimeter)

Qt = Av 2gH m3/s
1-(𝑑𝑣/𝐷)4

Where, H = hv Sm - 1 m of water
100 Sw

Av- area at the throat of venturimeter, m2 Av = 𝜋 dv2

4
2
g- Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m\s
hv- pressure head difference in venturimeter, m of mercury
Sm- specific gravity of mercury= 13.6
Sw- specific gravity of water= 1
Hv – Diameter of venturi
D – Diameter of pipe

16
MODEL CALCULATION:

17
5. Theoretical discharge (orifice meter)

Qt = Ao 2gH m3/s
𝑑𝑜
1-( 𝐷 )4

Where, H = ho Sm -1 m of water
100 Sw

Ao- area at the throat of orifice meter, m2 Ao = 𝜋 do2

4
2
g- Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m\s
ho- pressure head difference in orifice manometer, m of mercury
Sm- specific gravity of mercury= 13.6
Sw- specific gravity of water= 1

6. Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter , Cd = Actual discharge

Theoretical discharge of venturimeter

7. Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter , Cd = Actual discharge

Theoretical discharge of orifice meter

8. Percentage error in Rotameter = Actual discharge-rotameter discharge

Rotameter discharge

9. Percentage error in watermeter = Actual discharge –watermeter discharge

Watermeter discharge

18
RESULT:

1. Rotameter discharge = m3/s

2. Water meter discharge = m3/s
3. Actual discharge,Qa = m3/s
4. Theoretical discharge (venturimeter) = m3/s
5. Theoretical discharge (orifice meter) = m3/s
6. The coefficient of discharge of venturimeter Cd =
7. The coefficient of discharge of orificemeter Cd =
8. Percentage error in rotameter =
9. Percentage error in watermeter =

19
EX.NO:

DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST OF WATER JET ON VANE APPARATUS

AIM:

To determine the efficiency of the jet on fixed semi-circular vane.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Nozzle housing, nozzle, vanes, weighing mechanism, transparent tank, collecting

tank, stop watch etc.

PRINCIPLE:

A jet on water when a strike at a valve presses it upwards. The vane can be made to
retain its position by suitable connecting to a fulcrum and balancing by mass added on the pan.
Theoretical force is determined by measuring the quantity of water impinging on the vane and
velocity. Actual force is determined by resolving the moment acting on the fulcrum. The
efficiency of the jet is the ratio of the actual force to the theoretical force.

DESCRIPTION:

A semicircular valve is attached to a level mounted on a fulcrum with a

weighing pan at one end and a balancing mass which can be adjusted to correct any initial error.
The vane and jet is enclosed in casing to prevent splashing of water. Pressure energy of water
can be measured by a pressure gauge attachment to the inlet at convenient point corrections can
be made so as to find velocity of water issuing from the jet. Jet of water after striking the vane is
passed through a channel to the collecting tank.

PROCEDURE:

 The balancing mass in adjusted to keep the lever horizontal.

 A given mass in placed on the pan,
 The motor in started after priming. The gate valve is opened and adjusted to bring
the center to horizontal position.
 The pressure gauge reading for time for 'R' raise of water in the collecting tank
and the mass placed on the pan are noted.
 The experiment is repeated for 6 different masses.

20
OBSERVATION:

Breadth of a tank, b = m

Width of the tank, w = m

Distance of pan from the fulcrum,L2 = m

Distance of vane from the fulcrum,L1= m

Rise of water in collecting tank, R = m

TABULATION:

TRAIL
S.NO PARTICULARS UNITS
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Mass of the pan ( m ) kg

Pressure gauge reading

2 kg/cm²
(P)
Time for 10cm raise of
3 water in collecting s
tank( T )
m of
4 Head of water (H)
water

5 Velocity of the jet 'v' m/s

6 Discharge (Q) m³/s

Actual force of the

7 N
Jet(Fa)
Theoretical force of the
8 N
Jet (Ft)
Percentage efficiency
9 %
of the Jet

21
FORMULAE

1. Velocity of the jet, V= √2gh m/s

Where H=pressure gauge reading x10 m of water

g- acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2

𝐴𝑅
2. Discharge, Q = m3/s
𝑇
Where, A-Area of the collecting tank in m2 (Area =Breadth x width)

R- 0.1 m rise of water in collecting tank

T- Time taken for 0.1 m rise of water in collecting tank, sec

3. Theoretical force of the jet , Ft = 2𝜌QV Newton

Where, 𝜌- density of water – 1000kg/m3

Q- discharge, m3/s

V- velocity of the jet , m/s

4. Actual force of the jet , Fa = m x g x L2 Newton

L1

Where, m-mass placed on pan in kg

g-acceleration due to gravity , 9.81 m/s2

L2- distance of pan from the fulcrum in metre

L1- distance of vane from the fulcrum in metre

5. Efficiency of the jet = (Fa/Ft)x 100

GRAPH

The following graphs are drawn

1. Actual force vs. Head

2. Actual force vs. % Efficiency

22
23
RESULT:

The efficiency of the water jet on vane is …………..

24
EX.NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF NOTCHES

AIM:

To determine coefficient of notches

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Mono block pump, hook gauge, notch plate gauge, scale, obtain valve, stop watch.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

 Fix the required notch and weir.

 Allow water in the channel
 Regulate the gate valve so that the water the flows over the still.
 Take the reading in the point gauge. The pointer just touches the water surface. The
reading is still level reading.
 Allow more water and maintain the discharge at a constant valve by regulating the
gate valve.
 Adjust the pointer gauge and the reading.
 Collect the water in the collecting tank for a rise of 10cm note the time taken in
seconds.
 Repeat the experiment for different heads.

25
OBSERVATION:

Breadth of a tank, b = m

Width of the tank, w = m

Breadth of the notch B = m

TABULATION:

S.no Hook gauge reading Rise in Time for 10 Actual Theoretical Co-efficient
water level cm rise in flow rate flow rate of discharge
h1(m) h2(m) (h) m of collecting m³/s m³/s
water tank

26
FORMULA:

1. Rise of level H = (h2-h1)

Initial surface level reading - h1 (m)

Final water level reading - h2 (m)

2. Actual discharge (Qa) = AR/T (m³/s)

A – Area of the collecting tank

R - Rise of water in collecting tank

T – Time taken for 10cm rise in collecting tank

3 Theoretical discharge (Qt) = 2/3 x B x √2𝑔 x 𝐻 3/2 (m³/sec)

B – Breadth of the notch

g- Acceleration due to gravity

4. Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qa/Qt

Where,

Qa - Actual Flow (m³/s)

Qt -Theoretical flow (m³/s)

27
28
RESULT:

Thus the coefficient of discharge of notch =

29
EXP NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION IN

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

AIM:

To determine the pressure head loss due to friction in the pipe.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Experimental setup with flow pipe, pump, U-tube mercury manometer, valves, collecting
tank and stop watch

DESCRIPTION :
The flow of fluid through a pipe resisted by viscous shear stresses within the
liquid and the turbulence that occurs along the internal walls of the pipe , created by the
roughness of the pipe material. This resistance is usually known as pipe friction and is measured
in meter head of the fluid, thus the term head loss is also used to express the resistance to flow.
Many factors affect the head loss in pipes, the viscosity of the fluid being handled, the size of the
pipes, the roughness of the internal surface of the pipes, the changes in elevations within the
system and the length of travel of the fluid

PROCEDURE:

 Switch on the motor and allow the water to flow through the pipe by collecting or
controlling the level.
 The ends of the u- tube manometer is connected to the ends of pipes
 Measure the level of mercury in right limb and left limb.
 Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collecting tank.
 The above procedure is repeated for ½ opened and fully opened outlet valve conditions.

30
OBSERVATION:
Breadth of the tank (b) = m
Length of the pipe (L) = m
Rise of water in the collecting tank,R = m
Width of the tank (w) = m
Diameter of the pipe (D) = m

TABULATION:

S.NO DETAILS UNITS 1 2 3

1 Mercury level in cm
right limb,h1
2 Mercury level in left cm
limb,h2
3 Actual head loss due m of
to friction in pipe, ha water
4 Time taken for 10cm s
rise of water in tank,
T
5 Actual discharge, Q m 3 /s

6 Velocity of water in m/s

the pipe, V
7 Theoretical head loss m of
due to friction in water
pipe,ht

MODEL CALCULATION:

31
FORMULAE :

Actual head loss due to the friction in pipe, ha = h1 - h2 Sm -1

100 Sw m of water

h 1- mercury level in the right limb, cm

h 2- mercury level in left limb, cm
Sm- specific gravity of mercury-13.6
Sw- specific gravity of water-1

𝐴𝑅
1. Discharge, Q = m3/s
𝑇
Where, A-Area of the collecting tank in m2 (Area= breadthxwidth)
R- 0.1 m rise of water in collecting tank
T- Time taken for 0.1 m rise of water in collecting tank, sec
3. Average Velocity of water flowing in pipe,V= Q m/s
Ap

Ap - cross section area of the pipe, m2

Ap – 𝜋 D2
4
4. Theoretical head loss due to friction in pipe, ht = f x L x V2
D 2g m of water

Where,

f = friction factor=0.0305

L=length of pipe in meter

D= diameter of pipe in meter

V= velocity (m/s)

g= acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2

32
33
RESULT

Thus, head loss due to friction in pipe,

Actual head loss = m of water

Theoretical head loss = m of water

34
Ex.No:

Date:

BERNOULLIS THEOREM EXPERIMENT

Aim:

To demonstrate the Bernoullis theorem experimently.

Theory:

Bernoullis equation is an energy equation and in the form given below is applicable to an
incompressible, steady and in viscid flow. The equation relates the pressure energy, kinetic
(velocity) energy and the potential (elevation) energy of a particle in a liquid and states that sum
of these energies is constant along a streamline.

P + V²/2g + Z = Constant

i.e for two particles on a streamline

P1 + V1² / 2g + Z1 = P2 + V²2/2g +Z2

Here, P is the static pressure head, V is the velocity and Z is the elevation of the fluid particle.

DESCRIPTION:

The experimental setup consists of an upstream cylindrical chamber supplying water to a

transport and uniformly varying cross-sectional duct of converging-diverging section. The water
from this duct flows into a downstream cylindrical section and then through a controlling gate
valve into the collecting tank. 11 peizometer tapings are provided in the duct and these tapping
are connected to glass tubes mounted vertically on a piezometer board.

Water is supplied to the upstream cylindrical chamber. By maintaining a head in the upstream
chamber water flows in the transparent duct into the downstream duct and finally into the
collecting tank through the regulation gate valve and bend. The regulating gate valve is used to
maintain a water head in the downstream chamber. An over flow is provided for the upstream
chamber.

35
OBSERVATION:

Breadth of the collecting tank, b = m

Width of the collecting tank, w = m

Area of the collecting tank, A =( b × w) = m²

Rise of water level, R = m

Time taken t = s

TABULATION:
S.No Cross sectional Pressure Velocity Velocity Pressure head
Area (m²) head (cm (m/sec) head +velocity head
Ax of water) Vx (cm of (cm ofwater)
Px water)
1 1.175×10-3

2 0.975×10-3

3 0.800×10-3

4 0.600×10-3

5 0.450×10-3
6 0.312×10-3

7 0.450×10-3

8 0.600×10-3

9 0.800×10-3

10 0.975×10-3

11 1.175×10-3

36
Water to the test rig is provided by a 0.5 HP monoblock pump mounted on a top of a sump tank.
Water flows through the test section is collected in a collecting tank fitted with a suitable gauge
class, drain valve. The complete unit is mounted on an iron frame stand.

Taking the datum line to be the center of the line of conduit, the elevation head Z is assumed to
be zero. Hence for any point along the path of the fluid in the convergent-divergent duct, the sum
of velocity head and the pressure head is constant by Bernoullis theorem. The pressure head P is
measured directly from the peizometric tube and the velocity calculated by measuring the actual
flow rate. The scales are fixed on the piezometer and the inlet and outlet ducts are fixed such that
the zero corresponds to the centerline of the duct.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the supply pump and slowly open the supply gate valve and the outlet
regulating gate valve and adjust both the valves such that for a particular head in the
receiving cylinder, the inflow are matched i.e. the head in the receiving cylinder should
be maintained constant. Observe the change of the levels in the glass tube. Since the
cross sectional area of path is varying, the velocity of fluid and hence the pressure head
varies at each point. (Note: Q=A1×V1=A2 ×V2)
2. Note the height of water above the center of conduit in each tube. This height
corresponds to the static pressure head and P at this point.
3. Determine the time taken for certain rise in the water in collecting tank and calculate the
rate of flow rate.
4. Calculate the velocity of water at points where pressure heads are measured.
5. Calculate the sum of pressure head and the velocity head at all eleven points and plot this
value against the x- direction (flow direction). It will be observed that the total head
decreases gradually, especially in the diverging section due to the various losses- friction,
separation, etc.
6. The cross sectional of the eleven piezometer pressure taps and their relative distance
from inlet in the converging diverging duct are follows:
7.
Area Distance
Section 1 47mm × 25mm 1.175×10-3 m2 0.02 m
-3 2
Section 2 39mm×25mm 0.975×10 m 0.06 m
-3 2
Section 3 32mm×25mm 0.800×10 m 0.10 m
Section 4 24mm×25mm 0.600×10-3 m2 0.14 m
-3 2
Section 5 18mm×25mm 0.450×10 m 0.17 m
Section 6 12.5mm×25mm 0.312×10-3 m2 0.20 m
-3 2
Section 7 18mm×25mm 0.450×10 m 0.23 m
-3 2
Section 8 24mm×25mm 0.600×10 m 0.26 m
Section 9 32mm×25mm 0.800×10-3 m 2 0.30 m
-3 2
Section 10 39mm×25mm 0.975×10 m 0.34 m
Section11 47mm×25mm 1.175×10-3 m2 0.38 m

37
MODEL CALCULATION:

38
 FORMULA:
1. Discharge, Q = (A×R)
T

Where A- Area of the collecting tank, m²

R- Rise of water level m

t- Time taken s

2. Velocity at any section x, Vx = Q

Ax m/sec

3. Velocity head =100×V²x /2g cm of water

4. Static pressure at any section-x, Px cm of water

RESULT:

`Thus Bernoulli’s theorem is verified.

39
EXP NO:
DATE :
DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY OF FLUID USING PITOT TUBE

AIM:

To determine the velocity of fluid using pitot tube.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Experimental set up with air blower, pump, pitot tube, U tube manometer etc.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

A prandl pitot tube provided with a transverse mechanism is fitted in a board. A small
centrifugal blower is also fitted to the board such that sensing force of the pitot tube is placed in
the exit air jet by traversing pitot the jet velocity principle can be determined the experiment can
be repeated for various distance of the probe from the blower in let suction pipe to measure the
flow rate through the blower two u tube water manometer are provided for use with the orifice
plate and the pitot tube.

PROCEDURE:

1. The pump is switched on to start the air blower.

2. The probe of the pitot tube is placed in the middle line of the delivery pipe.
3. Note the water level h1 and h2 in U tube water manometer connected to pitot tube.
4. Note the water level h3 and h4 in U tube water manometer connected to orificemeter.
5. The same procedure is repeated for top and bottom position of the probe in the outlet line
of the delivery pipe

40
OBSERVATION

Orifice diameter (d) = m

Delivery pipe diameter (D) = m

Co-efficient of discharge of orifice meter ( Cd) =

TABULATION

S.NO PARTICULARS NOTATION UNITS PROBE PROBE PROBE

POSITION POSITION POSITION
MIDDLE TOP BOTTOM
1 Water level h 1 –h 2 cm
difference in U
tube manometer
connected to pitot
tube
2 Water level h 3- h 4 cm
difference in U
tube manometer
connected to
orifice meter
3 Theoretical Vt m/s
velocity of outlet
air
4 Actual discharge Qa m 3/s
of the outlet air
5 Actual velocity of Va m/s
the outlet air
6 Co-efficient of Cv -
velocity

MODEL CALCULATION

41
FORMULAE:

1. Theoretical velocity (Vt) = √2gh m/s

Where, h= h1-h2 𝜌w -1 meter of air

100 𝜌a

g-acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2

𝜌 w - density of water – 1000 kg/m3

𝜌 a - density of air – 1.16kg/m3

2. Actual discharge of air, Qa = AoCd 2gH m3/s

1-(𝑑/𝐷)4

Where, H=h3-h4 𝜌w -1 meter of air

100 𝜌a
g- acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2
𝜌 w - density of water – 1000 kg/m3

𝜌 a - density of air – 1.16kg/m3

Ao-area of the orifice,m2= 𝜋 d2
4
Cd- co efficient of discharge of the orifice

3. Actual velocity (Va)= Q m/s

Ap
Where, Q= actual discharge in m3/s
Ap= cross section area of the pipe in m2 = 𝜋 D2
4
4. Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = Va / Vt

42
43
RESULT:

The theoretical velocity of the air flowing out from the delivery pipe, V1 = m/s

The actual velocity of the air flowing out from the delivery pipe,V2 = m/s

The co efficient of velocity, Cv =

44
EXP NO:
DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM :
To determine the efficiency of reciprocating pump and draw the characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Reciprocating pump, Energy meter, pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, tachometer, stop
watch, meter scale, collecting tank, pizeometer and driving unit.

DESCRIPTION:
A pump is a device, used for lifting liquid from a lower level to a higher level. It
increases the pressure energy of the liquid in a closed system. The reciprocating pump devices its
name from the reciprocating machine of the piston. By the movement of piston or plunger,
working inside a cylinder draws the liquid and forces it out of the cylinder. It is otherwise known
as positive displacement pump. The energy supplied to the pump is measured by using an energy
meter. The work done by the pump is obtained from the measured discharge and the total lift is
computed from the observation of the suction gauge, pressure gauge and the relative positions.

PROCEDURE:

 The internal plan dimensions of the collecting and the difference is level between
center of the suction and delivery gauges(X) are measured.
 The length of the stroke (l), diameter of the cylinders (d), number of stokes of the
pump (n) and energy meter constant (Ne) are noted.
 With the delivery valve fully opened, the driving unit is started and required speed of
the crank (n) is selected.
 The delivery valve closed gradually till a delivery head is developed in the delivery
gauge. For this delivery head, the following observations are made.
 Crank speed (n),
 Pressure gauge reading (Hd),
 Vacuum gauge reading (Hs)
 Time taken (t) for a particular raise (H) of water level in the collecting tank keeping
the outlet valve tightly closed.
 Time (T) taken for Nr revolution of energy meter disc.
 Delivery valve is closed gradually and the above procedure is followed. The above
observations are made for different delivery valve opening

All the observations are tabulated. The coefficient of discharge, Percentage slip and efficiency of
the pump are calculated.
45
OBSERVATION:

Area of the collecting tank ,A =

Energy meter constant ,K =
Diameter of suction pipe =
Diameter of delivery pipe =
Correction factor , X =
TABULATION:

S.NO DETAILS UNITS TRAIL- TRAIL-2 TRAIL-3 TRAIL-4 TRAIL-5

1
Pressure Gauge
1 Reading (Pg ) kg/cm²

Vacuum Gauge mm of
2 Reading (Pv) Hg
Total head of m of
3 water, H water

Time for 10cm rise

4 in collecting tank s
(T)
Time for 10
5 revolution of energy s
meter, t

6 Discharge m³/s

7 Input power kW

8 Output power kW

9 Efficiency %

10 Crank spindle speed rpm

46
FORMULA

1. Total head(H) = 10 × (Pg ) + (13.6 × Pv) ±X

1000

Where,

Pg - Pressure Gauge Reading in kg/cm²

Pv - Vacuum Gauge reading in mm of Hg

X - Vertical distance between the centre of the gauge.

(+ ve pressure vacuum is below the pressure gauge)

(- ve pressure vacuum is above the pressure gauge).

2. Discharge (Q) = (A ×R)÷T in m³/s

Where,
A - Cross sectional area, m2
R - Rise in water level, m
T - Time taken, s
10×3600
3. Input power = × ηm ……………(kw)
t× k
Where,
t - Time for 10 revolution of the energy meter disc
K - Energy meter constant in rev/kwhr

ηm – efficiency of motor =0.75.

4. Output power = (ρ×g×Q×H)÷1000

Where,
ρ - Density of water =1000 kg/m³
Q - Discharge in m³/s
H - Head of water in 'm'
g - acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2

5. Efficiency = (output ÷ input)×100

GRAPH
The following graphs are drawn

i) Head vs Discharge
ii) Head vs input power
iii) Head vs Efficiency

47
MODEL CALCULATION

48
RESULT:

The characteristic curves of the pump are ……….. and the following graphs are drawn.

(i) Head vs Discharge

(ii) Head vs input power
(iii) Head vs Efficiency
.

49
EXP NO:

DATE :

PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:

To determine the efficiency of the centrifugal pump and draw the characteristics curves.

APPARATUS:

Meter scale, stop watch, tachometer, pump testing apparatus, etc…

PRINCIPLE:

Centrifugal pump has an impeller mounted on the motor shaft. The impeller rotates inside
the volute casing. The water enters at the eye of the casing from the suction pipe. The impeller
imparts centrifugal force to the water and increases the kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is
converted into pressure energy by the volute casing and the water is delivered under the pressure
through the delivery pipe.

DESCRIPTION:

The given centrifugal pump is rotated by an electric motor. A pressure gauge and a
vacuum gauge are connected in the suitable places in the delivery and suction line respectively.
The delivery pipe discharge water into a collecting tank through a delivery valve. The motor
receives electrical energy through an electric motor.

PROCEDURE:

 The dimensions of the collecting tank, diameter of the sction pipe and delivery pipe
and the energy meters constant are noted.
 The apparatus is setup first and then switched on with visual precautions.
 The delivery valve is completely closed to get maximum pressure.
 The pressure gauge reading and the vacuum gauge reading are noted.
 The time taken for (a) 10cm rise of the water in a collecting tank and (b) 10 revolution
of the energy meter disc are noted.
 The pressure head, discharge, input power, out power, and efficiency are calculated.
 The experiment is repeated for six different values of pressure heads.

50
OBSERVATION:

Area of the collecting tank =

Energy meter constant =
Diameter of suction pipe =
Diameter of delivery pipe =
Correction factor, X =
TABULATION:

S.NO DETAILS UNITS TRAIL- TRAIL-2 TRAIL-3 TRAIL-4 TRAIL-5

1
Pressure Gauge
1
Reading (Pg ) kg/cm²

Vacuum Gauge
mm of
2 Reading (Pv)
Hg

Total head of m of
3
water, H water

Time for 10 rise in

4 collecting tank (T) s

Time for 10
revolution of energy
5 s
meter,t

Discharge
6 m³/s

7 Input power kW

8 Output power kW

9 Efficiency %

51
 FORMULA

1. Total head(H) = 10× (Pg ) + (13.6× Pv) ±X

1000

Where,

Pg - Pressure Gauge Reading in kg/cm²

Pv - Vacuum Gauge reading in mm of Hg

X - Vertical distance between the centre of the gauge.

(+ ve pressure vacuum is below the pressure gauge)

(- ve pressure vacuum is above the pressure gauge).

2. Discharge (Q) = (A ×R)÷T in m³/s

Where,
A - Cross sectional area, m2
R - Rise in water level, m
T - Time taken, s

3. Input power = {(10×3600)÷(t× k)}×ηm ……………(kw)

Where,
t - Time for 10 revolution of the energy meter disc

K - Energy meter constant in rev/kwhr

ηm – efficiency of motor =0.75.

4. Output power = (ρ×g×Q×H)÷1000

Where,
ρ - Density of water =1000 kg/m³
Q - Discharge in m³/s
H - Head of water in 'm'
g - acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2

5. Efficiency = (output ÷ input)×100

52
MODEL CALCULATION

53
RESULT:

The efficiency of the pump is _______

and the following graphs are drawn.

(iv) Head Vs Discharge

(v) Input power VS Discharge
(vi) Efficiency Vs Discharge.

54