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Had we been clever enough to begin with the analytic function f (z) =
−iz 3 + C we could quickly conclude that u = 3x2 y − y 3 has harmonic
conjugate 3xy 2 − x3 .
(b) Is u = xy 2 possible? Explain. If so, what is v and what is f (z)?
Solution: Repeating our approach from part (a) yields
vy = ux = y 2
vx = −uy = −2xy.
1
2 (a) Define the notion of uniform convergence of a sequence of functions
{fn (z)} over a set E.
Solution: For any > 0, there exists a natural number N such that
for all z ∈ E and all n ≥ N we have |fn (z) − f (z)| < .
P∞ 2n
(b) Find the region of convergence of n=1 (z+2)n4 4n . P
Solution: The ratio test tells us that a series bn converges if
lim supn→∞ |bn+1 /bn | < 1. That is
(z + 2)2n+2 n4 4n
lim sup | 4 n+1
| < 1
n→∞ (n + 1) 4 (z + 2)2n
(z + 2)2 n4
lim sup | | < 1
n→∞ 4 (n + 1)4
|z + 2|2
< 1
4
which is given by
1
= lim sup(|cn |)1/n
R n→∞
1
= lim sup(| |)1/n
n→∞ n4 4 n
1
= .
4
1 p
n
= lim sup |bn |
R̄ n→∞
2 1
= lim sup(bn/2 ) n 2
n→∞
2
q
1
= lim sup (an ) n
n→∞
1
= √ .
R
an+1 z 2n+2
lim sup | |<1
an z 2n
√
Implies |z|2 < lim sup |an+1 /an | = R or R̄ = R.)
(c) Determine directly if the series in (b) converges uniformly on |z + 2| =
2.
Solution: Let us proceed directly from the definition in part (a) with
Pk 2n
fk (z) = n=1 (z+2)
n4 4n Pand E consisting of z in the circle |z + 2| = 2.
First note that since n n14 converges it’s tail can be made
P∞arbitrarily
small, i.e. for any > 0 there exists an N such that N +1 n14 < .
Choosing this N , we have for all > 0 there exists N such that for
all z ∈ E and all k ≥ N that
∞
X (z + 2)2n
|f (z) − fk (z)| = | |
n4 4 n
n=k+1
∞
X |z + 2|2n
≤
n4 4 n
n=k+1
∞
X 4n
=
n4 4 n
n=k+1
∞
X 1
= <
n4
n=k+1
(z + 2)2n 1
|fn (z)| = | 4 n
| = 4 ≡ Mn
n 4 n
P
and noting n Mn < ∞. However, this argument is really the same
as the one previously given when one notes how the Weierstrass M -
Test is proven.
√
3 (a) Find all solution of the equation z 4 = −2 3 − 2i and locate them graph-
ically in the complex plane.
3
Solution: We have
√ !
4 2 3 1
z = −2 + i
2 2
= 22 eπieπi/6+2πN
= 22 e7πi/6+2πiN
where N = 0, 1, 2, 3.
Graphically, √
these 4 points represent a square inscribed in a circle
with radius 2. The points are spaced 90o apart at 52.5o , 142.5o ,
232.5o and 322.5o .
(b) Represent graphically the set of values of z for which |z + 2| > 1 +
|z − 2|.
Solution: Let us first examine the equality |z + 2| = 1 + |z − 2|.
We must carefully remove the square roots implicit in the absolute
values.
Squaring both sides
|z + 2|2 = (1 + |z − 2|)2
2
|z + 2| = 1 + 2|z − 2| + |z − 2|2
(x + 2)2 + y 2 = 1 + 2|z − 2| + (x − 2)2 + y 2
x2 + 4x + 4 + y 2 = 1 + 2|z − 2| + x2 − 4x + 4 + y 2
8x − 1 = 2|z − 2|.
√
Thus our boundary is hyperbola with asymptotes y = ± 15 and
vertices x = ± 21 .
4
Let us now find the appropriate regions by analyzing our inequality
when y = 0 and z = x is real
|x + 2| − |x − 2| > 1.
n n
1+i 1 1+i
lim n = n √ √
n→∞ 2 2 2
n iπn/4
= = √ ne → 0.
2
∞ iθ k ∞
X e X 1
= (cos kθ + i sin kθ)
2 2k
k=1 k=1
∞ ∞
X cos kθ X sin kθ
= + i .
2k 2k
k=1 k=1
Then as |eiθ /2| < 1/2 for all θ the series converges absolutely and
∞ iθ k
X e eiθ 1
= .
2 2 1 − eiθ /2
k=1
5
Now, let us remove the complex factor from the denominator by
multiplying the top and bottom by the conjugate 2 − e−iθ .
eiθ 2 − e−iθ 2eiθ − 1
=
2 − eiθ 2 − e−iθ 4 − 2eiθ − 2e−iθ + 1
2eiθ − 1
=
iθ −iθ
5 − 4 e +e 2
2 cos θ − 1 + i2 sin θ
=
5 − 4 cos θ
∞
X cos kθ 2 cos θ − 1
=
2k 5 − 4 cos θ
k=1
∞
X sin kθ 2 sin θ
=
2k 5 − 4 cos θ
k=1
.
(c)
1
sin z z2
lim
z→0 z
Solution: As sin z/z → 1 this of the form 1∞ so we will apply l’
1
Hopital’s rule. Let w = sinz z z2 then
log(sin z/z)
log w = lim
z→0 z2
0
which is of the indeterminate form 0 so we apply l’ Hopital’s rule.
log(sin z) − log z
log w = lim
z→0 z2
cot z − 1/z
= lim
z→0 2z
z cos z − sin z
= lim
z→0 2z 2 sin z
6
0
This is again of the indeterminate form 0 so we apply l’ Hopital’s
rule (again?!)
1
so w = e− 6 .
Suggestive Solution: Let us note that
lim f (z) = w0
z→0
if and only if
1
lim f = w0 .
z→∞ z
(Brown and Churchill Section 17, page 51) Then we have
2
w = lim (z sin(1/z))z
z→∞
However,
1 1 1
sin(1/z) = − +O
z 3!z 3 z5
so
2
w = lim (z sin(1/z))z
z→∞
z2
1 1 1
= lim z − +O
z→∞ z 3!z 3 z5
z2
1 1
= lim 1 − +O
z→∞ 3!z 2 z4
n
−1/3! 1
= lim 1 + +O
n→∞ n n2
= e−1/6 .
7
(d)
z
lim (z − eiπ/3 ) 3
z→eiπ/3 z +1
iπ/3 z z
lim (z − e ) 3
= lim
z→eiπ/3 z +1 z→eiπ/3 (z − eiπ )(z − ei5π/3 )
iπ/3
e
=
(eiπ/3 − eiπ )(eiπ/3 − ei5π/3 )
ei2π/3 eiπ/3
= i2π/3 iπ/3
e (e − e )(eiπ/3 − ei5π/3 )
iπ
−1
= i5π/3
(−1 − e )(−1 − eiπ/3 )
1
=
(1 + ei5π/3 )(1 + eiπ/3 )
1
=
2 + ei5π/3 + eiπ/3
1
= √ √
2 + 1/2 − i 3/2 + 1/2 + i 3/2
1
=
3